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Biology205 exam1 review
1) Ecology is the study of interactions among living things and their environments. It examines how organisms interact with each other and their environment as well as how these interactions shape the natural world. 2) Key climate factors that influence biomes include temperature, rainfall, and seasons. Variation in solar energy receipt due to the earth's spherical shape and tilted axis drive atmospheric circulation patterns and resulting climate differences that determine different biomes. 3) The major biomes include tropical rainforests, temperate forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra, each adapted to different climatic conditions including temperature and precipitation.
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Biology205 exam1 review
- 1. Biology 205Biology 205 Ecologyand AdaptationEcology and Adaptation Exam 1:Exam 1: ReviewReview Fall 2015Fall 2015 Dr. Erik D. DavenportDr. Erik D. Davenport
- 2. Ecology is…Ecology is… thestudy ofthe study of interactionsinteractions amongamong livingliving thingsthings and theirand their environmentsenvironments
- 3. … interactions betweenorganisms and between organisms and their environment. … the distribution and abundance of organisms in the natural world. …how interactions between organisms and their environment shape the natural world. Ecology is the study of…Ecology is the study of…
- 4. …the study ofhow to save the environment but ecological concepts can be applied to environmental issues. …a set of values, a political agenda, or a belief system but your understanding of ecological concepts may affect your values. Ecology is not…
- 5. Why is ecologyrequired? Sub-discipline of Biology Expose you to ecological and environmental knowledge so that you can understand (or critically think about) some important environmental issues.
- 6. Levels of biologicalorganizationLevels of biological organization MoleculesMolecules CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans SystemsSystems IndividualsIndividuals PopulationsPopulations CommunitiesCommunities EcosystemsEcosystems the scope of ecology
- 7. BiomesBiomes – The areason the earth that are distinguished primarilyThe areas on the earth that are distinguished primarily by their predominated plant and are associated withby their predominated plant and are associated with particular climates.particular climates. – Such asSuch as tropical rain forest biometropical rain forest biome, or, or desert biomedesert biome..
- 8. Why arethere many different biomes on theWhy are there many different biomes on the Earth?Earth? --- Climate (environmental conditions) on the--- Climate (environmental conditions) on the Earth is not the same everywhere.Earth is not the same everywhere. Each biome --- specific climateEach biome --- specific climate
- 9. Climate factors onLandClimate factors on Land TemperatureTemperature Rainfall (water)Rainfall (water) SeasonSeason
- 10. Sun!!!!! – energysourceSun!!!!! – energy source Solar radiation is the sole energy source forSolar radiation is the sole energy source for all the organisms on the earth.all the organisms on the earth. However, the radiation from sun is notHowever, the radiation from sun is not equally distributed on the earth. Why?equally distributed on the earth. Why?
- 11. Spherical shape ofThe earthSpherical shape of The earth --- spherical shape of the earth causes -- Different area on the Earth receives different amount of solar energy --- uneven heating – -- temperature difference
- 12. Temperature, AtmosphericTemperature, Atmospheric Circulation,and PrecipitationCirculation, and Precipitation Temperature then drives air circulationTemperature then drives air circulation patterns and consequently precipitationpatterns and consequently precipitation patterns.patterns. – Warm, moist air rises, Cools, condenses, and fallsWarm, moist air rises, Cools, condenses, and falls as rain.as rain. – Cooler, dry air falls back to surface.Cooler, dry air falls back to surface. Rainforests found near equator.Rainforests found near equator. Major deserts found near 30Major deserts found near 30oo N / S.N / S.
- 13. Copyright © TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Solar-driven, latitude and atmospheric circulation Figure 2.5 2-4
- 14. Why tilted axisis also important? -- seasons!!! Earth tilted rotation axis Earth rotation plain Around the sun.
- 15. Copyright © TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Seasons in Northern and Southern hemispheres
- 16. What factors contributeto the variation inWhat factors contribute to the variation in climate on the earth?climate on the earth? Uneven heating of the earthUneven heating of the earth’s spherical’s spherical surface by the sunsurface by the sun andand the tilt of the earth onthe tilt of the earth on its axisits axis combine to produce the predictivecombine to produce the predictive latitudinal variation in climate.latitudinal variation in climate. The geographic distribution of terrestrialThe geographic distribution of terrestrial biomes corresponds closely to variation inbiomes corresponds closely to variation in climate, especially the prevailing temperatureclimate, especially the prevailing temperature and precipitation.and precipitation.
- 17. Tropical Rain forestTropicalRain forest
- 18. Tropical dry forestTropicaldry forest
- 19.
- 20. Temperate Woodland andshrublandTemperate Woodland and shrubland
- 21.
- 22. Temperate Forest (OldGrowth)Temperate Forest (Old Growth)
- 23. Boreal Forest (Taiga)BorealForest (Taiga)
- 24.
- 25. Water on EarthWateron Earth -Water covers 71% of the-Water covers 71% of the earth.earth. – The ocean contains overThe ocean contains over 97% of total water.97% of total water. – The polar ice caps andThe polar ice caps and glaciers contain additionalglaciers contain additional 2%.2%. – Only 1% of the water isOnly 1% of the water is freshwater that is infreshwater that is in lakes, rivers, and activelylakes, rivers, and actively exchanged groundwater.exchanged groundwater.
- 26. ““Distribution of wateris not static.”Distribution of water is not static.” – HeatHeat – EvaporationEvaporation – CloudsClouds – PrecipitationPrecipitation EvaporationEvaporation Consumed byConsumed by organismsorganisms GroundwaterGroundwater Surface waterSurface water
- 27. LargestLargest Ocean Basins:Ocean Basins: PacificPacific : ~180 million km: ~180 million km22 AtlanticAtlantic: ~: ~106 million km106 million km22 IndianIndian: ~75 million km: ~75 million km22
- 28. Ocean Structure:Ocean Structure: Oceanic ZoneOceanic Zone:: – EpipelagicEpipelagic 0 - 200 m0 - 200 m – MesopelagicMesopelagic 200 - 1,000 m200 - 1,000 m – BathypelagicBathypelagic 1,000 - 4,000 m1,000 - 4,000 m – AbyssalAbyssal 4,000 - 6,000 m4,000 - 6,000 m – HadalHadal 6,0006,000 ++ mm BenthicBenthic: Habitat on bottom.: Habitat on bottom. PelagicPelagic: Habitat off the bottom.: Habitat off the bottom.
- 29. Light Penetration intheLight Penetration in the OceanOcean – ApproximatelyApproximately 80% of solar80% of solar energy striking theenergy striking the ocean is absorbedocean is absorbed in first 10 m.in first 10 m. – Very little, if anyVery little, if any penetrates pastpenetrates past 600 m.600 m. – LeavesLeaves approximatelyapproximately 3,400 m of deep3,400 m of deep black water withblack water with only lightonly light produced byproduced by bioluminescence.bioluminescence.
- 30. Temperature in theOceanTemperature in the Ocean – Warm water willWarm water will decreases density,decreases density, thus warm waterthus warm water floats on top offloats on top of cooler water.cooler water. – Ocean waterOcean water temperature istemperature is more stable thanmore stable than terrestrialterrestrial temperature.temperature. – ThermoclineThermocline: a: a layer of waterlayer of water where temperaturewhere temperature changes rapidlychanges rapidly with depth (usuallywith depth (usually above 200m).above 200m). CreatesCreates thermalthermal stratification.stratification.
- 31.
- 32. Estuaries, SaltEstuaries, Salt marshesandmarshes and mangrove forestsmangrove forests Salt marshes and mangrove forestsSalt marshes and mangrove forests are the transition between land andare the transition between land and seasea,, however, salt marshes arehowever, salt marshes are distributed mainly along the sandydistributed mainly along the sandy shores from temperate to highshores from temperate to high latitude, and mangrove forests arelatitude, and mangrove forests are in subtropical and tropical shores.in subtropical and tropical shores. What isWhat is estuarineestuarine?? TheThe area wherearea where rivers meet therivers meet the sea.sea. Salt marsh Mangrove Estuary
- 33. Rivers and StreamsRiversand Streams Riparian zoneRiparian zone is ais a transition areatransition area between the aquaticbetween the aquatic and uplandand upland terrestrialterrestrial environments.environments.
- 34. Salinity mayfluctuate widely, particularlySalinity may fluctuate widely, particularly where the tidal and river flow arewhere the tidal and river flow are substantial.substantial.
- 35. DiurnalDiurnal tides: Singlelowtides: Single low and high tide each day.and high tide each day. ““Most important waterMost important water movements affecting distributionmovements affecting distribution and abundance of intertidaland abundance of intertidal organisms areorganisms are waves and tideswaves and tides.”.” SemidiurnalSemidiurnal tides: Twotides: Two periods of low and high tidesperiods of low and high tides daily.daily.
- 36.
- 37. Copyright © TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes Figure 3.39 3-22