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BiologicalMacromolecules_FZD.pptx
- 2. Lecture Outline 2 • Introduction & basic terminologies • Carbohydrate • Protein • Lipid • Nucleic Acid
- 3. Introduction/ at a glance Living Systems Organic compounds Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Inorganic compounds Carbon containing! And the rest! Assembling into complex form Building Blocks of living organism
- 4. Terminologies/Definitions • Macromolecule: Small molecules assemble in different orientation to make large molecule or Macromolecules. Example: Glucose molecules assemble to make cellulose (a carbohydrate) . 4 glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose
- 5. • Monomers are small molecules or building blocks which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers. • A polymer may be a natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers). 5 Terminologies/Definitions glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose Monomer Polymer
- 6. 6 Terminologies/Definitions • Polymerization is the linking together of monomers to form polymers. • A condensation reaction occurs via the loss of a small molecule, usually from two different substances, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond. Need the Input of energy
- 7. 7 Terminologies/Definitions • Hydrolysis, which is the reverse of condensation, breaks apart large organic molecules into smaller ones. • By breaking the bonds between monomers, Hydrolysis liberates the energy that polymers contained during condensation; thus, some of the energy required to polymerize is returned upon hydrolysis. Liberation of energy Try to link up with the context of Metabolism that we’ve learned earlier…!!!
- 8. 8 Terminologies/Definitions Carbohydrates Glucose Proteins Amino acids Lipids Fatty acid and glycerol Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Macromolecules Building Blocks/monomers
- 9. CARBOHYDRATE • Common symbol: (CH2O)n • Most common is Glucose. • In glucose, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen makes a molecule of glucose in 1:2:1 ratio. • Chemical formula: C6H12O6. or (CH2O)6 • Structural materials, storing and transporting energy • Three types: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. 9
- 10. 10 • Two monosaccharide's will make disaccharide. CARBOHYDRATE Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) (Table Sugar) Lactose (glucose+galactose) (Milk Sugar) Maltose (glucose+glucose) (Barley/germinating seeds) • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharide units bound together
- 12. 12 Starch and Glycogen • Starch is energy storage molecule in plants • Glycogen is energy storage molecule in animals. • Starch and glycogen can be digested by animals. Cellulose • Different bond formed than starch • Structural component in plants • Cannot be digested by animals Chitin • Partly derived from non-sugars (nitrogen) • Composes exoskeletons of insects
- 13. 13 • Providing energy and regulation • Sparing the use of proteins for energy • Preventing ketosis and breakdown of fatty acids and • Biological recognition processes • Flavor and Sweeteners • Dietary fiber, which is also a form of carbohydrate, is essential for the elimination of waste materials and toxins from the body Functions of Carbohydrates
- 14. 14 • Most diverse in both structure and function • Proteins are the polymers of amino acids • Thousands of different kinds of proteins are made from only twenty monomers, called amino acids. PROTEINS Monomer Polymer
- 15. Amino Acids: Building Block of Proteins • Contains an amine group (NH3) (basic/positive) •A carboxyl group (COOH) (acidic/negative) •One or more atoms called an “R group” •All three groups are attached to the same carbon atom
- 16. 16 Amino acids are divided into two groups- Essential: must be supplied in the diet. Non-essential: not supplied in the diet. Amino acids are bonded together by peptide bonds to form protein. Amino Acids: Building Block of Proteins
- 17. 17 Peptide Bonds • The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.
- 18. 18 Levels of protein structure Primary structure: The linear arrangement of amino acids in a protein Secondary structure: Areas of folding or coiling within a protein. e.g. α-helices and β-pleated sheets Tertiary structure: Final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids. Quaternary structure: Non-covalent interactions that bind multiple polypeptides into a single, larger protein. e.g. Hemoglobin
- 19. 19 Levels of protein structure
- 20. 20 • Protein's main function is to build, maintain and repair all our body tissues • Protein can also be used as energy source by body • Protein acts as storage material of food and energy. • Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions • Proteins are molecular instrument through which genetic information is expressed. • They act as antibodies to prevent disease. • The milk proteins help the growth of infant mammals. Main functions of proteins Biological functions of proteins For detail functions see the notes underneath…
- 21. 21 • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • Differ from carbohydrates: no specific ratio (C:H:O) • Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol. • Energy storage molecules “stores the most energy” 2X of Carbohydrates • Structurally heterogeneous, Not soluble in water • Are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Oils 3. Phospholipids 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides Lipids
- 22. 22 Synthesis of triglycerides Glycerol Fatty acids Can be saturated/unsaturated Relate with the melting points and physical states…….. Higher the un-saturation-lower the melting point……..
- 23. 23 Fats Fats are solid at ordinary temperatures. Generally, fats are produced by animals. In animals, fats are stored in adipose cells. Fats are also important as cushions for body organs and as an insulating layer beneath skin. Oils Oils are liquid at ordinary temperatures. Generally, oils are produced by plants. Some common vegetable oils are peanut, soybean, and corn oil. Waxes Both plants and animals produce waxes. The waxy coating on some plants leaves is an example of plant waxes. Beeswax is an example of a wax produced by an animal. Recall the saturated and unsaturated FA in this context….
- 24. 24 Phospholipids are a variation on the triacylglycerol theme in which – One fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group, which in turn is bound to additional functional groups. Structurally and functionally, the important thing about phospholipids is that – These molecules are simultaneously hydrophobic (at one end, the fatty acid end) and hydrophilic (at the other end, the phosphate end). Amphiphile Phospholipids Recall the cell membrane in this context…
- 25. 25 Here it goes…let’s think laterally..!
- 26. 26 • All steroids possess a common ring structure. • These ring structures vary by attached functional groups. • Cholesterol is example of a steroid; cholesterol is a membrane component • The common steroid structure is the basis of sterol hormones including the human sex hormones (the estrogens and the androgens, including testosterone). Steroids
- 27. 27 • Most of the lipid found in food is in the form of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids • A minimum amount of dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and carotenoids • Essential Fatty Acids • Trans Fat Nutrition and Health
- 28. 28 • Limit total fat intake to less than 25–35% of your total calories each day; • Limit saturated fat intake to less than 7% of total daily calories; • Limit trans fat intake to less than 1% of total daily calories; • The remaining fat should come from sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats such as nuts, seeds, fish and vegetable oils; and • Limit cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg per day, for most people The fat guidelines
- 29. 29 Nucleic Acids • The chemical link between generations • The source of genetic information in chromosomes • Dictate amino-acid sequence in proteins • Simple units called nucleotides, connected in long chains • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis
- 30. 30 Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1- phosphate group (P) 2- pentose sugar (5-carbon) 3- nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) Nucleic Acids
- 31. 31 Nucleic Acids • The secondary structure is similar to the proteins • The concentration of adenine equals that of thymine • The concentration of guanine equals that of cytosine Why?
- 33. 33 DNA RNA Structural Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Function: Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information Transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. Without RNA, proteins could never be made. Structure: Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides. A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides. Bases/Sugars: Long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Shorter polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Base Pairing: A-T (Adenine-Thymine), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
- 34. 34
Editor's Notes
- #4: Living systems are composed of various types of molecules. There are two main types: Organic and Inorganic molecules. All organic molecules contain carbon and those that don't are classified as Inorganic molecules. Organisms maintain reserves of small organic molecules that they can assemble into complex Macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are the building blocks of the living organisms.
- #21: Biological function of Protein Protein acts as storage material of food and energy. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Proteins are molecular instrument through which genetic information is expressed. They act as antibodies to prevent disease. The milk proteins help the growth of infant mammals. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals’ diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.