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![MULTI-TRACK SYSTEM
• 5 components; two balloon catheters, a Multi-Track angiographic
catheter, a guidewire and a septal dilator.
• Guidewire - two separate wires welded at the distal end to form a single
wire and allows loading two balloon catheters on the same wire.
• Multi-Track balloon has a 10 cm nylon plastic shaft and a Multi-Track tip
of only 1 cm at the tip [(14, 16, 18 or 20 mm in diameter) × 5 cm in
length].
• Sum of the diameters of the two balloons is chosen to be 90 to 100 % of
the measured mitral annulus
• It is a refinement of DBT, as it uses a monorail system, but requiring only
one guidewire thus easing the procedure compared to the standard DBT.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bmvballoons-final-220824014312-28cfb812/75/BMV-balloons-FINAL-pptx-31-2048.jpg)
![• Total- 816 (Inoue-329;Accura-487) [1997-2003]
• Immediate procedural success- 93.9% Inoue;Accura-
91.6% (p-NS)
• Complicatios- 6.6% Inoue; 5.6% Accura (p-NS)
• Restenosis rates- Inoue-0.9%; 1.6% Accura (p-NS)@1 yr
• Accura –Cost efective
2012](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bmvballoons-final-220824014312-28cfb812/75/BMV-balloons-FINAL-pptx-45-2048.jpg)
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BMV balloons- FINAL.pptx
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- 2. SCOPE OF DISCUSSION •History • Techniques • Balloon anatomy • Inoue and Accura balloon • Balloon sizing • JOMIVA balloon • Multitrack system • NUCLEUS balloon • Data comparing results of various balloons
- 3. HISTORY • Concept ofmitral commissurotomy - Brunton in 1902. • 1920 – 1st successful CMC done • Development of CPB in 1960s, open surgical mitral commissurotomy • Kanji Inoue –1976. Lock et al, 1985 - cylindrical polyethylene balloon
- 4. HISTORY 1997- Cribier -metallic valvulotome 1986 - Al-Zaibag-DBT Simplified DBT- Multi-Track system Philip Bonhoeffer
- 5. TECHNIQUES OF BMV Balloon commissurotomy 1.Dumb-bell shaped (non-over the wire balloons) a. Inoue balloon b. Accura balloon 2. Cylindrical balloons (over the wire) a. Double balloon (two wire, two balloons) b. Multitrack system (single wire, two balloons) c. Nucleus/JOMIVA balloon (single balloon over the wire) Metallic (blade) commissurotomy
- 6. INOUE BALLOON • Vent– vent out the air in the balloon during preparation of the balloon prior to the procedure. • Two small holes on the outer latex layer intended to prevent deflation failure of the balloon. • Security thread - prevents the detachment of the balloon during the procedure. • Central lumen of the balloon is formed proximally by the “gold metal tube” which extends 2 cm into the balloon shaft even at the non- streched (fully pulled back) position • Gold metal tube merges with a stiff polythene tube which extends through the entire length of the shaft and the balloon till its tip.
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- 11. INOUE BALLOON PMVSYSTEM • Polyvinyl chloride catheter with a balloon • Balloon- 2 latex layers with a polyester micromesh in between • Catheter is 12 F with a length of 70 cm; the length of balloon is 2.5 cm (un-stretched). • Two proximally positioned stopcocks accomplish balloon inflation and catheter venting • Stainless steel stylet and guidewire are employed to track the catheter inside the heart and blood vessels.
- 13. ACCURA BALLOON • Manufacturedfrom polyvinyl chloride with a balloon attached to the distal end • Balloon has also 3 layers, 2 Latex layers and 1 micromesh layer.The micromesh layer is sandwiched between the two latex layers.The length of balloon is 2.5 cm (un-stretched). • 12 French 80 cm tapered medical grade polymer tube called dilator is a provided to enlarge the interatrial septal puncture.
- 17. PRESSUREVOLUME RELATIONSHIP • Single balloonmitral valvotomy catheters are compliant balloons and are volume driven • Balloon is precalibrated so that inflation with volumes labelled on the inflation syringe result in corresponding inflated diameters of the balloon. • Low-pressure zone - the first two-thirds of its range of inflation and balloon pressure at this point is approximately 2 to 3 atm • Balloon is inflated to its last couple of millimeters of diameter with increasing inflation volumes, the balloon pressure rises towards 4 atm.
- 18. • At similarinflated diameters, smaller balloons will be able to generate more lateral pressure. • Higher lateral pressure may be helpful in dilating thick fibrotic valves, but may lead to valve tear and mitral regurgitation. • Accura balloon can deliver more stable and higher pressures when the balloon is inflated within the stated diameter range. • Proportion of low pressure zone available for balloon dilatation is more with the Inoue balloon. PRESSUREVOLUME RELATIONSHIP
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- 20. BALLOON SIZING Based onheight : Hung’s formula; Patient height (in cm) /10 +10 = Reference size (in mm) Based on pathological condition of valve Non-calcified valve - nominal balloon size at least that of the RS (an RS-matched catheter) is used Pre-existing MR, subvalvular disease, and calcified valve, a balloon catheter one size smaller than RS is selected. Based on age and physical activity : Sedentary life style or aged patients, the valve need not be dilated to a size required by active younger patients.
- 21. ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE BALLOON •Short cycle of positioning-inflation-deflation (5 seconds). Procedure time is only 25-50% of double balloon • LV perforation is also rare as the balloon is engaged into the mitral valve and has a smaller size. • Does not necessitate a guide wire into the LV. • Minimal hemodynamic disturbance due to rapidity of the procedure. Maximum occlusion time of 2 to 4 seconds only. • Its strong rubber-nylon micromesh texture resists rupture which is rarely reported. It can stand a pressure of 6 Kg/cm²(only 2 kg/cm² is needed for commissural splitting, i.e. wide margin of safety). • Less potential for severe MR due to stepwise nature of dilatation and proper positioning across the valve.
- 22. DOUBLE BALLOON • Largerpolyethylene balloons (up to 30 mm in diameter) -> largeASD. • Mullin’s sheath left atrium through which an end-hole balloon tipped catheter can be floated across the mitral valve, avoiding the chordae tendineae. It is then turned in the left ventricular apex using a curved tipped guide wire and advanced out the aortic valve • Long guidewire (260 cm) is then introduced through this catheter from the femoral vein across the atrial septum and the mitral and aortic valves, terminating in the descending aorta.
- 23. • 2 guidewiresthrough the same Mullin’s sheath • Two polyethylene balloons are then introduced, one over each guidewire, and simultaneously inflated to dilate the stenotic valve DOUBLE BALLOON
- 25. DOUBLE BALLOON • BALLOONSIZING: • Reid et al - combined diameter of the two balloons were approximately equal to the mitral valve annulus measured by 2D echo. It decreases the potential of rupture of mitral annulus by over-dilatation. • Chen et al. - ratio of (sum of balloon diameters)/(mitral annulus diameter) of 1 to 1.1.
- 26. PROS AND CONSOF DOUBLE BALLOON • PROS • Stenotic mitral valve orifice is oval and not circular, double balloon self- orient and exert maximal force laterally towards the fused commissures • DBT provides a higher final MVA and higher absolute increase of the MVA than the IBT. • CONS • DBT is a more technically challenging • Difficulty in obtaining stable position across mitral valve • Incidence of persistent ASD, severe MR, large ventricular apex perforation are higher
- 27. JOMIVA BALLOON • Josephet al - simple over-the-wire mitral valvuloplasty balloon catheter (JOMIVA) • It is cylindrical, expands to a fixed size, has two radiopaque markers - thin thermoplastic polymer that gives these larger diameter balloons a low crossing profile. • Catheter shaft (9 Fr for smaller balloons, 11 Fr for larger balloons) • J-tip of a 0.035 inch valvuloplasty guidewire is then positioned at the LV apex • Septum is then dilated with 14 French septal dilator • Jomiva balloon is then introduced through a 50 cm long, 12 to 14 Fr valved LA sheath • Commissurotomy is performed after withdrawing the sheath into the IVC to allow a more transverse and stable lie of the balloon and the guidewire across the mitral valve • Other approaches – right IJV and right radial artery • Results are comparable with Inoue balloon technique
- 31. MULTI-TRACK SYSTEM • 5components; two balloon catheters, a Multi-Track angiographic catheter, a guidewire and a septal dilator. • Guidewire - two separate wires welded at the distal end to form a single wire and allows loading two balloon catheters on the same wire. • Multi-Track balloon has a 10 cm nylon plastic shaft and a Multi-Track tip of only 1 cm at the tip [(14, 16, 18 or 20 mm in diameter) × 5 cm in length]. • Sum of the diameters of the two balloons is chosen to be 90 to 100 % of the measured mitral annulus • It is a refinement of DBT, as it uses a monorail system, but requiring only one guidewire thus easing the procedure compared to the standard DBT.
- 33. Bonhoeffer et alreported the results of 153 patients from 16 centers across all continents Only 4 pts had a significant increase in MR, two needed surgery. Remaining two pts, there was a progressive clinical improvement. Hemopericardium occurred in 4 occasions, twice due to trans-septal puncture and twice due to wire perforation of the left ventricular apex. Advantage of the system is the ability to simultaneously measure the pressure in LA and LV.
- 35. NUCLEUS BALLOON • Usedwhen difficulty in positioning the balloon across the valve. • NUCLEUS and the new NUCLEUS-X™ balloon valvuloplasty catheter • Coaxial shaft design- enhanced column strength and pushability • Flexible distal tip- optimum steerability • Initial inflation will hold balloon in the desired position, further inflation expands the center of the balloon to effect satisfactory dilatation. • Platinum marker bands facilitate reliable positioning of the balloon and for clear identification under fluoroscopy. • Simpler than DBT and much cheaper than Inoue balloon technique and claimed to be useful in moderately calcified valves
- 36. • In acomparative study of 15 patients each using the Double balloon technique and Nucleus balloon technique, the Nucleus balloon group performed better.
- 37. COMPLICATIONS • BALLOON RUPTURE: • Abnormal or unusual balloon inflation is usually caused by a mesh breakage. • The mesh regulates maximum diameter and inner pressure of the balloon. • Due to presence of this mesh, the Inoue balloon is reported to have less incidence of tear and rupture compared to usual polythene balloons. • Mesh breakage can be caused by overinflation of the balloon or rapid increase of inner pressure. • While preparing balloon prior to PMV • 1) Do not exceed the maximum recommended inflation volume marked on the syringe provided with the balloon catheter. • 2) Inject dilute contrast slowly to inflate the balloon during test inflations to avoid rapid stretching of the mesh layer.
- 38. • Occurs whenballoon catheters are re-used. • A deformity in the Inoue balloon catheter was noted 1.6 % (4/264 pts) procedures and actual rupture of the deformed balloon occured in 0.4 % in a series reported by Ho et al. • All deformities were found at the distal portion of the Inoue balloon in this series. • Two problems can occur subsequent to rupture of the balloon – • 1) Latex material or the wire mesh can get detached and embolize in the arterial system. • 2)If the contrast mix contains air , which occurs during preparing, it can embolize and produce air embolism. COMPLICATIONS
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- 43. • N-100 (Inoue-49;M commi-51) • Both procedures gave similar procedural success and had similar complication rates. • PMMC produced larger MVA immediate post-procedure compared to IBT. But at three months, the difference disappeared. 2002, AHJ
- 44. • Age <20yrs • N- 66 (33-Inoue, 33-M Commi) • Similar procedural success & complications • Similar restenosis rates on follow up • Metallic commissurotomy- cost effective
- 45. • Total- 816(Inoue-329;Accura-487) [1997-2003] • Immediate procedural success- 93.9% Inoue;Accura- 91.6% (p-NS) • Complicatios- 6.6% Inoue; 5.6% Accura (p-NS) • Restenosis rates- Inoue-0.9%; 1.6% Accura (p-NS)@1 yr • Accura –Cost efective 2012
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