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Biotic interactions
The document discusses various types of biological interactions among organisms, emphasizing their importance to ecosystems and survival. It categorizes interactions into positive (mutualism, commensalism, etc.) and negative (predation, parasitism, competition, etc.) types, providing examples of each. Additionally, it highlights the significance of symbiotic relationships, where organisms interact in beneficial ways for survival and resource acquisition.
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Discusses the effects of organisms on one another and the concept of biotic interactions, split into interspecific and intraspecific.
Presents the evolution of the term 'symbiosis' and categorizes various types of symbiotic relationships.
Illustrates specific examples of symbiotic organisms, including epiphytes, lichen, and mycorrhizae.
Describes different interaction types among organisms, highlighting neutralism, mutualism, and parasitism.
Categorizes symbiotic interactions into positive and negative, explaining how populations help or hinder each other.
Defines commensalism, where one species benefits, and the other remains unaffected, with examples.
Explains mutualism with examples like pollination and nitrogen fixation, illustrating obligatory interactions.
Details examples of mutualism found in corals and termite-protozoan relationships.
Describes non-obligatory mutualism using examples like sea anemones and clownfish.
Introduces negative interactions including parasitism, predation, and competition with examples.
Describes various forms of parasitism including endo and ectoparasites with examples.
Explains predator-prey relationships and examples of herbivory and carnivorous plants.
Defines amensalism, its forms, and the interactions where one species inhibits another.
Discusses competition for limited resources including intraspecific and interspecific competition.Describes examples of neutral interactions where species coexist without affecting each other.
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Biotic interactions
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- 2. Biological/biotic interactions: effects of one organism on other organism in a community. No organism exists in absolute isolation An organism's interactions with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole. JUNIOR
- 3. Biotic interactions Interaspecific interaction Between individualsof same spp Interspecific interactions Between individual of different spp JUNIOR
- 4. De Bary(1879): used term symbiosis to describe interactions among organisms. Most ecologists include all types of interactions including parasitism under symbiosis. Clarke (1954) used the term symbiosis for interactions which are mutually beneficial and neither is harmed McDougall (1918): Grouped all (beneficial & harmful) interactions under symbiosis. JUNIOR
- 5. SYMBIOSIS DISJUNCTIVE SYMBIOSIS (where associatedorganisms are not in constant contact) SOCIAL (no direct relationshi p) NUTRITIVE (food relationship) ANTAGONIST IC RECIPROC AL CONJUNCTIVE SYMBIOSIS (where dissimilar organisms live in contact with each other) SOCIAL (no direct relationship) Lianas, epihpytes NUTRITIVE (No direct relationship) ANTAGONISTIC parasites RECIPROCAL Lichens, mycorrhizae,nitro gen fixing organisms JUNIOR
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- 7. Parasites Antagonistic nutritive conjunctivesymbiosis JUNIOR
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- 9. Haskell &Burkholder (1952): used 3 symbols and their possible combinations to describe interactions among organisms 0 No significant interaction + Growth, survival & other population attributes are benefited - Growth, survival & other population attributes are inhibited JUNIOR
- 10. COMBINATIONS INTERACTION TYPEDETAILED EFFECT 0 0 Neutralism Neither population affect the other. _ _ Competition (Direct interference type) Direct inhibition of each spp by the other. _ _ Competition (Resource use type) Indirect inhibition where common resources are in short supply. - 0 Amensalism One population is inhibited, other is not affected. JUNIOR
- 11. COMBINATIONS INTERACTION TYPEDETAILED EFFECT + + Protocooperation Interaction favorable to both but not obligatory. + + Mutualism Interaction favorable to both and obligatory. + 0 Commensalism One population (commensal) benefits while other population (host)is not affected. + - Parasitism One is benefited other is harmed, parasite smaller than the host + - predation One is benefited other is harmed, the predator is generally larger then the host. JUNIOR
- 12. Odum, (1971): Groupedall types of symbiotic interactions into two major groups: 1) Positive interactions 2) Negative interactions JUNIOR
- 13. Populations help oneanother in terms of food, shelter, substratum or transport. Either one or both the spp are benefitted. a. Commensalism b. Mutualism c. Protocooperation JUNIOR
- 14. It isInterspecific interaction between members of different spp where one organism is benefitted but the other is neutral (there is no harm or benefit).Two or more population live together without entering into any kind of physiological exchange. JUNIOR
- 15. Use other plantfor support & not for food or water supply. Not rooted in soil Velamen layer over root surface which take up water rapidly from atmosphere. Eg: Orchids, hanging mosses. Vascular plants rooted in ground. Maintain erectness of stem by using tree for support. No direct nutritional relationship with tree. Eg: Bauhinia, Ficus, Tinospora LIANASEPIPHYTES JUNIOR
- 16. It is anInterspecific interaction where both individuals derive benefit. There is, permanent & obligatory contact between the two species i.e. (the association is essential for survival of both the species). JUNIOR
- 17. Examples i) Pollination byanimals: bees, Moths, butterflies take food from nectar or other plant product and in turn help the plant in its pollination. JUNIOR
- 18. ii) Lichens Association betweenalgae and fungi. Body of lichens is made of matrix formed by a fungus within which alga is embedded. The fungus provides moisture and minerals and the alga manufacture food. Neither of the two can grow alone/ independently JUNIOR
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- 20. Iv) Symbioticnitrogen fixers The bacterium Rhizobium forms nodules in the roots of leguminous plants and lives symbiotically with the host. Bacteria obtain food from the higher plants and in turn fix gaseous nitrogen making it available to the plants JUNIOR
- 21. v) Mycorrhizae: (fungusin association with the roots of higher plants). Plant roots provide the fungus with nutrition and the plant in turn is benefited by the high absorption capacity of the mycelium for water and minerals because of large surface area of mycelium. e.g. Roots of pines, oaks, beech, orchids etc. JUNIOR
- 22. Coral reefs These are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix CO2 from the air JUNIOR
- 23. Mutualism among animals Termites& protozoan are the oldest example of Mutualism among animals Termites feed on wood but can’t digest cellulose. Protozoan (Trichonympha species) is present in their gut helps in cellulose digestion & it obtains food & shelter in return from termite. JUNIOR
- 24. Also calledNon obligatory mutualism. Both populations are benefited & are not obligatory (association is not essential for survival of either population). JUNIOR
- 25. Sea anemoneattached to the shell of hermit crab. Crab carry sea anemone to fresh feeding sites. Sea anemone protects the crab from its enemies. JUNIOR
- 26. Clownfish and sea anemone •clownfishfeeds on small invertebrates which harm the sea anemone. The faecal matter from the clownfish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. •The stinging cells of sea anemone's in turn protect the clown fish from predators The clownfish is immune to the stinging cells. JUNIOR
- 27. One orboth spp are harmed in any way during their life period. 1. Exploitation a. Parasitism b. Predation 2. Amensalism a.Antibiosis b. Allelopathy 3. Competition JUNIOR
- 28. One spp harmsthe other by making its direct or indirect use for support, shelter or food. e.g. SHELTER: ◦ Parasitic birds e.g. cuckoo & cowbird never build their own nest. Female lays eggs in the nest established by birds of another spp (usually smaller spp) FOOD: The relationships w.r.t. food can be ◦ Parasitism ◦ Predation JUNIOR
- 29. Relationship whereone organism is benefited and the other is harmed, a parasite lives in/on the body of its host it drives its food from the host without killing it. e.g. parasitic vascular plants: Cuscuta (total stem parasite) grow on other plants for nutrition with the help of adventitious roots (haustoria) which penetrate the stem of the host plant Parasitic vascular plants JUNIOR
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- 31. Viscum album Loranthusspp JUNIOR
- 32. Santalum album (Partial rootparasite) Orobranche spp (total root parasite) JUNIOR
- 33. Animal parasites: canbe Endoparasite (live within the host's body) Ectoparasite (live on its surface) JUNIOR
- 34. The larvalstages of a parasitoid feed within the host body and adults are free living. e.g.: Braconid wasps & tomato hornworms Insect larvae (parasitoids) eat the host’s (insect) tissue which die. Parasitoids are used in biological control. JUNIOR
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- 36. Predator isfree living organism which catches & kills another spp for food. e.g. A larger (stronger) animal eating smaller animals. JUNIOR
- 37. Browsing &grazing: herbivores killing plants , shrubs for food Seed & seedling destruction: mice, squirrel, rodents use large amount of seeds as food JUNIOR
- 38. Carnivorous plants/Insectivorous plants consumes insect & other small organisms as their food by using proteolytic enzyme for digestion of insects ◦ Nepenthes ◦ Drocera ◦ Utricularia JUNIOR
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- 41. It isan interaction where one species is affected and the other interacting species experiences no effect. One organism exudes a chemical substance that is detrimental to another organism. a. Antibiosis b. Allelopathy JUNIOR
- 42. Complete/ partialinhibition / death of one organism by other by production of toxic substance (antibiotics) or environmental conditions as a result of a metabolic pathway. It is common among microbes. No organism derive any benefit. Eg: Penicillium secrete penicillin, a chemical that kills bacteria JUNIOR
- 43. Pond bloomsof blue green algae (Microcystis sp.) produce a toxin Hydroxylamine which causes death of fish & cattles. JUNIOR
- 44. It isform of Amensalism in plants in which chemical substances (allelochemicals) produced by one species inhibit the growth of another. e.g. Black walnut secretes a chemical (juglone) from its roots that harms/kills some species of neighbouring plants of walnut. Grevillea: produce soluble substance from its roots that inhibits the establishment of adjacent seedlings of the same species. JUNIOR
- 45. Interaction betweenorganism or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.They compete for limited supply of resources (such as food, water, and territory) which are required for both species. Types of resources competed: a. Raw material ◦ Autotrophs- light, inorganic nutrient & water ◦ Heterotrophs- organic food & water b. Space- to grow, nest, hide from predators JUNIOR
- 46. Competition Interaspecific competition Among members ofthe same species Interspecific competition Between individuals of different species JUNIOR
- 47. It is foundbetween the members of the same species when they compete for the same resources in an ecosystem. e.g. trees growing close together compete for light above ground and water and nutrients in the soil. JUNIOR
- 48. It is foundin individuals of two separate species sharing a limiting resource in the same area. JUNIOR
- 49. Most commontype of Interspecific interaction between two species which do not affect each other. e.g. Bactrian Camel and a Longtailed Tadpole Shrimp, both living in the Gobi desert JUNIOR
- 50. As large grazers(animals) move through the grass, they eat up insects. Cattle Egrets follow them for insects. The large grazers are neither helped nor harmed by the presence of the birds. JUNIOR
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