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- 5. Broadening the GeneticBases of Crop Production First Edition H D Cooper Digital Instant Download Author(s): HD Cooper, T.Hodgkin and C. Spillane ISBN(s): 9789290434580, 9290434589 Edition: First File Details: PDF, 2.56 MB Year: 2001 Language: english
- 6. BROADENING THE GENETICBASE OF CROP PRODUCTION
- 8. BROADENING THE GENETIC BASEOF CROP PRODUCTION Edited by H.D. Cooper Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada C. Spillane Institute for Plant Biology, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland T. Hodgkin International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy CABI Publishing in association with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
- 9. © 2001 byIPGRI and FAO. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Broadening the genetic base of crop production / edited by H.D. Cooper, C. Spillane, and T. Hodgkin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-85199-411-3 (alk. paper) 1. Food crops--Germplasm resources. 2. Plant genetics. 3. Genebanks, Plant. I. Cooper, H. D. (H. David) II. Spillane, Charlie. III. Hodgkin, T. IV. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. V. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. SB123.3.B76 2000 333.95¢34--dc21 00–044455 Published jointly by: CABI Publishing, a division of CAB International CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK Tel.: +44(0)1491 832111; Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508; Email: [email protected]; Web site: www.cabi.org CABI Publishing, 10 E 40th Street, Suite 3203, New York, NY 10016, USA Tel: +1 212 481 7018; Fax: +1 212 686 7993; Email: [email protected] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39 06 57051; Fax: +39 06 57053152; Email: [email protected]; Web site: www.fao.org International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39 06 51892; Fax: +39 06 5750309 Email: [email protected]; Web site: www.ipgri.cgiar.org ISBN 0 85199 411 3 (CABI) ISBN 92 5 104438 4 (FAO) ISBN 92 9043 458 9 (IPGRI) The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or the International Plant Genetics Resources Institute concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, territory or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. IPGRI is an autonomous international scientific organization, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRI’s mandate is to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. IPGRI’s headquarters is based in Rome, Italy, with offices in another 19 countries worldwide. It operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme, and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). FAO is the largest specialized agency in the United Nations system and the lead agency for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and rural development. An intergovernmental organization, FAO has 180 Member Nations plus a member organization, the European Community. Since its inception in 1945, FAO has worked to alleviate poverty and hunger by promoting agricultural development, improved nutrition and the pursuit of food security – the access of all people at all times to the food they need for an active and healthy life. Typeset in 10/12pt Garamond by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn
- 10. Contributors ix Foreword xv M.Duwayri and G. Hawtin Preface xvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii PART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 1 Broadening the Genetic Base of Crops: an Overview 1 H.D. Cooper, C. Spillane and T. Hodgkin 2 Evolutionary and Genetic Perspectives on the Dynamics of Crop Genepools 25 C. Spillane and P. Gepts 3 Base-broadening: Introgression and Incorporation 71 W. Spoor and N.W. Simmonds 4 The Role of Local-level Geneflow in Enhancing and Maintaining Genetic Diversity 81 J. Berthaud, J.C. Clément, L. Emperaire, D. Louette, F. Pinton, J. Sanou and S. Second 5 Regulatory Aspects of Breeding for Diversity 105 N.P. Louwaars Contents v
- 11. 6 Decentralized andParticipatory Plant Breeding for Marginal Environments 115 S. Ceccarelli, S. Grando, A. Amri, F.A. Asaad, A. Benbelkacem, M. Harrabi, M. Maatougui, M.S. Mekni, H. Mimoun, R.A. El-Einen, M. El-Felah, A.F. El-Sayed, A.S. Shreidi and A. Yahyaoui 7 Empowering Farmers and Broadening the Genetic Base: Agricultural Research and Resource Management 137 R. Salazar PART II: CROP CASE STUDIES 8 The State of Millet Diversity and its Use in West Africa 147 O. Niangado 9 The State of the Use of Maize Genetic Diversity in the USA and Sub-Saharan Africa 159 S.P. Tallury and M.M. Goodman 10 The State of the Use of Potato Genetic Diversity 181 R. Ortiz 11 The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it 201 G. Second and C. Iglesias 12 The State of the Use of Musa Diversity 223 S.L. Sharrock, J.-P. Horry and E.A. Frison PART III: POPULATION MANAGEMENT 13 Dynamic Management of Genetic Resources: a 13-year Experiment on Wheat 245 I. Goldringer, J. Enjalbert, J. David, S. Paillard, J.L. Pham and P. Brabant 14 Genetic Base-broadening of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the Nordic Countries 261 M. Veteläinen and E.A.J. Nissilä 15 Evolutionary Changes in Cambridge Composite Cross Five of Barley 271 K.M. Ibrahim and J.A. Barrett 16 Genetic Base-broadening in the West Indies Sugar Cane Breeding Programme by the Incorporation of Wild Species 283 A.J. Kennedy 17 Potential of Genetic Resources and Breeding Strategies for Base- broadening in Beta 295 L. Frese, B. Desprez and D. Ziegler vi Contents
- 12. 18 HOPE, aHierarchical, Open-ended System for Broadening the Breeding Base of Maize 311 L.W. Kannenberg 19 The Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) Project: Private and Public Sector Collaboration 319 L.M. Pollak and W. Salhuana 20 A French Cooperative Programme for Management and Utilization of Maize Genetic Resources 331 A. Gallais, J.P. Monod and others PART IV: OTHER APPROACHES TO BROADENING THE GENETIC BASE OF CROPS 21 Broadening the Genetic Base of Lentil in South Asia 341 W. Erskine, S. Chandra, M. Chaudhry, A. Sarker, B. Sharma, M. Tufail and M.C. Tyagi 22 Genetic Diversity of Barley: Use of Locally Adapted Germplasm to Enhance Yield and Yield Stability of Barley in Dry Areas 351 S. Grando, R. von Bothmer and S. Ceccarelli 23 Breeding Phaseolus for Intercrop Combinations in Andean Highlands 373 J.P. Baudoin, F. Camarena, M. Lobo and G. Mergeai 24 Improving Potato Resistance to Disease under the Global Initiative on Late Blight 385 B.R. Trognitz, M. Bonierbale, J.A. Landeo, G. Forbes, J.E. Bradshaw, G.R. Mackay, R. Waugh, M.A. Huarte and L. Colon 25 A Mexican Bean Breeding Programme for Comprehensive Horizontal Resistance to all Locally Important Pests and Diseases 399 R. García Espinosa, R.A. Robinson, P. Ramírez Vallejo, F. Castillo González and F. Romero Rosales 26 The Impact of Decentralized and Participatory Plant Breeding on the Genetic Base of Crops 407 J.R. Witcombe 27 Base-broadening for Client-oriented Impact: Insights Drawn from Participatory Plant Breeding Field Experience 419 L. Sperling, J. Ashby, E. Weltzien, M. Smith and S. McGuire Final Statement by Participants in the Rome Workshop on Broadening the Genetic Base of Crops, September 1997 437 Index 441 Contents vii
- 14. A. Amri, InternationalCenter for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria F.A. Asaad, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), PO Box 12619, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt J. Ashby, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia A. Baratin, CAUSSADE Semences, Z.I. Avenue de Meaux, 82300 Caussade, France M. Baron, LIMAGRAIN Génétique, BP 1, 63720 Chappes, France J.A. Barrett, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK A. Barrière, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, 86600 Lusignan, France J.P. Baudoin, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium A. Benbelkacem, Institut Technique des Grandes Cultures (ITGC), BP 16, El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria J. Berthaud, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier cedex, France G. Berthe, LIMAGRAIN Génétique, BP 1, 63720 Chappes, France M. Bonierbale, International Potato Center (CIP), PO Box 1558, Lima, Peru P. Brabant, INA-PG, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France J.E. Bradshaw, Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK A. Boyat, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France F. Camarena, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apdo 456, Lima, Peru M. Cambolive, PIONEER Génétique, BP 5, 31840 Aussonne, France P. Carolo, RUSTICA Prograin Génétique, Domaine de Sandreau, Mondonville, 31700 Blagnac, France ix Contributors
- 15. F. Castillo González,Colegio de Postgraduados, IREGEP, Texcoco, México 56230, México S. Ceccarelli, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria S. Chandra, Indian Institute for Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India A. Charcosset, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France M. Chaudhry, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan J.C. Clément, IRD, 213 Rue Lafayette, 75480 Paris cedex 10, France L. Colon, Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction (CPRO-DLO), PO Box 16, Wageningen 7600 AA, The Netherlands H.D. Cooper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Present address: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, World Trade Centre, Suite 300, 393 St Jacques, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 J. David, ENSAM INRA, UFR de Génétique et Amelioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France J. Dallard, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France M. Derieux, INRA, Domaine de Brunehaut, 80200 Estrées-Mons, France B. Desprez, Florimond Desprez Co., BP 41, 59242 Cappelle en Pévèle, France J.L. Desselle, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France F. Devaux, MAISADOUR, Silo de Haut Mauco, Route de Saint Sever, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France P. Dubreuil, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France J. Durovray, NOVARTIS, 12 route de Crossay, Senneville, 28700 Francourville, France H. Duval, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France R.A. El-Einen, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), PO Box 12619, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt M. El-Felah, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), Rue Hedi Karray, 2880 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia A.F. El-Sayed, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), PO Box 12619, 9 Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt L. Emperaire, IRD/ISA, SCLN 210, Bloco C, sala 112, 70862-530, Brasilia (DF), Brazil J. Enjalbert, INRA, Laboratoire de Pathologie Végétale, Grignon, 78850 Thiverval- Grignon, France W. Erskine, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria M. Ferranet, MAISADOUR, Silo de Haut Mauco, Route de Saint Sever, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France G. Forbes, International Potato Center (CIP), Experimental Station at Santa Catalina, PO Box 17-21-1977, Quito, Ecuador L. Frese, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Gene Bank, Braunschweig, Germany E.A. Frison, International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier cedex 5, France x Contributors
- 16. A. Gallais, Stationde Génétique Végétale, INRA-PROMAIS programme, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France R. García Espinosa, Colegio de Postgraduados, IFIT, Texcoco, México 56230, México P. Garnier, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France P. Gepts, Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8515, USA. Email: [email protected] I. Goldringer, INRA-UPG-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France M.M. Goodman, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA B. Gouesnard, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France S. Grando, International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria M. Harrabi, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie (INAT), 43 Avenue Charles Nicole, 1082 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia T. Hodgkin, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy J.-P. Horry, CIRAD-FLHOR, Département des Productions Fruitières et Horticoles, BP 153, 97202, Fort de France cedex, Martinique M.A. Huarte, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta 226, km 73.5, Balcarce, Buenos Aires 7620, Argentina K.M. Ibrahim, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK C. Iglesias, 1400 Woodland, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA L.W. Kannenberg, Plant Agriuclture Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 A.J. Kennedy, West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station, Groves, St George, Barbados A. Lacombe, VAN der HAVE France, Domaine de la Revanche, 32700 Lectoure, France B.A. Lambert, VERNEUIL Recherche, Avenue de la Croix Blanche, 49630 Corné, France J.A. Landeo, International Potato Center (CIP), PO Box 1558, Lima, Peru V. Lavergne, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France M. Lefort, Bureau des Ressources Génétiques (BRG), 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France M. Leipert, SDME, Centre de Sélection, rue du Bois Musquet, 28300 Champhol, France M. Lobo, Corporación Colombiano de Investigación Agropecuaria, C.I. La Selva, Apartado Aereo 100 ó 470, Rionegro, Colombia D. Louette, Chemin de la Croix, 30260 Brouzet les Quissac, France N.P. Louwaars, Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands M. Maatougui, Institut Technique des Grandes Cultures (ITGC), BP 16, El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria Contributors xi
- 17. G.R. Mackay, ScottishCrop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK A. Majesté, COOP DE PAU Semences, Avenue Gaston Phoebus, 64230 Lescar, France S. McGuire, Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands M.S. Mekni, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), Rue Hedi Karray, 2080 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia G. Mergeai, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium P. Miclo, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Melgueil, 34130 Mauguio, France H. Mimoun, Institut Technique des Grandes Cultures (ITGC), BP 16, E-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria D. Misevic, PIONEER Génétique, BP 5, 31840 Aussonne, France J.P. Monod, PROMAIS, 20 rue Bachaumont, 75002 Paris, France Y. Montalant, INRA, Domaine de Brunehaut, 80200 Estrées-Mons, France O. Niangado, Foundation Novartis, BPE 1449, Bamako, Mali E.A.J. Nissilä, Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland P. Nourrissat, NOVARTIS, 12 route de Crossay, Senneville, 28700 Francourville, France R. Ortiz, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324 Andhra Pradesh, India S. Paillard, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France A. Panouillé, INRA, Unité Expérimentale du Maïs, 40390 Saint-Martin-de-Hinx, France J.L. Pham, Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines F. Pinton, Université Paris-10 Nanterre, Ladyss, Bat. K, 92001 Nanterre cedex, France M. Pollacsek, INRA, Unité d’Amélioration des Plantes, Domaine de Crouelle, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France L.M. Pollak, USDA-ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA M. Raillard, CARGILL Génétique Europe, Croix de Pardies, 40300 Peyrehorade, France P. Ramírez Vallejo, Colegio de Postgraduados, IREGEP, Texcoco, México 56230, México C. Rebourg, INRA-UPS-INA.PG, Station de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France P. Rimieri, INRA, Station d’Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, 86600 Lusignan, France R.A. Robinson, Retired Crop Scientist, 445 Prevost Lane, Fergus, Ontario, Canada N1M 2N3 F. Romero Rosales, Colegio de Postgraduados, IFIT, Texcoco, México 56230, México T. Ronsin, NICKERSON Semences, Route de Longué, 49160 Longué-Jumelles, France R. Salazar, SEARICE, 83 Madasalin St., Sikatuna Village, Quezon City, Philippines W. Salhuana, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 6204 SW 16th Ct, Miami, FL 33183, USA J.P. Sampoux, RUSTICA Prograin Génétique, Domaine de Sandreau, Mondonville, 31700 Blagnac, France J. Sanou, INERA/CRRA de Farako Bâ, 01BP910, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso A. Sarker, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh xii Contributors
- 18. G. Second, Institutde Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, ex-ORSTOM), 911 Avenue Agropoplis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France S. Second, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045-34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France D. Segonds, RAGT, Avenue St Pierre, BP 31, 12033 Rodez cedex 5, France B. Sharma, Genetics Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India S.L. Sharrock, International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier cedex 5, France A.S. Shreidi, Agircultural Research Center (ARC), PO Box 2480, Tripoli, Libya N.W. Simmonds, 9 McLaren Road, Edinburgh EH9 2BN, UK M. Smith, Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA L. Sperling, Systemwide Program for Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development and Institutional Innovation (PRGA), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), c/o Frankenstraat 26, 2582SL The Hague, The Netherlands C. Spillane, Institute for Plant Biology, Zurich University, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland W. Spoor, Crop Science Department, Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK C. Tabel, RAGT, Avenue St Pierre, BP 31, 12033 Rodez cedex 5, France S.P. Tallury, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA B.R. Trognitz, International Potato Center (CIP), PO Box 1558, Lima, Peru M. Tufail, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan M.C. Tyagi, Genetics Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India M. Veteläinen, Nordic Gene Bank, PO Box 41, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden P. Vincourt, RUSTICA Prograin Génétique, Domaine de Sandreau, Mondonville, 31700 Blagnac, France R. von Bothmer, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden R. Waugh, Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK E. Weltzien, Genetic Resources and Enhancement Program, International Centre for Research in the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bamako, Mali J.R. Witcombe, Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK A. Yahyaoui, Ministère de l’Agriculture, Institution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieure Agricole (IRESA), 30 rue Alain Savary, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia D. Ziegler, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Gene Bank, Braunschweig, Germany Contributors xiii
- 20. The world’s politicalleaders, meeting in Rome at the 1996 World Food Summit, made a public commitment to halve the number of under-nourished people by 2015. The World Summit Plan of Action sets out a component of this task: ‘to pursue, through participatory means, sustainable, intensified and diversified food production’. The bet- ter use of plant genetic diversity and resources will be a prerequisite to meeting this challenge. Greater use of plant genetic diversity will be required in order to produce varieties adapted to the extreme and highly variable environments of low-productivity or marginal areas. The need to combine sustainable productivity increases with mount- ing pressure to reduce the use of agrochemicals, and make more efficient use of water and nutrients, is likely to place even greater reliance on the utilization of a wider range of plant genetic resources in high-productivity areas. The importance of improving conservation and use of the genetic diversity of use- ful plants has been recognized in a variety of ways over the last decade. The Convention on Biological Diversity reflected a strengthened global recognition of the importance of maintaining biodiversity for development. The Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which was adopted by 150 countries at the International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources (held in Leipzig in June 1996), identified a series of specific ways in which conservation and use of plant genetic diversity could be improved. The Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in November, 1996, highlighted key elements of the Global Plan of Action. These are: broadening the genet- ic base of major crops; increasing the range of genetic diversity available to farmers; strengthening the capacity to develop new crops and varieties that are specifically adapt- ed to local environments; exploring and promoting the use of under-utilized crops; and strategies that deploy genetic diversity to reduce crop vulnerability. This emphasis on the wise use of genetic resources, and the contribution that this can make to socioeconomic development and food security, is reflected in the strategy and programmes of the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Foreword xv
- 21. Exploring the Varietyof Random Documents with Different Content
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