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Biology of selected endangered species of fishes
- 1. BIOLOGY OF SELECTEDENDANGERED SPECIES OF FISHES PRESENTED BY THIPPESWAMY T S Jr M F Sc PRESENTED BY RAJESH JAYSWAL Jr. M. F .Sc
- 2. Endangered fishes:- Endangerfishes- immediate danger of disappearing forever. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of endangered species 2016, 1,414 species of fish, or 5% of the world's known species, are at risk for extinction. In Asia as a whole 6106 organisms are threatened of which 688 are finfishes. While habitat loss and pollution are significant factors in the decline of these species, the greatest threat by far is overfishing
- 3. ENDANGERED FISHES 3. Thunnusobesus 2.Gangetic shark 1.Rhincodon typus 5. Epinephelus lanceolatus 6. Anguilla anguilla 4. Atlantic halibut
- 4. Hippocampus kuda Filicampustigris Sebastes fasciatus Carcarhinus hemiodon
- 5. 1. Whale shark(Rhincodon typus) Scientific classification Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchi Order: Orectolobiformes Family: Rhincodontidae Genus: Rhincodon Species: R. typus Rhincodon typus
- 6. DISTRIBUTION:- Whale Sharksare found in all tropical and warm temperate seas . Whale Sharks are known to inhabit both deep and shallow coastal waters and the lagoons of coral atolls and reefs. Whale sharks ,and all sharks, belong to the group of fish called the cartilaginous fish.
- 7. HABITAT AND BIOLOGY Habitat: Theylive in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Biology: The whale shark is the largest animal in the world. The average size of adult whale sharks is estimated at 9.7 m (31.82 ft) The average life cycle is of 70 years. Female whale sharks are Larger then Males. Whale sharks have a beautiful coloration pattern, with a bluish- gray to brown back , and a white underside.
- 8. Reproduction: ovoviviparous ,andattains age at maturity of nine years at 560 cm • Feeding: The whale shark is a filter feeder – one of only three known filter feeding shark species (along with the basking shark and the megamouth shark). It feeds on macroalgae, plankton, krill, Christmas Island red crab larvae and small nektonic life, such as small squid or vertebrates. It also feeds on small fish and the clouds of eggs and sperm during mass spawning of fish.
- 9. Major Threat(s):- Small-scaleharpoon and entanglement fisheries have taken place in various regions of the world, These took Whale Sharks primarily for their meat, liver oil, and/or fins. Liver oil was traditionally used for water-proofing boat hulls. The huge fins are low quality but of high value as restaurant "signboards" in east Asia, and the soft meat (known as "tofu shark") is in great demand in Taiwan. Fishermen in the Maldives used to take 20-30 Whale Sharks per year for their oil, but reported declining catches. They are caught in purse, drift and gillnet fisheries.
- 10. Conservation Actions:- Thewhale shark was listed on Appendix II of the Bonn Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). This identifies it as a species whose conservation status would benefit from the implementation of international cooperative Agreements. A US proposal to add the Whale Shark to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was accepted by the 12th Conference in 2002 and came into force at the end February 2003.
- 11. 2.The Ganges Shark(Glyphis gangeticus) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Order: Carcharhiniformes Family: Carcharhinidae Genus: Glyphis species: G.gangeticus Glyphis gangeticus
- 12. Distribution:- These largelyrestricted to the rivers of eastern and northeastern India, particularly the Hooghly River of West Bengal, and the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi in Bihar, Assam, and Odisha, It is typically found in the middle to lower reaches of a river
- 13. HABITAT AND BIOLOGY Habitat- Theseknown to inhabit only freshwater, inshore marine, and estuarine systems in the lower reaches of the Ganges-Hooghly River system. Reproduction It is viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta slow growth, delayed maturity. Food and feeding habit- The feeding habits are mostly unknown. The shark’s small eyes and slender teeth suggest that it is primarily a fish-eater and is adapted to turbid water
- 14. Major Threat(s):- Overfishing,habitat degradation from pollution, Ganges shark is caught by gillnet For its oil Construction of dams and barrages in Ganges and the alarmingly rising pollution of the habitat have also contributed to a drastic population fall of these fishes.
- 15. 3.THUNNUS OBESSUS (BigeyeTuna) • Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae Genus: Thunnus Species: T. obessus THUNNUS OBESSUS
- 16. Distribution:- Geographic range This speciesis circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas. Marine Fishing Areas Atlantic – north east, north west , southeast, southwest, western central. Indian Ocean – eastern , western Pacific – eastern central, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, western central.
- 17. HABITAT AND BIOLOGY Size: Length : 1.0 m (6.6 ft) to 4.6 m (15 ft) Weight: 22.4 kg to 684 kg Reproduction Age of maturity: 2 – 4 years. They are oviparous and multiple spawners. Life span: 35–50 yrs Feed: Bigeye tuna primarily feed on epipelagic and mesopelagic fish, crustaceans and cephalopods.
- 18. Conservation status:- There arefive main tuna fishery management bodies: The Western Central Pacific Ocean Fisheries Commission, The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and The Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna.
- 19. 4.Epinephelus lanceolatus (Gaint grouper) Scientificclassification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Serranidae Genus: Epinephelus Species: E. lanceolatus Epinephelus lanceolatus
- 20. Distribution:- Geographic Range : E.lanceolatus is the largest and most widely distributed among all grouper. It occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Marine Fishing Areas: Atlantic – southeast; Indian Ocean – eastern; Indian Ocean – western; Pacific – eastern central; Pacific – northwest; Pacific – southwest; Pacific – western central
- 21. HABITAT AND BIOLOGY Size: It reaches up to 3.65 m (12.0 ft) in length and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight Habitat : E. lanceolatus is the largest of all coral reef dwelling bony fishes. It also enters estuaries. It tends to be solitary and inhabits lagoon and seaward reefs at a depth of a few to at least 50m. Large individuals often have a "home" cave or wreck in which they frequently stay. Reproduction: Maturity size is thought to be approximately 129 cm and max size is 270 cm . Spawning period was suggested to be December to February Feeding: Its favourite food on coral reefs and in rocky areas is spiny lobsters. It is also known to eat a variety of fishes, including small sharks , and juvenile sea turtles.
- 22. Major Threat(s):- Commercial andrecreational fishing activities: live reef fish trade and the marine aquarium fish trade, have the potential to adversely affect populations of this species . Weak enforcement of law: In the Andaman Islands, India, Giant Grouper are protected by law but the fisheries department does not enforce this law and the fish caught are unnoticed and are not cared for leading to mortalities.
- 23. Continue… The gallbladder of the Giant Grouper is an item of strong magical-medical significance to cure pain, and even today, The highly distinctive thick walled stomach of E. lanceolatus sells for a high price and the skin and flesh are appreciated . Small groupers are quite palatable, but the flesh of large fish is strong flavoured and stringy Larger specimens have a lower wholesale price per kg, so immature fishes are exploited.
- 24. Conservation Actions:- Protection inIndia : There is a total ban on the capture and sale of E. lanceolatus in the Union Territory of Andaman Islands, India. Shipment or marketing of this species is not permitted. However, there is accidental capture of this species along with other groupers, although it cannot be marketed openly.
- 25. 5. European Eel(A. anguilla) • Scientific Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: : Anguilliformes • Family: Anguillidae • Genus: Anguilla • Species: A. anguilla A. anguilla
- 26. • Distribution:- • Foundprimarily in the North Atlantic and the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, European eel face a unique set of survival challenges. Habitat and Biology:- • It is a snake-like, catadromous fish. • They can reach a length of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in exceptional cases, but are normally around 60–80 cm (2.0–2.6 ft), and rarely reach more than 1 m. • While captive specimens have lived over 80 years, the species' lifespan in the wild has not been determined.
- 27. Threats & Conservationstatus:- The European eel is a critically endangered species. Since the 1970s, the numbers of eels reaching Europe is thought to have declined by around 90% (possibly even 98%). Contributing factors include overfishing, parasites such as Anguillicola crassus, barriers to migration such as hydroelectric dams, and natural changes in the North ocean Eels have been important sources of food both as adults (including the famous jellied eels of East London) and as glass eels. Glass-eel fishing using basket traps has been of significant economic value in many river estuaries on the western seaboard of Europe. In captivity, European eels can live for a very long time. According to a report in The Local, a specimen lived 155 years in the well of a family home in Brantevik, a fishing village in southern Sweden.
- 28. 6. Atlantic Halibut(H. Hippoglossus) Scientific classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Actinopterygii • Order: Pleuronectiformes • Family: Pleuronectidae • Genus: Hippoglossus • Species: hippoglossus H. Hippoglossus
- 29. Description:- The Atlantichalibut is a right-eyed flounder. It is flattened sideways and habitually lies on the left side of its body with both eyes migrating to the right side of its head during development. Its upper surface is a uniformly dark chocolate, olive or slate colour, and can be almost black; the underside is pale. The end of the caudal fin is concave. Distribution:- Atlantic halibut is one of the largest bottem dwelling flatfish in the world Found in the North Atlantic Ocean. They primarily live in northern cold waters, from the Gulf of Sterm Lawrence and the Barents Sea to as far south as the Bay of Biscay.
- 30. Biology:- It isa slow growing fish Spawning is seasonal, although its timing varies somewhat with location. Young Atlantic halibut individuals feed on crustaceans such as crabs and prawns. These halibut lie motionless and invisible on the sea bed, capturing any fish that pass within reach, although they may also hunt for fish in open water. Habitat:- It lives on the ocean floor at depths between 50 and 2,000 m (160 and 6,560 ft), but it occasionally comes closer to the surface. Larvae are pelagic, drifting relatively helplessly, but at around 4 cm, they migrate to the bottom. Conservation status:- In 1996, the IUCN rated it as Endangered and placed it on its Red List.
- 31. Conclusion:- • An endangeredspecies is one which has been categorized by the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) as likely to become extinct. • Conservation biologists use the IUCN red list where endangered is the second most severe conservation status for wild popoulations, following critically endangered many organisms like fishes, sea turtles, sea snakes, birds, mammals etc… these were list of endangered species.
- 32. REFERENCE:- • GOOGLE SCHOLAR •IUCN WEBSITE • WIKIPEDIA