Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Bsc agriculture Integrated Nutrient Management.ppt
![agri ppt[1].pptx agriculture agriculture](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/agrippt1-231230052050-884e4e88-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Bsc agriculture Integrated Nutrient Management.ppt
- 1.
- 2. Integrated plant nutritionsystem(IPNS) Aims at maintenance of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner. Integrated plant nutrient supply system A method to achieve objective of IPNS Nutrient reserve in soil (soil fertility and fertilization) Organic sources INM
- 3. Integrated Nutrient Management(INM) Definition: Refersto the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner.
- 4. Goals of INM Tomaintain soil productivity To ensure productive and sustainable agriculture To reduce expenditure on costs of purchased inputs by using farm manure and crop residues. To utilize potential benefits of green manures, leguminous crops, biofertilizers, indigenous sources (FYM, compost) To prevent degradation of environment. To meet the social and economic aspirations of farmers without harming natural resource base of agricultural production.
- 5. Basic principles ofINM Technically sound Ecologically stable Environmentally safe Economically viable Socially acceptable Practically feasible Agronomically efficient Sustainable Soil productivity Saving of Inputs (Fertilizers) Eco-friendly
- 6. Determinants of INM Nutrientrequirement of cropping system as a whole. Soil fertility status and special management needs to overcome soil problems, if any. Local availability of nutrients resources (organic, inorganic and biological sources) Economic conditions of farmers and profitability of proposed INM option. Social acceptability. Ecological considerations. Impact on the environment
- 7. Basics of nutrientmanagement in INM Crop characteristics: nutrient utilization root proliferation species and varietal difference nutrient extraction Soil characteristics (nutrient status, nutrient loss, SOM) Plant nutrient effects: type of nutrient method of placement time of placement Specific nutrient considerations (N,P,K,MNs)
- 8. Components of INM: Soil nutrients/soil fertility Chemical fertilizers Organic Manures (FYM, compost, bonemeals) Crop residues Green manures Crop rotations with legumes
- 9. Bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium,VAM, PSB, Azolla, Azospirillum, Azotobactor, BGA) Cheap Nutrient supplying minerals (pyrites/rock phosphate) Soil amendments and industrial wastes Efficient crop genotypes Irrigation water Integrated pest management
- 10. A. Organic manures Organicmanures are available in the form of green and dry plant residues fresh animal wastes, decomposed materials of plant and animal origin and biologically active preparations. When added to soil they undergo microbial decomposition. In this process, the nutrients held in organic combinations are slowly released in available forms improves the availability of nutrient elements present in the soil. It also promote the microbial and soil enzyme activities.
- 11. Farmyard manures This manureis produced in the farm mainly with animal excreta. It is made up of the excreta of farm animals the litter or bedding provided for them and miscellaneous farm and house hold wastes. Cattle dung, excreta of other animals like sheep, horses, goats, poultry, etc. are collected and can be utilized as a manure. Litter is a bedding material that is spread in animal houses and the urine get absorbed into the bedding material. Straw, sawdust, peat, dry leaves etc are used as bedding materials.
- 12. Composts Includes organic farmwastes, stubbles of crops waste straw, sweepings, threshing floor collection, dry weeds etc. used for augmenting the organic matter supplies and required to be decomposed before application. The process of decomposing wastes is called composting and the decomposed material is called 'compost'. Enriched form of compost-Vermicompost
- 13. Green manures Growinga crop purposely and incorporating it in the soil for manuring is called green manuring. Collecting green leave from all available sources and using it for manuring is green leaf manuring, Legumes alone are used as green manure crops usually. Ex. Dhaincha, Sesbania speciosa, S. rostrata, wild Indigo (Tephrosia purpurea), indigo (Indigofera tinctoria), Phaseolus trilobus, sunhemp, etc.
- 14. Concentrated organic manures Concentratedorganic manures are the organic manures which are rich in nutrients than bulky organic manures. Ex. guanos, fish manures, bone meal, oil cakes, etc. can be used in integrated nutrient management. Legume planting Including legumes in crop rotation is a very beneficial practice. Legumes are the plants which have nodules on their roots in which Rhizobium (a bacteria) lives. This bacteria have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the root nodules. Many other free living bacteria like Azotobacter, Beizerinckia, Clostridium, etc. and blue green algae like Anabaena, Nostoc etc. are also beneficial in terms of BNF.
- 15. Bio-fertilizers Bio-fertilizers are definedas biological preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of microbes Includes nitrogen fixing or phosphorus mobilizing micro organisms. also known as microbial inoculants.
- 16. 1. Rhizobium The largestcontribution of biological nitrogen fixation to agriculture is derived from the symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium species. Inoculation with efficient strains of Rhizobium specific to each crop is essential for the nitrogen gains and better crop yields. Nitrogen fixed by legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is 100- 300 kg. nitrogen per hectare. 2. Blue green algae (BGA) In Indian soils, the predominant genera are Anabaena, Nostoc, Calothrix sp. BGA inoculation add up to 50 t/ha of organic matter and contributes 20-30 kg. nitrogen per hectare.
- 17. 3. Azotobacter Azotobacter isa free living bacteria which not only provides nitrogen but also produces a variety of growth promoting substances like indole acetic acid, gibberillins, B-vitamins and anti-fungal substances. 4. Azospirillum Inoculation of Azospirillum has shown positive response in several field crops like sugarcane, sorghum, millets with an average response equivalent to 15-20 kg. nitrogen per hectare.
- 18. 5. Mycorrhiza Vesicular ArbuscularMycorrhiza (VAM) belonging to the genera Glomus, Gigaspora, Entrophospora, etc. It enhances the phosphorus availability and also the availability of other elements like potassium, sulphur and micronutrients like copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese, iron, etc Mycorrhizal colonization also allows introduced population of beneficial soil organisms like Azotobacter, Azospirillun and phosphate solubilizing bacteria to thrive. Reports showed that VAM fungi can reduce fertilizer requirement by 25-30 per cent.
- 19. 6. Phosphatic bio-fertilizers Phosphate solubilizing organisms such as Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymixa, Asperigillus awamori, Pencillium digitatum etc. are capable of solubilizing native insoluble forms of P in soil and make them available to crops in form of phosphate ion. Major solubilizing mechanisms include: Organic acid production, phosphatase enzyme, siderophore secretion, extrusion of proton etc. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi has prepared carrier based inoculant known as ''IRRI Microphos" culture using efficient strains of P. striata and B. polymixa.
- 20. Other Sources Crop residuesof annual grain legumes such as green gram, Cowpea, black gram, horse gram and soybean can be ploughed back into soil after the grain is removed. Waste material, in the coir industry, coir pith is a potential source of organic manure in India. Coir pith is rich in potassium and micronutrients such as iron, manganese, zinc and copper, high moisture use efficiency( in dry land). Different industrial wastes like flyash, urban garbage, saw dust, sewage sludge, biogas slurry, basic slag and press mud can also be used as source of nutrients in INM.
- 21. Specific Considerations inINM Soil test crop response (STCR) based fertilizer application STCR equations for each crop and soils can be used correlating soil test values to achieve target yield. Drip Fertigation Ensures regular and uniform flow of water and nutrients. Distribution of nutrients at active root zone enhancing NUE. Reduces nutrient losses like leaching, volatilisation. Useful for MNs Increase availability and uptake of nutrients.
- 22. Foliar spray 2-3 applicationsat short intervals useful for horticultural crops conc <1-2% to avoid injury to foliages foliar spray of UREA in apple, citrus, pineapple. Conservation tillage chiseling stubble mulching zero or minimum tillage It maintains soil moisture level, ensures minimum disturbances to soil, reduces soil erosion.
- 23. Residual fertilizer availability Residualavailability of fertilizers should be included in evaluation of fertilizer economics through soil testing.it is maximum for immobile elements and less for mobile elements. Utilization of nutrients from subsoil It depends on ability of roots to explore nutrients at subsoil. Soil K high in surface and subsurface soil. Subsoils are low in P and MNs, so P and MNs fertilization at surface soil is desirable. Planting of deep rooted crops (alfa alfa, sweet clover)
- 24. Site specific nutrientmanagement (SSNM) SSNM improves NUE by spatially distributing nutrients based on spatial variation in yield potential, soil test levels and other spatial data. Based on spatial distribution of soil N,P,K fertility recommendation map is prepared followed by application of fertilizers by computer controlled variable rate applicator. Uses remote sensing technology, aerial photography (NDVI map) to study spatial variability in fertility within the field.
- 25. Application timing: Nutrient applicationtiming depends on specific nutrients, nature of soil. Mobile nutrients should be applied just prior to peak growth period and they require split application to maximize NUE. For immobile nutrients preplant applications are recommended. Placement method: Placement decisions are based on specific nutrient and intended crops. broad casting is desirable for N fertilizers where as band applied P increase PUE. Band application-row crops (sorghum, wheat) seed drilling- widely spaced crops
- 26. Advantages of INM Enhances the availability of applied as well as native soil nutrients Synchronizes the nutrient demand of the crop with nutrient supply from native and applied sources. Provides balanced nutrition to crops and minimizes the antagonistic effects resulting from hidden deficiencies and nutrient imbalance. Improves and sustains the physical, chemical and biological functioning of soil. Minimizes the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by promoting carbon sequestration, reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface water bodies and to atmosphere
- 27. Constraints in adoptionof INM Non availability of FYM Difficulties for growing green manures Non availability of biofertilizers Non availability of soil testing facilities High cost of chemical fertilizers Improper irrigation facilities Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services Lack of improved seeds No access to credit facilities
- 28. Recent advances inINM Soil test based nutrient management (STCR based) Optimum leaf N for high yield in rice using LCC or chlorophyll meter Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) for irrigated rice Site specific crop management or precision farming Use of decision support system-QUEFTS, MANAGE, DSSAT