Blessing institutes ana and physio
- 1. Blessing institute of paramedics PHARMACY TECHNICIAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- 2. Anatomy and physiology Chapter no1 Introduction : anatomy and physiology Presented by Dr Falak Ali
- 3. Introduction You are about to begin the study of one of nature's most wondrous structures the human body. Anatomy (ah-NAT-o-me) and Physiology (fiz-ee-OL-o-jee) are branches of biology that are concerned with the form and functions of the body Anatomy: is the study of body structure,Physiology: deals with body function, that is, how the body parts work to support life As you learn about the complex interdependence of Structure and function in the human body, you will become, in a very real sense, the subject of your own studyANATOMYAnatomy is often defined as the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. The word anatomy is derived from two Greek words (ana "up" and temos or tomos, "cutting") Students of anatomy still learn about the structure of the human body by literally cutting it apart. This process, called dissection, remains a principal technique used to isolate and study the structural components or parts of the human bodyofis defined as the study of life. Both anatomy and physiology are subdivisions
- 4. of this very broad area of inquiry. Just as biology can be subdivided into specific areas for study, so can anatomy and physiology. For example, the term gross anatomy is used to describe the study of body parts visible to the naked eye. Before the discovery of the microscope, anatomists had to study human structure using only the eye during dissection. These early anatomists could make only a gross or whole, examination. With the use of modern microscopes, many anatomists now specialize in microscopic anatomy, including the study of cells, called cytology (sye-TOL-o-jee), and tissues, called Histology (his-TOL-o-jee). Other branches of anatomy include the study of human growth and development (developmental anatomy) or the study of diseased body structures (pathological anatomy).
- 5. Definition Definition of anatomyIt is a branch of medical science which deals with the study of structure of plant and animal. Definition of human anatomyIt is branch of medical science which deals with the study of structure of different organs and body parts of human.The BRANCHES OF ANATOMY: 1. Gross anatomy / MacroscopicIt is branch of anatomy which deals with the study of structure of human body parts by naked eye. (mean that without any microscope or lenses.)
- 6. 1. HistologyIt is a branch of anatomy which deals with the study of structure tissues or study of microscopic part or cell 2. Embryology:It is the branch of anatomy which deals with the study of embryo.it provides details of changes occurring during development. Hence, it helps in understanding congenital deformities and defects.
- 7. Regional anatomy : branch of anatomy dealing with regions of the body especially with reference to diagnosis and treatment
- 8. Systemic anatomy, the second branch of human anatomy, subdivides the body into discrete organ systems that work together towards a common goal or function.
- 9. Cross-section: In anatomy, a transverse cut through a structure or tissue. The opposite is longitudinal section. Applied anatomy examines structure-function relationships in the context of related subjects such as diagnostic imaging, pathology and other aspects of medicine. Cytology (also known as cytopathology) involves examining cells from bodily tissues or fluids to determine a diagnosis.
- 10. Presented by Ali rehman
- 11. BLESSING INSTITUTES OF PARAMEDICS ANATOMY A N D PHYSIOLOGY PRESENTED BY DRALI REHMAN
- 14. TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMY ◾ Ventral/AnteriorThe part of body which is present in front or near to abdomen ◾ Dorsal/Posterior The part of body which present near to back side is called posterior. ◾ Superior dorsal orAnterior(Ventral)The part of body which is present towards upper side is called superior. ◾ InferiorThe part of body which is present towards lower side is called inferior ◾ Medial LineThe line wi.ich divides the body into two equal, right and left parts is called medial line. ◾ MedialThe parts of the body that are present near to the medial line is called medial. ◾ LateralThe parts of body which are presentAways from the medial line. ◾ Deep any part which is away from the surface is called deep, e.g., bones are deep to skin. ◾ SuperficialAny part which is near from the surface is called superficial, e.g. skin is superficial to bones. ◾ Proximal is the part which is present nearer to the reference point. ◾ DistalIt is the part which is present away to the reference point.
- 15. COMBINED TERMINOLOGY CombinedTerminology InfromedialIt is the part of body that present near to the medial line and towards the lower side.IpsilateralTwo parts of body that present at the same side of body.For example, it could be said that the left arm and left leg are ipsilateral to one another with respect to the mid sagittal plane.Contra lateralTwo body organs which are present opposite to each other is called contra lateral, e.g.The left arm and right leg are contralateral to one another with respect to the mid sagittal plane
- 16. BONES MOVEMENT ◾ A bone's hard outside shell surrounds a spongy center. Bones provide structure and form for your body. They work with muscles, tendons, ligaments and other connective tissues to help you move ◾ Flexion: A bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Eg. Bending the elbow, or clenching your hand into a fist. ◾ Extension: The opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that increases the angle between two parts.
- 17. p ◾ depression and elevation move them down (inferiorly)and u (superiorly), respectively.
- 18. ◾ Medial rotation involves bringing the anatomical structure closer to the median plane, while lateral rotation involves moving it further away.
- 19. ◾ The antagonistic movements of inversionand eversion take place relativeto the median place and are specific to the foot. In eversion, the plantarside of the foot is moved away from the median plane so that it is turned laterally.In inversion,the plantarside is moved towards the median plane, resulting in a medial turn. ◾
- 20. SUPINATION : PALMS FACE UPWORDS PRONATION PALMS FACING D O W N W O R D Pronation
- 22. DORSIFLEXION:DECREASING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN LEG A N D FOOT PLANTER FLEXION: MOVEMENT OF SOLE OF FOOT IN W H ICH ANGLE OR DISTANCE BETWEEN FOOT A N D LEG INCREASE
- 23. Digestive system The digestive system in human being is composed of a long muscular tube called GIT or alimentary canal and assessory organ. Git run through ventral body cavity it extend from mouth anus. Consists: 1. Oral cavity 6.rectum 2. Pharynx 3. Eshophagus 7 .liver 4. Stomach small intestine 8.gall bladder 5. Large intestine 9 .pancreas
- 25. GIT start with the upper side, it opens out through the mouth and down through the anus, passes through the back of the pharynx, passes through the neck, passes through the chest, enters the abdomen, and enters the muscular organ called the stomach. After the stomach, the food passes through a complicated tube called the intestine, the first about 20 feet long is called the small intestine, and the rest is called the small intestine. It is called large intestine because it is wide in diameter. Digestive fluids are poured into the stomach from the digestive tract while the food is passing through its various parts. In the digestive system, the liver and pancreas are the two main enzymes that produce gastric juice.If possible, all the food is separated from the food and the waste is allowed to remain there, which is finally excreted through the anus.
- 31. Anatomy of Heart • :The heart is a pear-shaped muscular organ that plays the most important role in the circulatory system. It is a hollow organ. It is located slightly to the left in the middle of the chest, its thickness is equal to a human ligament. And the weight is about 300 grams. It is closed in a single layer called pericardium. Between the two layers of pericardium there is a fluid called pericardial fluid, which during the heartbeat gives the heart pericardium and the surrounding area. Avoids friction with It brings blood in six big holes up to the heart.Four pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs. A superior vein (Superior Vena Cava) from the upper part of the body and an inferior vena cava. Vena Cava carries blood from the lower part of the body to the heart respectively. Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs. Aorta carries blood to all parts of the body. The branches return to the heartTwo channels (evil or not) carry blood and go out from the heart.(Coronary) arteries are called. pumps blood to all the body's organs to deliver their nutrients, and send blood to the lungs for cleaning
- 32. Chamber of heart The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles 1. Right atrium 2. Left artium 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventrical the right antrum, two large holes from above and below (Superior and Inferior Vena Caval) enter with dirty blood from the body. The Peer-mez Dina Cava brings deoxygenated blood from the organs above the diaphragm such as the head and arms etc. From the right atrium, this blood flows into the right ventricle and from hereIt goes to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
- 33. MONTH OF SEPTEMBER LECTURE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- 35. ◾ Thearm isthe part of the upperlimb between the shoulderand elbow(or cubitus). Theboneof the armis humerus, which articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint and upperends of radius andulna at the elbow joint. ◾ Theforearm is thepart of the upperlimb between the elbowandthe wrist. Thebonesof the forearm are radius and ulna.These bones articulate with humerusat the elbow joint and with each other forming radio-ulnar joints.
- 36. The lower limb is divided into three regions. These are the thigh, located between the hip and knee joints; the leg, located between the knee and ankle joints; and distal to the ankle, the foot. There are 30 bones in each lower limb.
- 37. The vertebrae (back bones) of the spine include the cervical spine (C1-C7), thoracic spine (T1-T12), lumbar spine (L1-L5), sacral spine (S1- S5), and the tailbone. Each vertebra is separated by a disc. The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord.
- 39. Cell cell is defined as the smallest unit of an organism with a nuclEus A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. There are 2 type of cell Prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Cell is the basic Structural and functional unit of living organisms. In other words, cells make up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.
- 41. .prokaryotic cell has no nucleus; every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have no mitochondria; nearly every eukaryotic cell has mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells have no organelles enclosed in plasma membranes; every eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and organelles, each enclosed in plasma membranes.
- 45. Intracellular and extracellular compartment • The intracellular fluid is the fluid contained within cells. The extracellular fluid—the fluid outside the cells—is divided into that found within the blood and that found outside the blood. • The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body.
- 47. TISSUE • There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.
- 48. TISSUE
- 51. BONES • Bone consists of four types of cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor (or osteogenic) cells. Each cell type has a unique function and is found in different locations in bones.
- 52. Extracellular matrix • Extracellular matrix, which is made up of an organic matrix (30%) containing proteoglycans (but less than cartilage), glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, osteonectin (anchors bone mineral to collagen) and osteocalcin (calcium binding protein). There are collagen fibres (mostly type I (90%), with some type V). Only 25% of bone is water. Almost 70% of bone is made up of bone mineral called hydroxyapatite.
- 54. Bones Bone is the one-third connective tissue, forming the main supporting framework of the body. The in-organic Calcium salts make it hard and rigid. •Osteology: The scientific study of bones is known as Osteology • There are 6 basic types which are mentioned below: 1. Long Bones. 2. Short Bones. 3. Flat Bones. 4. Irregular Bones. 5. Pneumatic Bones. 6. Sesamoid Bones. • 1. Long Bones: These bones typically have an elongated shaft and two expanded ends one on either side of the shaft. The shaft is known as diaphysis and the ends are called epiphyses. Examples: Humerus, femur etc. Fig. Femur, Long Bone. • . 2. Short Bones: These bones are short in posture and can be of any shape. Examples: The carpal and tarsal bones. Fig. Carpal Bones, Short Bones. Fig. Tarsal Bones, Short Bones. . 3. Flat Bones: These bones are flat in appearance. Examples: Scapula, Ribs, Sternum etc. Fig. Scapula, Flat Bone. Fig. Sternum & ribs, Flat bones. . 4. Irregular Bones: These bones are completely irregular in shape. Examples: vertebrae, hip bone and bones in the base of skull. Fig. Hip bone, Irregular bone. Fig. 1st & 2nd Cervical of vertebra, Irregular bone. • 5. Pneumatic Bones: Pneumatic bones can also be categorized under the irregular bones.The characteristic difference is the presenceof large air spaces in these bones which make them light in weight and thus they form the major portion of skull Examples: Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxila etc. Fig. Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxila , Pnematic Bones. . 6.Sesamoid Bones: These are in the form of nodules embedded in tendons and joint capsules. Examples: Patella, Pisiform, Fabella etc. Fig. Pisiform, Sesamoid Bone. Fig. Patella, Sesamoid Bone.
- 56. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM LYMPH (lymph = clear fluid) Derived from tissue fluid LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Protects body against foreign material .Assists in circulation of body fluids between cells and bloodstream . Transports dietary fats Lymphatic system consist of- Lymph - Network of vessels - Lymph nodes and nodules - Tonsils - Spleen - Thymus gland - Bone marrow Lymph - a fluid that contains white blood cells that defend against germs Lymph vessels - vessels that carry lymph throughout your body. They are different from blood vessels. Lymph nodes - glands found throughout the lymph vessels. Along with your spleen, these nodes are where white blood cells fight infection.
- 57. What are the functions of the lymphatic system? • The lymphatic system has 3 primary functions: • 1. Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back to the bloodstream. • 2. Participates in the body’s immune response. • 3. Is the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream. • What is the function of lymph nodes? • Lymph nodes are filters, slowing down and cleaning the lymph before returning it to the blood • Lymph nodes trap and sometimes become swollen with bacteria that has invaded the body AND the white blood cells that fight that bacteria.
- 58. Lymph nodes trap and sometimes become swollen with bacteria that has invaded the body AND the white blood cells that fight that bacteria.
- 59. ? Lymph nodes are filters, slowing down and cleaning the lymph before returning it to the blood. The dark lumps on the membrane are lymph nodes. Lymph nodes and ducts under the arm.