Bsnl report

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COMPANY PROFILE
Introduction
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is an Indian state owned telecommunications company
headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was incorporated on 15 September 2000 and took over the business of
providing of telecom services and network management from the erstwhile Central Government Departments
of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effect from 1 October 2000 on a going
concern basis. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony, largest broadband services provider with more
than 60% Market share, and fifth largest mobile telephony provider in India. However, in recent years the
company's revenues and market share have plummeted into heavy losses due to intense competition in the
Indian telecommunications sector.
BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 12
crores as of June 2015. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and
New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL).
Every day we make phone calls from our telephone sets quite easily but are unaware of the technology used
behind it. The technologies used in telecommunication is a bit complicated but at the same time interesting
too. Here it has been tried to give an idea of the different technologies used for telecommunication by one of
the biggest service provides to India, i.e., BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD.(BSNL)
The service provided by BSNL to its customers is:-
 Basic local telephony
 National and International call service
 Mobile Communication
 Internet Service
The basic telephony i.e., the local call facility provided to the consumers by BSNL comprises of the
following:-
 Exchange
 Main Distribution Frame
 Line Connection
 Power Plant

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History
BSNL, then known as the Department of Telecommunications, had been a near monopoly during the socialist
period of the Indian economy. During this period, BSNL was the only telecom service provider in the
country. MTNL was present only in Mumbai and New Delhi. During this period BSNL operated as a typical
state-run organization, inefficient, slow, bureaucratic, and heavily unionised. As a result, subscribers had to
wait for as long as five years to get a telephone connection. The corporation tasted competition for the first
time after the liberalisation of Indian economy in 1991. Faced with stiff competition from the private telecom
service providers, BSNL has subsequently tried to increase efficiencies itsel
BSNL was born in 2000 after the corporatization of DoT. The corporatization of BSNL was undertaken by
an external international consulting team consisting of a consortium of A.F.Ferguson & Co, JB Dadachanji
and NM Rothschild - and was probably the most complex corporatisation exercise of its kind ever attempted
anywhere because of the quantum of assets (said to be worth USD 50 Billion in terms of breakup value) and
over half a million directly and indirectly employed staff.
BSNL has been providing connections in both urban and rural areas. Pre-activated Mobile connections are
available at many places across India. BSNL has also unveiled cost-effective broadband internet access plans
(DataOne) targeted at homes and small businesses. At present BSNL enjoy's around 60% of market share of
ISP services.
2007 was declared as "Year of Broadband" in India and BSNL announced plans for providing 5 million
broadband connectivity by the end of 2007.
The introduction of MNP(Mobile Number Portability) which is an service that lets the consumer change
wireless service providers while retaining their actual mobile number, BSNL has seen many customers
opting for this service to move away from the services to other operators. Despite this as the Indian Wireless
market grows BSNL still has a loyal base of subscribers and many more subscribers being added to it every
day. This provides customer services for 95 million as of June 2011.
BSNL announced the discontinuation of its telegram services from 15 July 2013, after 160 years in service. It
was opened to the public in February 1855; in 2010 it was upgraded to a web-based messaging system in
2010, through 182 telegraph offices across India

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Vision
 Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.
 Create a customer focused organization with excellence in customer care, sales and marketing.
 Leverage technology to provide affordable and innovative telecom. Services/products across
customer segments.
Mission
Be the leading telecom service provider in India with global presence.
 Generating value for all stakeholders - employees, shareholders, vendors & business associates
 Maximizing return on existing assets with sustained focus on profitability
 Becoming the most trusted, preferred and admired telecom brand
 To explore International markets for Global presence
Creating a customer focused organization with excellence in customer care, sales & marketing .
 Developing a marketing and sales culture that is responsive to customer needs care, sales&
marketing
 Excellence in customer service-”friendly, reliable, time bound, convenient and courteous service”
Leveraging technology to provide affordable and innovative products/ services across customer segments
 Offering differentiated products/services tailored to different service segments
 Providing reliable telecom services that are value for money
Providing a conducive work environment with strong focus on performance
 Attracting talent and keeping them motivated
 Enhancing employees skills and utilizing them effectively
 Encouraging and rewarding individual and team/group performance
Establishing efficient business processes enabled by IT
 Changing policies and processes to enable transparent, quick and efficient decision making
 Building effective IT systems and tools

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Objective
 To be the Leading Telecom Services provider by achieving higher rate of growth so as to become a
profitable enterprise.
 To provide quality and reliable fixed telecom service to our customer and thereby increase customers
confidence.
 To provide customer friendly mobile telephone service of high quality and play a leading role as
GSM operator in its area of operation.
Contribute towards:
 Broadband customers base of 20 Mn in India by the end of 2011-12 as per broadband policy 2004.
 Providing telephone connections in villages as per Government policy.

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ABOUT THR TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
In the field of, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects
telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house equipment including telephone
switches, which make "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.
Fig. 1: The Digital Exchange
Types of Exchange:
 Manual exchange
 Strowger exchange (automatic exchange)
 Electronics analog and digital exchange
1.MANUAL EXCHANGE:
With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the operator to connect the call to a
requested number. Provided that the number is in the same central office, the operator connects the call by
plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding to the called customers line. If the call is to another
central office, the operator plugs into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator answering (known as
the "inward" operator) to connect the call.

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2.AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE:
Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an electromechanical switch based around
electromagnets and pawls. With the help of his nephew (Walter S. Strowger) he produced a working model
in 1888 .selector starts in the home position and with each impulse the wiper contacts would progress round
the output bank to the next position. Each output would be connected to a different subscriber, thus the caller
could connect to any other subscriber who was connected to that bank, without any manual assistance from
an operator. Diagram of a simple Selector
3.DIGITAL EXCHANGE:
It is based on the automatic control by stored programmed in computer linked to it. It cover al l the main
drawbacks of above mentioned exchange. It may be digital or analog but mostly digital electronics exchanges
are now common. It base on the principal time division switching or space division switching. Space
division switching is used for analog electronics exchange and time division switching is used for digital
exchange. Space Division switching System In a space Division Switching system, a continuous physical
path is set up between input and output terminations. This path is separate for each connection and is held for
the entire duration of the call. Path for different connections is independent of each other. Once a continuous
path has been established., Signals are interchanged between the two terminations. Such a switching network
can employ either metallic or electronic cross points. Previously, usage of metallic cross-points using reed
relays and all were favored. They have the advantage of compatibility with the existing line and trunk
signaling conditions in the network. Time Division Switching System In Time Division Switching, a number
of calls share the same path on time division sharing basis. The path is not separate for each connection,
rather, is shared sequentially for a fraction of a time by different calls. This process is repeated periodically at
a suitable high rate.

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LOCAL AND TRUNK EXCHANGE
Trunk Lines
The term Trunk Line in telecommunications refers to the high-speed connection between telephone central
offices in the. Trunk lines are always digital. The wiring between central offices was originally just pairs of
twisted copper wire (the twists in the wiring prevented things known as crosstalk and noise). Because it is
expensive to string up (or lay trenches for buried cables), the phone company researched ways in which to
carry more data over the existing copper lines. This was achieved by using. Later, when fiber-optic
technology became available, phone companies upgraded their trunk lines to fiber optics and used statistical
time-division multiplexing, , coarse or dense wave division multiplexing and optical switching to further
improve transmission speeds.
The signaling information exchanged between different exchanges via inter exchange trunks for the routing
of calls is termed as Inter exchange Signaling. Earlier in band /out of band frequencies were used for
transmitting signaling information. Later on, with the emergence of PCM systems, it was possible to
segregate the signaling from the speech channel. A trunk line isa connecting (or other switching equipment),
as distinguished from local loop circuit which extends from telephone exchange switching equipment to
individual or information origination/termination equipment. When dealing with a private branch exchange
(PBX), trunk lines are the phone lines coming into the PBX from the telephone provider. This differentiates .
these incoming lines from extension telephone lines that connect the PBX to (usually) individual phone sets.
Trunking saves cost, because there are usually fewer trunk lines than extension lines, since it is unusual in
most offices to have all extension lines in use for external calls at once. Trunk lines transmit voice and data in
formats such as analog, digital signal 1, ISDN or primary rate interface. The dial tone lines for outgoing calls
are called DDCO (Direct Dial Central Office) trunks.
Trunk lines can contain thousands of simultaneous calls that have been combined using. These thousands of
calls are carried from one central office to another where they can be connected to a de-multiplexing device
and switched through digital access cross connecting switches to reach the proper exchange and local phone
number.

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PCM
PCM Principle:
A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be provided by using a pair of
open wire lines or underground cable as early as mid of 19 th century. However, due to fast industrial
development and an increased telephone awareness, demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at
a rapid rate. To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between two subscribers at
the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on either wire alignment, or in
underground cable. This could solve the problem for sometime only as there is a limit to the number of open
wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems.
Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway
consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the underground cable
is uneconomical and leads to maintenance problems.
It, therefore became imperative to think of new technical innovations which could exploit the available
bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or underground cables to provide more number of
circuits on one pair. The technique used to provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is
called Multiplexing.
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
1.Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM):
The FDM techniques is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300-3400 Hz) into pre-assigned
frequency slots within the bandwidth of the transmission medium. The frequency translation is done by
amplitude modulation of the audio frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of the
modulator a filter network is connected to select either a lower or an upper side band. Since the intelligence is
carried in either side band, single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used. This results in
substantial saving of bandwidth mid also permits the use of low power amplifiers. Please refer Fig. 1.
FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An analogue
transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying signals.

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Fig.2 FDM Principle
2.Time Division Multiplexing:
Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing
a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots
during which individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire bandwidth is periodically
available to each channel. Normally all time slots1 are equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time slot with
a specific common repetition period called a frame interval. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Fig.3 Time Division Multiplexing
Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. All channels are sampled
one by, the cycle is repeated again and again. The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened

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one by one in a fixed sequence. At the receiving end also similar gates are opened in unison with the gates
at the transmitting end.
The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete
samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant of time, onty one
channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling a number of channels can be staggered
in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel at the same time as in EDM systems. This staggering of
channels in time sequence for transmission over a common medium is called Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM).
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM):
It was only in 1938, Mr. A.M. Reaves (USA) developed a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system to
transmit the spoken word in digital form. Since then digital speech transmission has become an
alternative to the analogue systems.
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same transmission medium viz
open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier, coaxial, microwave or satellite system.

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FIBRE OPTICS COMMUNICATION
Fiber Optics:
The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications are numerous.
Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These
involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of
kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.
Carriers use optical fiber to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) across their nation wide networks.
Local exchange carriers (LECs) use fiber to carry this same service between central office switches at local
levels, and sometimes as far as the neighborhood or individual home(fiber to the home [FTTH]).
Optical fiber is also used extensively for transmission of data. Multinational firms need secure ,reliable
systems to transfer data and financial information between buildings to the desktop terminals or computers
and to transfer data around the world. Cable television companies also use fiber for delivery of digital video
and data services. The high bandwidth provided by fiber makes it the perfect choice for transmitting
broadband signals, such as high-definition television(HDTV) telecasts. Intelligent transportation systems,
such as smart highways with intelligent traffic lights, automated tollbooths, and changeable message signs,
also use fiber-optic-based telemetry systems.
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS :
Fiber Optics has the following advantages :
 SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
 BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
 DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.
 RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby
cables.
 MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.
Fiber Optic System :
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted through glass or
plastic fibre, in the form of light, following the transmission sequence give below :
(1) Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.

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(2) Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals.
(3) Light Travels Down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.-
- Inexpensive light sources available.
- Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss fibers are used at high data rates.
Fig:4 Communication through fiber optics
Principle of Operation - Theory :
Total Internal Reflection - The Reflection that Occurs when a Light Ray Travelling in One Material Hits a
Different Material and Reflects Back into the Original Material without any Loss of Light.
Propagation of light through Optical Fiber:
The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is the light
carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows total internal
reflection of light through the core. The index of the cladding is less than 1%, lower than that of the core.
Typical values for example are a core refractive index of 1.47 and a cladding index of 1.46. Fiber
manufacturers control this difference to obtain desired optical fiber characteristics. Most fibers have an
additional coating around the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties
affecting the propagation of light within the fiber. Figure shows the idea of light travelling through a fiber.
Light injected into the fiber and striking core to cladding interface at greater than the critical angle, reflects

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back into core, since the angle of incidence and reflection are equal, the reflected light will again be reflected.
The light will continue zigzagging down the length of the fiber. Light striking the interface at less than the
critical angle passes into the cladding, where it is lost over distance. The cladding is usually inefficient as a
light carrier, and light in the cladding becomes attenuated fairly .Propagation of light through fiber is
governed by the indices of the core and cladding by Snells law.
Fig:5 Light travelling through optical fiber
The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fiber depends on many factors, including-
 The size of the fiber.-
 The composition of the fiber.
 The light injected into the fiber.
Jacket Cladding Core Cladding (n2) Cladding Core (n2) Jacket Light at less than Angle of Angle of critical
angle is incidence reflection absorbed in jacket Light is propagated by total internal reflection Fig. Total
Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre 50 m and a cladding diameter of 125 m.
FIBER TYPES
The refractive Index profile describes the relation between the indices of the core and cladding. Two main
relationship exists :
 Step Index

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 Graded Index
The step index fiber has a core with uniform index throughout. The profile shows a sharp step at the junction
of the core and cladding. In contrast, the graded index has a non-uniform core. The Index is highest at the
center and gradually decreases until it matches with that of the cladding. There is no sharp break in indices
between the core and the cladding.
By this classification there are three types of fibers :
 Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)
 Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
 Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode Fiber)
Multimode Step Index fiber : a large core, up to 100 microns in diameter. As result, some of the light rays
that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the
cladding. These alternative pathways cause the different groupings of light rays, referred to as modes, to
arrive separately at a receiving point. The pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out, losing
its well-defined shape. The need to leave spacing between pulses to prevent overlapping limits bandwidth
that is, the amount of information that can be sent. Consequently, this type of fiber is best suited for
transmission overshot distances, in an endoscope, for instance.
Multimode graded Index fiber : contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the
center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving
down the axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding. Also, rather than zigzagging off the
cladding, light in the core curves helically because of the graded index, reducing its travel distance. The
shortened path and the higher speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same time
as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. The result: a digital pulse suffers less dispersion.
Single- Mode Step Index fiber: has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the index of refraction
between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel
to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of
kilometers of this fiber every year.

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OVERVIEW OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone uses radio wave signal for its connectivity with the subscriber.
Mobile Phone Towers
Fig:6 Mobile Tower
The mobile phone works on the frequency signal and each mobile phone connection has its own frequency.
These frequencies are sending from the basic lower station tower. Each tower has arrange of 5 km in the city
circle and there are a number of towers in the city to provide connectivity to each mobile phone subscriber.
The city is divided into imaginary hexagon as its area plans out and each hexagon point has a tower for
providing frequency signals to the mobile subscriber. When the mobile sends signals to the base tower then it
is called uplink signal. When the base tower sends signal to the mobile then its downlink signals on the
highways the range of base tower of sending signal to the mobile phone subscribers is 25 km.
GSM:
What is GSM?
If you are in Europe, Asia or Japan and using a mobile phone then most probably you must be using GSM
technology in your mobile phone.
 GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
 The GSM emerged from the idea of cell-based mobile radio systems at Bell Laboratories in the early
1970s.

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 The GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European
mobile telephone standard.
 The GSM standard is the most widely accepted standard and is implemented globally.
 The GSM is owning a market share of more than 70 percent of the worlds digital cellular subscribers.
 The GSM makes use of narrowband technique for transmitting signals.
 The GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of
data rates.
A GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK
The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their
functions and interface requirements.
Fig : 7 Architecture of the GSM network
The GSM network can be divided into four main parts:
1.Mobile Station:
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:
Terminal- There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and application.
SIM- The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card into the terminal, the
user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without the SIM card, the terminal is not operational.
OMC
MSCBSC HLR
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MS
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BTS AUC
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BSS
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2 The Base Station subsystem:
The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of the transmission and reception. The BSS
can be divided into two parts:
The Base Transceiver Station The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the
network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS
has between one and sixteen transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell.
3.The Base Station Controller
The BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio resources. A BSC is principally in charge of
handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of the radio frequency power levels of the
BTSs.
Function of GSM: Specifications for different Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems vary
among the different PCS networks. The GSM specification is listed below with important characteristics.
Modulation:
Modulation is a form of change process where we change the input information into a suitable format for the
transmission medium. We also changed the information by demodulating the signal at the receiving end.
The GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation method.
Transmission Rate:
The total symbol rate for GSM at 1 bit per symbol in GMSK produces 270.833 K symbols/second. The gross
transmission rate of the time slot is 22.8 Kbps.GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270
kbps.
Frequency Band:
The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).The downlink
frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).

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Speech Coding:
GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides
parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter ,leaving behind a
residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.
CDMA Technology:
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication
technologies.CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of
frequencies . To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread-spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).
CDMA is used as the access method in many mobile phone standards such as cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G
evolution of cdmaOne), and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as
simply CDMA.
Hand Offs in CDMA
As the phone moves through a network the system controller transfers the call from one cell to another, this
process is called ―handoff‖. Handoffs maybe done with the assistance of the mobile or the system controller
will control the process by itself. Handoffs are necessary to continue the call as the phone travels. Handoffs
may also occur in idle state due to mobility.
Types of Handoffs in CDMA: There are primarily three types of Handoffs in CDMA. They are
 Soft
 Hard and
 Idle.
The type of handoff depends on the handoff situation.
To understand this we should know the cellular concept used in CDMA.
Soft Handoff:
A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking the connection with the old one.
This is possible because CDMA cells use the same frequency and because the mobile uses a rake receiver.
The CDMA mobile assists the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as it travels to the next

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coverage area. The new base station then establishes a connection with the mobile. This new communication
link is established while the mobile maintains the link with the old BTS.
frequency.
Difference Between GSM and CDMA:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are two
competing standards in cellular service. They both have derivatives for use with 3G phones known as
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and CDMA2000, respectively. The major difference
between the two technologies is how they turn voice data into radio waves and how the carrier connects to
the phone. Other differences include the coverage area, the data transfer speeds, and the type of hardware
used.
Coverage
Some areas and countries only have one technology available, so users should be sure to review coverage
maps before buying a phone. Generally speaking, CDMA is most commonly found in North America and
some parts of Asia, while GSM is found in most other places. Some carriers do offer international or "world"
phones that can work with both, but if the phone is going to be used predominantly in one area, it may make
sense just to get one that's tied to one type.
Data Transfer Speed
Both technologies can be used with 3G standard phones, but 3G GSM speeds can be faster than 3G CDMA
speeds, which can make a big difference for those who use their phones for social networking, email and
streaming video. The fastest 3G standard used with CDMA2000 is EV-DO Rev B., which has downstream
data rates of about 15.67 Megabits per second (Mbit/s). The fastest standard available with UMTS is HSPA+,
with downstream speeds of up to 28 Mbit/s.
4G
Things get a little bit more complicated when it comes to phones with 4G. Most US cellular carriers use
CDMA. 4G phones generally use LTE (Long Term Evolution), a high speed wireless broadband technology.
In most of the world, GSM is preferred and 4G phones with LTE outside of the US use this service. In the
US, however, US cellular carriers offering 4G phones have made the switch to LTE on the CDMA service. It
is possible to determine which service a smartphone uses with the model number of the phone

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Introduction To Internet And Broadband
INTERNET
The internet connection requires a computer which has Internet Explorer software signal and analog signal to
digital signal, a telephone line connection. The data is sent through telephone line connection to the local
exchange, from where it is then sent to the main exchange.
The main exchange consists of a Node. The Node consists of a control card and a modem from where it is
sent to its main. Node is in the form of packets. It has two parts- LAN and Control Card.
The main Node is connected to the main server which is located at New Delhi. From here It is sent to
gateway, which is connected to the World Wide Web (WWW)
Internet Connectivity:
Telephone Local Exchange (through PCM) LAN Control Card (routers, packet switching) Modem WAN
Varanasi (through OFC, B2 Node) Delhi Network Connection Gateway
BROADBAND
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In
general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered broadband.
Types of Broadband:
 Landline Broadband
 Mobile Broadband(3G)
 Fiber Broadband(FTTH)
 Wi-Max Broadband
 CDMA Broadband
Fiber Broadband :
Fibre to the Home (FTTH) is a unique technology being deployed by BSNL for the first time in India. The
fibre connectivity having unlimited bandwidth and state of the art technology provides fix access platform to
deliver the high speed broadband from 256 Kbps to 100 Mbps, IPTV having different type of contents like
HDTV and future coming 3D TV and range of voice telephony services. It provides a comprehensive
solution for the IP leased line, internet, Closed User Group (CUG), MPLS-VPN, VoIP, video conferencing,
video calls etc whatever the services available on the internet platform, bandwidth on demand can be
delivered by this connectivity to the without changing the access fibre and home device. Customer will get a

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CPE called Home Optical Network Termination (HONT) consist of 4X100 Mpbs Ethernet ports and 2
normal telephone ports. Each 100 Mbps ports will provide broadband, IPTVs, IP Video call and leased line
etc as required by the customers. Customer will get power back unit having full load backup of four hours
and normal backup of three days. This power backup will be AC input and connecting to the HONT on 12V
DC.
Connectivity via FTTH:
BSNL will extend fiber from its nearest Central Office (CO) location directly or through franchisee and
install HONT and battery backup at the customers identified locations. The services such as Voice,
Broadband, IPTV etc. will be enabled as per the customer”s request plans for the same.
Wi –Max Broadband:
Wi-MAX is a unique technology being deployed by BSNL for the first time in India. This technology
provides fixed as well as fully mobile high speed broadband connectivity along with roaming feature. It
provides users a thrilling Internet browsing experience.
Connecting to Wi-MAX :
BSNL offers large variety of Customer Premises Equipments ( CPE) including Outdoor, Indoor and USB
dongles from which customers can choose as per their application requirements.

22
CONCLUSION
The working in the project was an interesting and an all together learning experience. New technologies, new
progress and new competition are the order of the day. The core area to look for is highly fragmented and
information intense activity sequence that involves a number of player and audiences. The project mainly
revolves around: EWSD, TAX, internet node, mobile communication, WL Land intelligence network. The
emphasis of the different parts of the project is to throw light on the systems working in Varanasi Main
Exchange. The project also deals with modern technologies attributes and the scope of implementation of the
same in Varanasi. The area under study was limited to Main Exchange Mobile communications and the
internet are now an essential part of everyday life. The course is given me a thorough understanding of the
theoretical and practical engineering aspects of this rapidly changing field, as well as new emerging systems
for support of broadband mobile internet (4G and 5G).
. The scope of the study is very vast and the topic under study deals with the volatile technology world. After
the study, suggestions and strategy has been formulated keeping in view the limitations of the field.
Evolution of this technological world is occurring every minute. Thanks to telecom and web technologies,
countries are coming closer day by day.

23
REFERENCES
Websites-
 http://bsnl.co.in
 http://www.bsnl.in/opencms/nl/BSNL/services/broadband/index.htmlbs
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fiber_optics.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
 http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-difference-between-gsm-and-cdma.htm
 http://search.findwide.com/serp?serpv=6&action=toolbar_search&guid=&k=cdma
 http://chennai.bsnl.co.in
 http://youtube/bsnl work
Books –
 Networking System
 Overview of mobile computing
 GSM architecture

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