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Brugia malayi
Brugia malayi is a roundworm nematode that is one of three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans, along with Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. It infects 13 million people in parts of Asia, causing lymphatic filariasis which is characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The life cycle of B. malayi involves transmission via mosquito vectors to humans, where it resides in the lymphatic system and can cause symptoms such as lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and long term lymphedema known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves identification of microfilariae in blood smears taken at night,
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Introduces Brugia malayi, a nematode responsible for lymphatic filariasis in humans.
Details the scientific classification including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Describes B. malayi as a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, characterized by lower limb swelling.
B. malayi infects 13 million, endemic in 16 countries, primarily in southern China and India.
Illustrates the size and dimensions of adult female (43-55mm) and male worms (13-23mm).
Describes microfilariae size (177-230um) and anatomical features, including the sheath around the egg.
Illustrates that mosquitoes from genera Mansonia and Aedes are vectors for B. malayi.
Outlines phases and symptoms including asymptomatic, fever, and lymphatic system swelling.
Discusses signs such as lymphedema, lymphadenitis, and lymphangitis resulting from infection.
Lymphedema causes limb enlargement due to inflammation and blockages from dead worms.
Standard diagnosis technique: microfilariae identification at night; serologic methods for antifilarial IgG4.
Includes drug treatment options like DEC and doxycycline, with surgery required for severe cases.
Prevention through avoidance of mosquito bites using nets, clothing, and repellents.
End of the presentation.
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Brugia malayi
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- 2. Scientific classification Kingdom:Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Spirurida Family: Filariidae Genus: Brugia Species: B. malayi
- 3. Brugia malayi •is a roundworm nematode, one of the three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans. • Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a condition characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. • The two other filarial causes of lymphatic filariasis areWuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori, which differ from Brugia malayi morphologically, symptomatically, and in geographical extent
- 4. Geographical distribution •B. malayi infects 13 million people in south and southeast Asia and is responsible for nearly 10% of the world’s total cases of lymphatic filariasis • B. malayi infection is endemic or potentially endemic in 16 countries, where it is most common in southern China and India, but also occurs in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea
- 6. Morphology • Femaleadult worms measures between 43-55 mm in length by 130-170 um in width. • Male adult worms measures between 13- 23 mm in length by 70-80 um in width.
- 7. Microfilariae • B.malayi microfilariae measures 177-230 um in length and 5-7 um in width and have a round anterior end and a pointed posterior end. • The sheath is actually the egg shell, a thin layer that surrounds the egg shell as the microfilariae circulates in the bloodstream. • The microfilariae retain the sheath until it is digested in the mosquito midgut
- 8. Adult Sections ofadult Brugia sp. From a lymph node, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microfilariae Posterior end of B. malayi microfilariae – note the two distinctive terminal nuclei
- 10. Life Cycle •The typical vector for Brugia malayi filariasis are mosquito species from genera Mansonia and Aedes.
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- 12. Symptoms • AsymptomaticPhase: Upon initial infection no symptoms may be present as microfilariae mature. • B. Malayi is one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis, a condition marked by infection and swelling of the lymphatic system. • The disease is primarily caused by the presence of worms in the lymphatic vessels and the resulting host response.
- 13. • Signs ofinfection are typically consistent with those seen in bancroftian filariasis – fever, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, lymphedema, and secondary bacterial infection * Lymphadenitis cause swelling of the lymph nodes that may occur prior to maturation.
- 14. * Lymphangitis •Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels usually after maturation. • The affected lymphatic vessel becomes distended and tender, and the overlying skin becomes erythemous and hot. Abscess formation and ulceration of the affected lymph nodes occasionally occurs during B. malayi infection
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- 16. *Lymphedema (elephantiasis) •It is the enlargement of the limbs. • Consistent irritation of lymphatic vessels leading to blockages caused by dead adult worms, inflammatory fibrosis, or granulomatous reactions. • Elephantiasis resulting from B. malayi infection typically affects the lower extremities of the legs and arms.
- 18. * Secondary bacteriainfections • lymph node failure caused by extended overstimulation
- 19. Diagnosis • Thestandard method for diagnosing active infection is the identification of microfilariae in a blood smear by microscopic examination. • The microfilariae that cause lymphatic filariasis circulate in the blood at night (called nocturnal periodicity). • Blood collection should be done at night to coincide with the appearance of the microfilariae, and a thick smear should be made and stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin.
- 20. • Serologic techniquesprovide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. • Patients with active filarial infection typically have elevated levels of antifilarial IgG4 in the blood and these can be detected using routine assays.
- 21. Treatment • Diethylcarbamazine(DEC)- is the drug of choice • Doxycycline (200mg/day for 4-6 weeks). • In patients with Elephantiasis, surgical procedures are required as chemotheraphy cannot reverse the fibrotic changes. • Levamisole hydrochloride- also been used for the treatment of W. bancrofti, B. malayi and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. • Ivermectin- shown great promise in the treatment of filariasis and eosinophic-lung.
- 22. Prevention and Control The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis: • at night – sleep in an air-conditioned room or – sleep under a mosquito net • between dusk and dawn – wear long sleeves and trousers and – use mosquito repellent on exposed skin.
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