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![In [economic] analysis, we count resources that are created or used
up. Resources that are simply transferred from one pocket to another
are not counted as costs or benefits.
Canada (1998):
Australia (2007):
New Zealand (1998):
Payments which redistribute income but which do not reflect either
the value of a good to a consumer or the costs of its supply (…) are
excluded from a cost-benefit analysis.
A transfer payment is a payment for which no good or service is
obtained in return e.g., a social welfare benefit. Transfer payments
may change the distribution of wealth, but do not of themselves
give rise to direct economic costs or benefits for the economy as a
whole. They should therefore be excluded from CBA.
Treatment of transfer payments](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/session4cbastep4valuation-171210024907/75/Building-Institutional-Capacity-in-Thailand-to-Design-and-Implement-Climate-Programs-CBA-step-4-8-2048.jpg)
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Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate Programs - CBA step 4
The document details a presentation by Dr. Benoit Laplante on cost-benefit analysis (CBA), highlighting the 8 essential steps involved in the CBA process, including identifying impacts, monetizing them, and performing sensitivity analysis. It addresses the economic evaluation methodologies such as change of productivity, revealed preferences, and stated preferences, emphasizing the importance of estimating the economic costs and benefits while excluding transfer payments. Additionally, it explains the benefit transfer methodology for applying existing economic assessments to new contexts and discusses the valuation of ecosystem services.
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Similar to Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate Programs - CBA step 4
Building Institutional Capacity in Thailand to Design and Implement Climate Programs - CBA step 4
- 1. The Role ofCost-Benefit Analysis Presentation by Dr. Benoit Laplante Bangkok, Thailand November 23 to 25, 2016 Session 5: CBA Step 4 (Introduction to economic valuation)
- 2. Step 2: Identifyall potential physical impacts of the project. Step 4: Monetize impacts. Step 5: Discount to find present value of costs and benefits. Step 6: Calculate net present value. Step 8: Make recommendations. Step 3: Quantify the predicted impacts: With and without project Step 1: Define the scope of analysis. Step 7: Perform expected value and/or sensitivity analysis. 8 steps
- 3. Step 2: Identifyall potential physical impacts of the project. Step 4: Monetize impacts. Step 5: Discount to find present value of costs and benefits. Step 6: Calculate net present value. Step 8: Make recommendations. Step 3: Quantify the predicted impacts: With and without project Step 1: Define the scope of analysis. Step 7: Perform expected value and/or sensitivity analysis. 8 steps
- 4. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology
- 5. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology
- 6. Calculating the costof an input Consider the following situation. As a result of the projected impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector in Thailand, government considers investing in a large scale irrigation project. This project will require 1,000 tons of concrete and 1,000,000 hours of labor. We know the market price of steel and the market price of labor. But what’s the economic cost of these inputs?
- 7. Calculating the costof an input Consider the following situation: There is a tax on each unit of input going into the project. Suppose the following: QG is the quantity (tons) of concrete procured by the project P1 is the market price of concrete T is the tax on each ton of concrete Financial cost (to project developer): (P1+T)*QG Economic cost to society: (P1+T)*QG – T*QG = P1*QG Taxes are called transfer payments. Transfer payments are not included in the economic analysis. Economic cost < Financial cost
- 8. In [economic] analysis,we count resources that are created or used up. Resources that are simply transferred from one pocket to another are not counted as costs or benefits. Canada (1998): Australia (2007): New Zealand (1998): Payments which redistribute income but which do not reflect either the value of a good to a consumer or the costs of its supply (…) are excluded from a cost-benefit analysis. A transfer payment is a payment for which no good or service is obtained in return e.g., a social welfare benefit. Transfer payments may change the distribution of wealth, but do not of themselves give rise to direct economic costs or benefits for the economy as a whole. They should therefore be excluded from CBA. Treatment of transfer payments
- 9. It is common(and wrong) in the economic analysis of development projects to use multipliers to account for multiplier effects (especially in analyses prepared by project developers or by those who stand to gain the most from project approval). These multiplier effects are occasionally referred to as secondary effects, indirect effects, or spill-over effects. 3 fundamental problems with using multipliers Job creation and multipliers
- 10. Problem 1 • Whena project hires labor, it is a cost for society, not a benefit. • Suppose a project is going to hire skilled labor of which there is currently a shortage. • Is the project going to create net jobs for this type of labor? • No. It will simply displace some workers from existing job to work for the project. And the project will be able to do that by offering a higher salary to attract that labor. Hence, wages for this type of labor will go up, but no job is created. Job creation and multipliers
- 11. Problem 1 The useof multipliers implicitly assumes that the economy is at less than full employment (and therefore that there is sufficient room in the economy to realize secondary or spill- over effects). If the economy is at or close to full employment, it is not possible to increase net national income since no additional factor inputs can be allocated to production. Job creation and multipliers
- 12. Problem 2 • Supposenow that a project is going to hire unskilled labor of which there is currently significant unemployment. • It does not mean that this job creation is a benefit of the project. It is still a cost for society. However, the cost for society is less than the cost (wage) paid by the project to this labor (shadow price is less than market price). Job creation and multipliers • We use the shadow wage of labor.
- 13. Problem 3 Perhaps moreimportantly, the use of multipliers implicitly assumes that if the project is not implemented, there is no other project that can be undertaken. Put slightly differently, all development projects will have so-called multiplier effects (in an economy less than fully employed). Hence, upon choosing a project among many projects (or an option among many options), applying a multiplier to all projects (or to all options) provides the same result as applying no multipliers. But in fact, when examining a project in isolation of all other projects or options, the use of multipliers implicitly assumes that only the project under examination could yield multiplier effects, whereas other projects or options would not. Job creation and multipliers
- 14. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology
- 15. Calculating the benefitof an output Consider the following situation. In the large scale irrigation project, the output of the project is more agricultural production than there would be without the project. What is the economic value of this additional agricultural production? Under what circumstances is it different than its market value?
- 16. Calculating the benefitof an output Or consider the following situation. Suppose Government consider investing in a large flood mitigation project in the Yom River Basin. One of the impacts will be reduction in flooded areas downstream. What is the economic benefits?
- 17. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology Change of productivity methodology Revealed preferences methodologies Stated preferences methodologies
- 18. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology Change of productivity methodology Revealed preferences methodologies Stated preferences methodologies
- 19. This methodology isgenerally applied in the specific case where the environmental impact represents a change in a component of the environment (or ecosystem) which has a direct consumptive value. This impact will be measured by a change in the production of a good for which there is already a market, and therefore market prices. Market prices or shadow prices will be used to assess the economic impact of this change in productivity. Change of productivity methodology
- 20. • Water pollutionmay impact fisheries yield; • Reservoir sedimentation may impact power production; • Floods may impact agriculture production; Examples where appropriate to use this methodology: • Sickness (from air pollution for example) impacts labor force productivity. Change of productivity methodology
- 21. Proceeds in twosteps: Step 1: Establish the link or the relationship that exists between a change in environmental quality and the resulting impact on production. This is generally called a dose-response function. Examples of dose-response functions: • Relationship between fisheries yield and water pollution; • Relationship between reservoir sedimentation and power production; • Relationship between floods and agricultural production. Change of productivity methodology
- 22. Step 2: Oncethe change in production is established, market prices (or shadow prices which are market prices corrected for the presence of subsidies, taxes or for any other market imperfections) are then used to estimate the economic value of the estimated change in production. Proceeds in two steps: Change of productivity methodology
- 23. Two potential difficulties: 1.The dose-response function may be difficult to establish. 2. The relationship between input and output may be difficult to identify if the environmental impact has a long-term effect (as opposed to an immediate effect) on productivity. • For example, in the previous example, fisheries yield does not depend only on river sedimentation. It also depends on a number of other factors. So, we need to understand the contribution of each of these variables to productivity in order to be able to isolate the impact of changes in the variable we are interested. Change of productivity methodology
- 24. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology Change of productivity methodology Revealed preferences methodologies Stated preferences methodologies
- 25. These methodologies aimto provide an economic assessment of environmental impacts by observing actual behavior of individuals, and what this behavior reveals about their preferences for changes in environmental quality. Revealed preferences methodologies
- 26. Methodologies Revealed behaviorTypes of application Cost of illness Expenditures to treat illness Health; morbidity Avertive behavior / defensive expenditure Time costs; purchases to avoid harm Health; mortality and morbidity Cost of treatment Expenditures to offset the change in environmental quality Agricultural productivity, water supply Hedonic pricing Property purchased Property value Travel cost Participation in recreation activity Recreational demand Revealed preferences methodologies
- 27. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology Change of productivity methodology Revealed preferences methodologies Stated preferences methodologies
- 28. These methodologies aimto provide an economic assessment of environmental impacts using data on hypothetical choices made by individuals responding to a survey and stating their preferences. Different methodologies: • Contingent valuation; • Choice experiment. Stated preferences methodologies
- 29. This approach, implementedby means of surveys, aims to assess how individuals would hypothetically react to changes in environmental quality. In particular, it elicits from respondents how much they would be willing to pay to access improved environmental quality or avoid a hypothetical reduction in environmental quality. Contingent valuation
- 30. 5 key issues 1.How to select the population of respondents to the contingent valuation survey? 2. What type of interview format should be used in the survey: in person, telephone or mail? 3. What type of questions should be used to elicit respondents’ valuation of the change in environmental quality (elicitation procedure)? 4. What change in the environmental quality is being valued? 5. Which vehicle would be used to extract payment for the change in environmental quality (payment vehicle)? Contingent valuation
- 31. What to doif we don’t have enough time or resources to implement one or some of these methodologies? It will take some time, resources and expertise to implement these methodologies. One possible approach is the benefit-transfer methodology. This methodology is discussed in the next presentation. Methodologies for economic valuation
- 32. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 33. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 34. “The transfer ofexisting estimates of non-market values to a new study which is different from the study for which the values were originally estimated.” (Boyle and Bergstrom, 1992) “Transfer economic value of a public good from study site (primary valuation study) to policy site (where you are doing analysis).” (Rosenberger and Loomis, 2003) What is benefit transfer?
- 35. Site where there hasbeen an economic assessment “Study site” Site of interest “Policy site” Take estimated values from the study site Obtain values for the policy site Transfer What is benefit transfer?
- 36. Site where there hasbeen an economic assessment “Study site” Site of interest “Policy site” Note: • Transfer in space: From study site to policy site. • Transfer in time: From past studies to current study. Adjustments for changes in values over time. Accounting for possible changes in preferences (and therefore WTP) over time. What is benefit transfer?
- 37. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 38. • When thereis not enough time or resources to undertake primary data collection to support original study. • To generate preliminary (plausible?) or ‘back-of-the-envelope’ estimates of economic values. • When the expected magnitude of the economic values does not appear to be an important determinant of the overall outcome of the economic analysis. Justification for the use of benefit transfer
- 39. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 40. Typical application 1: Valuationof ecosystem services A project or policy aims at protecting wetlands of Thailand which would otherwise disappear. What is the benefit of protecting X hectares of wetlands? Typical applications
- 41. Mangrove Unvegetated Salt/ Brackish Freshwater Freshwater Total Sediment Marsh Marsh Woodland North America Quantity (1) 510 16,906 2,575 192 3,258 22,931 Value (2) 30,014 550,980 29,810 1,728 64,315 676,846 Value per ha 59 33 12 9 20 30 Latin America Quantity 4,224 9,223 1,707 289 1,010 12,230 Value 8,445 104,782 3,129 531 6,125 123,012 Value per ha 2 11 2 2 6 10 Europe Quantity 0 2,374 500 66 330 3,271 Value 0 268,333 12,051 253 19,503 300,141 Value per ha 0 113 24 4 59 92 Asia Quantity 1,439 8,011 1,027 2 657 9,697 Value 27,519 1,617,518 23,806 29 149,597 1,818,534 Value per ha 19 202 23 15 228 188 Africa Quantity 3,686 4,632 487 48 310 5,477 Value 84,994 159,118 2,466 334 9,775 256,687 Value per ha 23 34 5 7 32 47 Australasia Quantity 2,253 4,641 461 167 4,090 9,361 Value 34,696 147,779 2,120 960 83,907 269,462 Value per ha 15 32 5 6 21 29 World Quantity 12,112 45,788 6,758 765 9,657 62,967 Value 185,667 2,848,575 73,382 3,836 333,223 3,444,682 Value per ha 15 62 11 5 35 55 Economic value of wetlands
- 42. Valuation of ecosystemservices A project or policy aims at protecting wetlands which would otherwise disappear. What is the benefit of protecting X hectares of wetlands? Key issue: How similar is the wetland of the policy site to the wetlands of the study sites? “Similar” here means not in terms of their physical characteristics (location, size, age, etc.) but in terms of the goods and services they provide. Typical applications Typical application 1:
- 43. Value of statisticallife (VSL) A flood control project will reduce annual mortality risk in a given area of Thailand from 1/100,000 to 1/1,000,000. What is the benefit per statistical life saved? Typical applications Typical application 2:
- 44. Kochi et al.(2006) conducted a meta-analysis of VSL studies from high income countries drawing on 18 contingent valuation studies and 42 hedonic wage studies. The authors report an average VSL of $5.4 million (2000 USD). If risk preferences, discount rates, and survival probabilities were the same in all countries, then the VSL should simply be proportional to income: VSLThai = VSLUSA * YThai YUSA Ɛ Where Y is GDP per capita in PPP terms and Ɛ is income elasticity. Typical applications Typical application 2:
- 45. Step 1: Itis noted that the reported $5.4 million is measured in dollars of 2000. Using US GDP deflator available in the World Development Indicators Database, this figure amounts to approximately $7.2 million in 2016. This is transfer in time. Step 2: One must obtain GDP per capita measured in PPP. The IMF’s World Economic Outlook Database 2016 reports a GDP per capita of $56,084 and $16,130 for the USA and Thailand respectively. This provides a GDP per capita ratio of 0.29. Step 3: Income elasticity. Analyses suggest income elasticity between 1.0 and 1.5. Typical applications Typical application 2:
- 46. Ɛ = 1Ɛ = 1.5 2,088,000 1,124,422VSLThai Remember: If risk preferences, discount rates, and survival probabilities were the same in all countries, then the VSL should simply be proportional to income. Typical applications Typical application 2:
- 47. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 48. 2 approaches Unit valuetransfer – adjusted or non-adjusted Function transfer Direct application of summary statistics (e.g. mean or median) from original research to policy site. These statistics may or may not be adjusted for differences income levels. Application of a statistical function that relates the summary statistics of original research to the specifics of the study site. Value transfer approaches
- 49. Database of interest EVRI:Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory ENVALUE EUROFOREX Database NOAA´s databases on Marine and Coastal resources UK Defra Environmental Valuation Source List USDA NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service) US Recreational Value Database American Economic Association EconLit database Unit value transfer methods
- 50. 1) When marketprices are known Outline of presentation 2) When market prices are not known Calculating the cost of input Calculating the benefit of an output 3) Benefit transfer methodology What is benefit transfer? Justification for the use of benefit-transfer Typical applications Value transfer approaches How accurate is benefit-transfer?
- 51. 1. Good news:In all likelihood, we typically don’t know. The actual value for a policy site is unknown (otherwise there would be no need for benefit-transfer). Hence, it is very rare that original values for a policy site can be compared with values obtained from a benefit transfer exercise for that same policy site and for that same good and/or service. 2. How much is accuracy needed for our level of confidence to be sufficient enough to proceed with recommendation? How accurate is benefit transfer
- 52. The Role ofCost-Benefit Analysis Presentation by Dr. Benoit Laplante Bangkok, Thailand November 23 to 25, 2016 Session 5: CBA Step 4 (Introduction to economic valuation)