![On July 11, 2000, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said:
'The tragedy of Srebrenica will forever haunt the history of the
United Nations. This day commemorates a massacre on a scale
unprecedented in Europe since the Second World War - a
massacre of people who had been led to believe that the UN
would ensure their safety. We cannot undo this tragedy, but it is
vitally important that the right lessons be learned and applied in
the future ... [W]e must recognize evil for what it is and confront
it not with expediency and compromise but with implacable
resistance ...'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bosniangenocidef11-161207190707/75/Bosnian-genocide-48-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDave Phillips
Bosnian genocide
Between 1992 and 1995, over 200,000 people were killed and 2.2 million became refugees in the conflict and genocide that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the breakup of Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide at Srebrenica in 1995, killing over 8,000 Bosniak boys and men and raping thousands of women and girls. The conflict ended with the Dayton Accords in 1995, dividing Bosnia into a Bosniak-Croat Federation and the Serb-dominated Republika Srpska. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has since prosecuted leaders responsible for war crimes committed during the conflict.
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Bosnian genocide
- 1. Bosnia-Herzegovina: Genocide in theFormer Yugoslavia April 1992-December 1995 200,000 killed 50,000 women raped 2.2 million refugees
- 3. ~37% size of NC inBalkan Peninsula
- 8. To 1878: provinceof Ottoman Empire
- 9. ~42% NC pop. 1990pop. = 4 m. • 44% Bosniak (Muslim) • 31% Serb (Eastern Orthodox Christians) • 17% Croatian (Roman Catholic Christians)
- 10. 1878-1918: part ofAustro-Hungarian Empire
- 11. 1919: 1 of 6Republics of Yugoslavia
- 12. 1919-1992: Serbia + Croatia + Bosnia +Slovenia + Montenegro + Macedonia ________________________________________ Yugoslavia
- 13.
- 14. Croatian Ustaše Partyallied with Germany; Serbs, Jews, Muslims, and Roma became Holocaust victims
- 15. 1941-1945: Josip BrozTito led Partisan resistance; overpowered Germans with Allied help
- 16. 1945-1980: • Tito ledliberal socialist state • emphasized Yugoslavian "brotherhood and unity” • neutral in the Cold War • highest standard of living in E. Europe • 1980 death followed by economic crisis and rebirth of nationalism
- 17. By 1987: Serbianleader Slobodan Milosevic encouraged Serb nationalism throughout Yugoslavia; Croats and Bosniaks sought independence. “Nobody should beat you!”
- 19. In Bosnia, Serbsdestroyed Muslim mosques and imprisoned 14,000 Bosniaks and Croats in concentration camps; 10,000 died.
- 21. Franjo Tudjman wonCroatia’s presidential elections using Ustaše rhetoric and imagery.
- 22. "Serbs lie, theyare that kind of a people. They can't love us, nor is that natural. They are our eternal sworn enemies."
- 23. 1991: Slovenia, Croatiaand Macedonia declared independence. Alija Izetbegovic, a Bosniak and leader of Bosnia's multi-ethnic government, called for Bosnia’s independence too.
- 24. However, Bosnian Serbsdid not want independence but wanted to be part of Milosevic's "Greater Serbia." Reality Milosevic’s Dream of a “Greater Serbia”
- 25. 1991: Bosnian Serbleader Radovan Karadzic’s Serbian Democratic Party withdrew from the government and set up a "Serbian National Assembly."
- 26. March 3, 1992:Izetbegovic declared Bosnia's independence which was recognized by the US and EU. May 1992: Bosnian Serb forces under Ratko Mladic and supported by Milosevic and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army attacked Bosnia's capital, Sarajevo.
- 27. The UN refusedto intervene but did send humanitarian aid.
- 28. Most Bosnian Croatsfled the country. Bosniaks were forcibly expelled from eastern Bosnia through "ethnic cleansing.” Destroyed Croat house with Serb nationalist symbols and messages including Serbian Crosses, "Usraše se Ustaše” (referring to fled occupants), " Red Star (a Serbian soccer team) champion", and "God protects Serbs”.
- 29. By 1995, 200,000had died including 80% of Bosniaks.
- 30. By 1995, 200,000had died including 80% of Bosniaks.
- 31. Late 1993: Serbforces controlled 3/4 of Bosnia and created a new state, Republika Srpska (Serb Republic). Only three towns in eastern Bosnia remained under Bosnian government control. The UN declared these "safe havens" to be protected by international peacekeeping forces.
- 32. July 11, 1995:Serb forces overwhelmed Dutch peacekeepers at the "safe haven” of Srebrenica. Srebrenica falls to Bosnian Serbs
- 33. Bosniak men andboys were driven or marched to fields and shot or decapitated. 1,500 were locked in a warehouse and murdered with machine gun fire and grenades.
- 34. Mass graves coveredby earth-moving equipment.
- 36. Bosniak women andyoung girls were raped in front of their families; gang rape was common. Some women were held captive afterward as sex slaves but most, around 20,000, were transported to Bosnian-held territory.
- 37. A post-war medicalstudy of 68 Croatian and Bosniak rape victims found that many suffered psychological problems as a result. None had any psychiatric history prior to the rapes. 44 raped more than once 21 raped every day during captivity 18 forced to witness rapes 65 rapes accompanied by physical torture
- 38. Afterward 58 suffered depression 51from social phobia 25 from suicidal thoughts 21 from PTSD 17 from sexual dysfunctions 29 became pregnant by rape 17 had abortions "Psychological Consequences of Rape on Women in 1991-1995 War in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Croatian Medical Journal 47.1 (2006): 67-75.
- 39. The deportation ofSrebrenica's population took four days. Serbs wearing blue peacekeeping helmets taken from the Dutch soldiers tricked Bosniak escapees into handing themselves over. Film reveals scale of Srebrenica atrocity
- 40. In Sarajevo, Bosnia'scapital, a radio message from an amateur operator in Srebrenica was heard: 'Please do something. Whatever you can. In the name of God, do something.'
- 41. Later that month,after Serb forces captured Zepa and bombed a crowded Sarajevo market, the international community started to respond more forcefully.
- 42. August 1995: afterthe Serbs refused to comply with a UN ultimatum, NATO conducted a bombing campaign against Bosnian Serb forces. October 1995: With Serbia's economy crippled by UN trade sanctions and three years of war, Milosevic agreed to peace negotiations.
- 43. November 1995: theDayton Accords signed in Ohio between Milosevic, Tudjman, and Izetbegovic divided Bosnia. • 51% Croat-Bosniak Federation • 49% to Republika Srpska Other signers included: • U.S. President Bill Clinton • French President Jacques Chirac • UK PM John Major • German Chancellor Helmut Kohl • Russian PM Vikto Chernonmyrdin
- 44. A 60,000 NATOpeace-keeping force, including 20,000 Americans, was deployed until 2004. Today, a 2500 member EU force remains.
- 45. May 1993: UNSecurity Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague, Netherlands • Slobodan Milosevic, Serbian President – driven from power in 2000 and arrested, died on trial in 2006
- 46. May 1993: UNSecurity Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague, Netherlands • Radovan Karadzic, Bosnian Serb leader – captured in 2008, currently ICTY custody
- 47. May 1993: UNSecurity Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague, Netherlands • Ratko Mladic, Bosnian Serb military commander – captured May 2011 • 156 others indicted
- 48. On July 11,2000, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said: 'The tragedy of Srebrenica will forever haunt the history of the United Nations. This day commemorates a massacre on a scale unprecedented in Europe since the Second World War - a massacre of people who had been led to believe that the UN would ensure their safety. We cannot undo this tragedy, but it is vitally important that the right lessons be learned and applied in the future ... [W]e must recognize evil for what it is and confront it not with expediency and compromise but with implacable resistance ...'