BSc V SEM B Electrochemistry 1.pptx

Dr.A.DINESHKARTHIK
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR& HEAD,
P G & RESEARCHDEPT. OF CHEMISTRY
SHANMUGAINDUSTRIES ARTS& SCIENCECOLLEGE,
TIRUVANNAMALAI-606603.
dineshkarthik2008@gmail.com.
PART B (UNIT IV - 4.2)

UNIT-IV: ELECTROCHEMISTRY – I (4.2)
PART B
2017 -2018 / 2020 – 2021 REGULATIONS
UCH 53 / BCh 53 / CCH 53

4.2 - Debye-Huckel’s theory of
Strong Electrolytes - Onsagar
equation (No derivation) -
Verification and Limitations Wien
effect, Falkenhagen effect.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Theory of electrolytic conductance
 Debye-Huckel theory
it explains the increase in conductance
of strong electrolyte on dilution based
upon following two effects:
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Based on Kohlrausch Law
o 𝒐 𝒐
𝜆 = 𝜆+ + 𝜆−
𝜆 o is molar conductivity of the electrolyte
at infinite dilution.
𝜆+ ,
𝒐 𝒐
𝜆− are the conductivities of the cation and the
anion respectively at infinite dilution.
2-Application of Kohlrausch Law
A- Calculation of molar conductivity at infinitedilution (𝜆 )
for weak electrolyte.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

variation of conductivity with a
concentration
Based on
Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation that manages the change
of conductance of a strong electrolyte with concentration
λ= λ o – k 𝑪
where, λ = molar conductance of the solution at the
concentration C.
λ o = molar conductance at infinite dilution.
C = Concentration of the solution. k is constant for
a Particular solvent at a particular temperature
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

The solution Based on Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation. A
plot of λ against 𝑪 is a straight line as shown in Figure
below. In a strong electrolyte as KCl, there is not much
variation in conductance with dilution. This is because of
the fact that a strong electrolyte is 100% ionized even in a
concentrated solution. In a concentrated solution, there
are interionic attractions which decrease the mobility of
the ions. With dilution, these attractive forces are
weakened resulting in greater mobility of the ions. Thus,
there is slight increase in the conductance of the solution
of a strong electrolyte on dilution. The plot becomes linear
at low concentration can be extrapolated to y-axis.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Debye-Hückel-Onsager Equation:
c
B
B
m )
Λ
(
Λ
Λ 2
1 

 

1) Relaxation effect
2) Electrophoretic effect
time for formation of a new ionic atmosphere
electrostatic force exerted by the atmosphere on the ion
tends to retard its motion
Function of viscosity
< 10-2 mol · dm-3
For very concentrated solutions: Bjerrum’s association theory
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Debye-Hückel theory
• Fig 9.2 (203)
• (a) the limiting law for
a 1,1-electrolyte
(B & C = 1)
• (b) the extended law
for B = 0.5
• (c) the extended law
extended further by
the addition of the
C I term
[in the graph, C=0.2]
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Debye-Hückel theory
• Fig 9.1 (203)
• A depiction of the
“ionic atmosphere”
surrounding an ion
• The energy of the
central ion is lowered
by this
ionic atmosphere
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Variation of molar conductivity with concentration of strong
electrolyte (KCl) and weak electrolyte (CH3COOH) with concentration
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

1- Relaxation effect or Asymmetry effect:
In the solution, each ion is surrounded by an ionic atmosphere of
opposite charge. So long as no electric field is applied, the ionic
atmosphere remains symmetrical around the central ion as shown in
figure (a). However, when a current is passed through the solution,
the central ion moves towards the oppositely charged electrode. As
it is moving out of the ionic atmosphere, it has to rebuild an ionic
atmosphere of opposite charged around it and the old ionic
atmosphere dies out. However, the destruction of the old ionic
atmosphere and the formation of the new ionic atmosphere do not
take place at the same time. There is some time lag called time of
relaxation between the destruction of the old and the formation of
new ionic atmosphere. During this time, the old ionic
atmosphere pulls the moving ion backward and hence retards its
motion

(figure b). Hence this effect is called relaxation
effect. Alternatively, it may be argued that as the
central ion moves, the symmetry of the ionic
atmosphere is lost; more ions of the ionic
atmosphere are left behind than are present in
the front (figure b). The excess ions of the ionic
atmosphere present behind the moving ion drag
the ion backward and retard its motion. Thus,
the effect arises because of the asymmetry of the
ionic atmosphere of the moving ion and hence is
also called asymmetry effect.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

(a)
Symmetrical ionic atmosphere
around a positive ion
Ionic atmosphere becoming asymmetric
when central ion move
(b)
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

2- Electrophoretic effect:
When Electromotive force (EMF) is applied, the
central ion moves in one direction and the
oppositely charged ionic atmosphere moves in the
opposite direction. As this ionic atmosphere
moves, the solvent molecules associated with it
also move. Thus the flow of the ionic atmosphere
and that of the solvent molecules attached to it
takes place in a direction opposite to that of the
movement of the central ion. In other words, the
central ion is moving against the stream. Hence
motion of the ions is retarded. This effect is called
electrophoretic effect ( Figure c).
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Besides the above two effects, the third retarding
force is the normal frictional resistance offered by
the medium which depends on the viscosity of the
medium, its dielectric constant etc.
Based upon the above ideas, Debye and Huckel
(1923) derived a mathematical expression for the
variation of equivalent conductance with
concentration. This equation was further improved
by Onsagar and now the equation is known as
Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation or simply Onsagar
equation. it is written in the form.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

λc = λ o – [
𝟖𝟐.𝟒
+
𝟖.𝟐𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟓
ƞ(𝑫𝑻)𝟏/𝟐 (𝑫𝑻)𝟑/𝟐 𝐨
λ ] 𝑪
Where
λ c= equivalent conductance at concentration C
λ o = equivalent conductance at infinity dilution
D = Dielectric constant of the medium
ƞ= Viscosity of the medium
T = Temperature of the solution in degrees absolute
C = concentration of the solution in moles/litre
As D and ƞ are constant for a particular solvent,
therefore, at constant temperature, the above
equation can be written in the form
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

λ C = λ o - (A + B λ o ) 𝒄
Where A and B are constant for a particular
solvent at a particular temperature.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Ex/ CH3COOH
o
3
𝜆 (CH COOH) = 𝜆𝐂𝐇𝟑𝐂𝐎𝐎
𝑶
𝑯
− + 𝜆𝑶
+
This equation can be arrived at by knowing the molar conductivity at
infinite dilution for the strong electrolytes KCl, CH3COOK, and HCl. As
per Kohlrausch's Law,
o
𝐊+ 𝑪𝒍
+ 𝜆 −
𝑶 𝑶
o
3
(CH COOK) = 𝜆𝐂𝐇𝟑𝐂𝐎𝐎
𝑶
𝑲
− + 𝜆𝑶
+
𝜆 (KCl) = 𝜆
𝜆
𝜆 o(HCl) = 𝜆𝐇+
𝑶
𝑪𝒍
+ 𝜆 −
𝑶
Hence, we have
𝜆
𝟑
𝐂𝐇 𝐂𝐎𝐎−
𝑶
𝑯+
𝑶
+ 𝜆 = (𝜆
𝟑
𝐂𝐇 𝐂𝐎𝐎−
𝑶
+ 𝜆 +
𝑶
) + (𝜆
𝑲 𝐇+
𝑶
+ 𝜆𝑪𝒍
𝑶 −) - (𝜆𝐊+
𝑶
+ 𝜆𝑪𝒍
𝑶 −)
𝜆 o(CH3COOH) = 𝜆 o(CH3COOK) + 𝜆 o(HCl) - 𝜆 o(KCl)
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

B-Calculate of the degree of dissociation for
weak electrolyte At infinity dilution.
then we have
𝜆𝑪
Degree of dissociation, (α) =
𝜆𝑶
The value of 𝜆𝑶 for weak electrolytes can
be calculated using Kohlrausch Law.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

C-Calculation of solubility of a sparingly soluble
salt
Such as AgCl, BaSO4, PbSO4 etc., which dissolve to a very small
extent in water, are called sparingly soluble salt. As they dissolve
very little, their solutions are considered as infinity dilute. Further
as their solutions are saturated, their concentration is equal to
their solubility. Thus, by determining the specific conductivity (L)
and the molar conductivity (𝜆𝑶) of such solution, we can obtain
solubility as follows:
𝜆𝑶 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑳
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑺)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳
𝜆𝑶
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Q1/ If the molar conductivities at infinity dilution of NaCl, HCl,
and CH3COONa are 126.4, 426.1, and 91.0 ohm-1.cm2. mol-1 .
What will be that of acetic acid?
Q2/ At 291 K, the molar conductivity, at infinity dilution of NH4Cl, NaOH,
and NaCl are 129.8, 217.4, and 108.9 ohm-1 cm2 mole -1 respectively. if the
molar conductivity of a normal solution of NH4OH is 9.33 ohm-1 cm2 mole -1,
what is the percentage dissociation of NH4OH at this dilution.
Q3/ From the following molar conductivity at infinity dilution:
λ𝑶 for Ba(OH)2 = 457.6 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1
λ𝑶 for BaCl2 = 240.6 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 λ
𝑶 for NH4Cl = 129.8 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1
Calculate λ𝑶 for NH4OH.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

3-Application of Ostwald dilution Law
Calculation of dissociation constant of weak electrolytes
AB ↔ +
A+ B –
Initial concentration C 0 0
Concentration at equilibrium C (1-α) Cα Cα
Kd=
[𝑨]+[𝑩]− 𝑪𝑎 . 𝑪𝑎
𝑨𝑩
= 𝑪(𝟏−𝑎)
𝑪𝑎𝟐
Kd = 𝟏−𝑎
If the degree of dissociation α is very small, as in the case of weak electrolytes at ordinary
concentration, α can be neglected in comparison to 1 in the denominator of expression.
d
K = Cα2 or α2 = 𝐊𝒅
𝑪
α =
𝑲𝒅
𝐂
α = degree of dissociation, C = Concentration (mole/L),
Kd = dissociation constant
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Ionic Mobility
Ionic Mobility (U): It is the distance travelled by the
ion per second under the potential gradient of 1
volt/cm.
Potential Gradient (P.G) or (E): It is the potential
applied between two electrodes present at a
distance of 1 centimeter.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

If the distance between two electrodes is (x)
So
P.G or (E) = P.D/ x
Where
P.G or (E) = Potential Gradient (V/cm)
P.D = Potential Difference (V)
x = distance between two electrodes (cm)
U = Velocity of ion/ E ( V-1cm2 sec-1)
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Ionic Mobility depends on
𝑿
1- The charge and size of ion
2- Electric field
3-The number of molecular of solvent.
The velocities of ion changed with electric field.
Ionic velocities at field strength of E are known as
absolute ionic velocities.
So
Velocity of ion = 𝒕
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

The ionic mobility is practically measured by boundary method
through measured the velocity of moving a boundary between
two solutions, one of which contains a certain concentration of
ions as shown in figure below
Moving boundary method
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

The ionic mobility is
𝒕𝑬
𝑿
U= (v-1 cm2 s-1)
as
𝟏
𝑰
𝑰 𝟏
the resistance of the solution in cubic is
E = iR
as
R = 𝑳
i= 𝑨
So
E= 𝑨
. 𝑳
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

𝑿
U= 𝒕𝑬
So
𝑿
𝑨.𝑳
U=
𝒕( 𝑰
)
𝑿.𝑨
U=( 𝒕𝑰
).L
𝑿 𝑿.𝑨
Where ( 𝒕
) is the velocity, ( 𝒕
) is unit of volume in unit
𝑿.𝑨
of time, and ( 𝒕𝑰
) is unit of volume in unit of time and
current.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

𝑿.𝑨
If we replace the value of ( 𝒕𝑰
) by volume (v) the
equation becomes
U = vL
Where v = is the volume of solution for ampere
in time and current unit.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Relationship between ionic mobility and limiting ionic conductance
𝑬
𝑬 𝑬
According to ohm's low, the relationship between the current and
the applied voltage is given by
R= 𝑰
I= 𝑹
= 𝟏/𝑳
as
E= 1 volt/cm
∴ I =
𝟏
𝟏/𝑳
= L
∴ I= L
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

For the solution contain (cation and anion) for 1-1 electrolyte
Strong electrolyte
C = C+ = C-
U = U+ = U-
Where
U+ = mobility of cation
U- = mobility of anion
C+ U+ =equivalent of cation which transfer to cathode
C- U- = equivalent of anion which transfer to anode
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Then
The total current is
I = L = F [C+ U+ + C- U- ]
L = CF [U+ + U-]
as
𝑳 + -
λ = 𝑪
= CF [U + U ]
as
λ = λ+ + λ-
λ+ = FU+
λ- = FU-
where
λ+ and λ- are limiting ionic conductance for cation and anion respectively.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Mobilities of hydrogen and hydroxyl
ion
The high mobility of hydrogen ion is observed
only in hydroxylic solvents, such as water and al
cohols
2H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-
R-OH + H2O ↔ RO+H2 + OH-
In which it is strongly solvated in water, the
hydronium ion (H3O+), thus, the H3O+ ion is able
to transfer an proton to neighboring water
molecules. Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

This process may be followed by the rotation
of the donor molecules, so that it is again, in
an apposition to accept a proton.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

This process occurred very fast, this process and
high velocity that attached with this process
explained the high ionic conductivity of hydrogen
ion compared with others ions.
The high mobilities of hydroxyl ion in water, as
also believed to be caused by a proton transfer
between hydroxyl ions and water molecules
Note/ velocity of hydrogen ion is three times of velocity
of hydroxyl ion. Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

Transport number (𝑟)
Transport number (𝑟) which is defined as the
fraction of total current carried by the ions of a
specified type.
I+ = C+ . Z+ . V+ . F. A ……………………………1
I+ = current carried by cation
C+ = concentration of cation
Z+ = charge of cation
V+ = velocity of cation
F = Fariday's number (constant)
A = the area (constant)
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

While
I-= C- . Z- . V- . F. A ……………………………………….2
I-= current carried by anion
I total = I+ + I- …………………………………………….3
+
𝑟 =
𝑰+
𝑰 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒄+.𝒁+.𝑽+ .𝑭. 𝑨
.
𝒄+.𝒁+.𝑽+ .𝑭. 𝑨+ 𝒄− 𝒁−.𝑽− .𝑭. 𝑨
= ..…4
-
𝑟 =
𝑰−
𝑰 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒄−.𝒁−.𝑽− .𝑭. 𝑨
.
𝒄+.𝒁+.𝑽+ .𝑭. 𝑨+ 𝒄− 𝒁−.𝑽− .𝑭. 𝑨
= …..…..4
Where
𝑟+ and 𝑟- are fraction of the current carried by the cation
and inion respectively.
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

as
F and A are constant
So
+
𝑟 =
𝒄+.𝒁+.𝑽+
.
𝒄+.𝒁+.𝑽++ 𝒄+ 𝒁−.𝑽−
………………………………….5
As
C and V are considered constant for
symmetric electrolytes
C+ = C- = C
Z+ = Z- = Z
Dr.A.DINESH KARTHIK

BSc V SEM B Electrochemistry 1.pptx

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