Built-in Functions in SQL | Numeric Functions
Download as DOCX, PDF0 likes264 views
The document describes various built-in functions in SQL for numeric, string, date/time, and group operations. It provides the syntax and usage for common functions like ABS, ROUND, CONCAT, SUBSTR, SYSDATE, COUNT, and AVG. Examples are given for selecting, concatenating, truncating strings and dates using functions with the DUAL table for simple function testing.
![Built-in Functions in SQL
Numeric Functions
Function Input Argument Value Returned
ABS ( m ) m = value Absolute value of m
MOD ( m, n ) m = value, n = divisor Remainder of m divided by n
POWER ( m, n ) m = value, n = exponent m raised to the nth power
ROUND ( m [, n ] )
m = value, n = number of decimal
places, default 0
m rounded to the nth decimal place
TRUNC ( m [, n ] )
m = value, n = number of decimal
places, default 0
m truncated to the nth decimal place
SIN ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians sine (n)
COS ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians cosine (n)
TAN ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians tan (n)
SQRT ( n ) n = value positive square root of n
EXP ( n ) n = value e raised to the power n
LN ( n ) n > 0 natural logarithm of n
LOG ( n2, n1 )
base n2 any positive value other
than 0 or 1, n1 any positive value
logarithm of n1, base n2
CEIL ( n ) n = value
smallest integer greater than or equal
to n
FLOOR ( n ) n = value
greatest integer smaller than or equal
to n
SIGN ( n ) n = value -1 if n < 0, 0 if n = 0, and 1 if n > 0
SQL Server allows DUAL to be specified as a table in queries that do not need data from any tables.
Here are some examples of the use of some of these numeric functions:
select round (83.28749,2) from dual;
or simply write
select round (83.28749,2);
select sqrt (3.67) from dual;
select power (2.512,5) from dual;
String Functions
Function Input Argument Value Returned
INITCAP ( s ) s = character string
First letter of each word is changed to
uppercase and all other letters are in lower
case.
LOWER ( s ) s = character string All letters are changed to lowercase.
UPPER ( s ) s = character string All letters are changed to uppercase.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqlinbuiltfuction-190406084643/85/Built-in-Functions-in-SQL-Numeric-Functions-1-320.jpg)
![CONCAT ( s1, s2 )
s1 and s2 are character
strings
Concatenation of s1 and s2. Equivalent to s1
|| s2
LPAD ( s1, n [, s2] )
s1 and s2 are character
strings and n is an
integer value
Returns s1 right justified and padded left
with n characters from s2; s2 defaults to
space.
RPAD ( s1, n [, s2] )
s1 and s2 are character
strings and n is an
integer value
Returns s1 left justified and padded right
with n characters from s2; s2 defaults to
space.
LTRIM ( s [, set ] )
s is a character string
and set is a set of
characters
Returns s with characters removed up to
the first character not in set; defaults to space
RTRIM ( s [, set ] )
s is a character string
and set is a set of
characters
Returns s with final characters removed after
the last character not in set; defaults to space
REPLACE ( s, search_s
[, replace_s ] )
s = character string,
search_s = target
string, replace_s =
replacement string
Returns s with every occurrence of search_s
in s replaced by replace_s; default removes
search_s
SUBSTR ( s, m [, n ] )
s = character string, m
= beginning position, n
= number of characters
Returns a substring from s, beginning in
position m and n characters long; default
returns to end of s.
LENGTH ( s ) s = character string Returns the number of characters in s.
INSTR ( s1, s2 [, m [, n
] ] )
s1 and s2 are character
strings, m = beginning
position, n =
occurrence of s2 in s1
Returns the position of the nth occurrence of
s2 in s1, beginning at position m, both m and
n default to 1.
Here are some examples of the use of String functions:
select concat ('Alan', 'Turing') as "NAME" from dual;
select 'Alan' || 'Turing' as "NAME" from dual;
select initcap ("now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the
party") as "SLOGAN" from dual;
select substr('Alan Turing', 1, 4) as "FIRST" from dual;
String / Number Conversion Functions
Function Input Argument Value Returned
TO_CHAR ( m [, fmt ] )
m = numeric value,
fmt = format
Number m converted to character
string as specified by the format
TO_NUMBER ( s [, fmt ] )
s = character string,
fmt = format
Character string s converted to a
number as specified by the format](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqlinbuiltfuction-190406084643/85/Built-in-Functions-in-SQL-Numeric-Functions-2-320.jpg)
![Formats for TO_CHAR Function
Symbol Explanation
9
Each 9 represents one digit in the
result
0
Represents a leading zero to be
displayed
$
Floating dollar sign printed to the left
of number
L Any local floating currency symbol
. Prints the decimal point
,
Prints the comma to represent
thousands
Group Functions
Function
Input
Argument
Value Returned
AVG ( [ DISTINCT | ALL
] col )
col = column
name
The average value of that column
COUNT ( * ) none
Number of rows returned including
duplicates and NULLs
COUNT ( [ DISTINCT |
ALL ] col )
col = column
name
Number of rows where the value of the
column is not NULL
MAX ( [ DISTINCT | ALL
] col )
col = column
name
Maximum value in the column
MIN ( [ DISTINCT | ALL
] col )
col = column
name
Minimum value in the column
SUM ( [ DISTINCT | ALL
] col )
col = column
name
Sum of the values in the column
Date and Time Functions
Function Input Argument Value Returned
ADD_MONTHS ( d, n )
d = date, n = number of
months
Date d plus n months
LAST_DAY ( d ) d = date
Date of the last day of the
month containing d
MONTHS_BETWEEN (
d, e )
d and e are dates
Number of months by which e
precedes d
NEW_TIME ( d, a, b )
d = date, a = time zone
(char), b = time zone
(char)
The date and time in time zone
b when date d is for time zone a
NEXT_DAY ( d, day ) d = date, day = day of the Date of the first day of the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sqlinbuiltfuction-190406084643/85/Built-in-Functions-in-SQL-Numeric-Functions-3-320.jpg)
Built-in Functions in SQL | Numeric Functions
- 1. Built-in Functions in SQL Numeric Functions Function Input Argument Value Returned ABS ( m ) m = value Absolute value of m MOD ( m, n ) m = value, n = divisor Remainder of m divided by n POWER ( m, n ) m = value, n = exponent m raised to the nth power ROUND ( m [, n ] ) m = value, n = number of decimal places, default 0 m rounded to the nth decimal place TRUNC ( m [, n ] ) m = value, n = number of decimal places, default 0 m truncated to the nth decimal place SIN ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians sine (n) COS ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians cosine (n) TAN ( n ) n = angle expressed in radians tan (n) SQRT ( n ) n = value positive square root of n EXP ( n ) n = value e raised to the power n LN ( n ) n > 0 natural logarithm of n LOG ( n2, n1 ) base n2 any positive value other than 0 or 1, n1 any positive value logarithm of n1, base n2 CEIL ( n ) n = value smallest integer greater than or equal to n FLOOR ( n ) n = value greatest integer smaller than or equal to n SIGN ( n ) n = value -1 if n < 0, 0 if n = 0, and 1 if n > 0 SQL Server allows DUAL to be specified as a table in queries that do not need data from any tables. Here are some examples of the use of some of these numeric functions: select round (83.28749,2) from dual; or simply write select round (83.28749,2); select sqrt (3.67) from dual; select power (2.512,5) from dual; String Functions Function Input Argument Value Returned INITCAP ( s ) s = character string First letter of each word is changed to uppercase and all other letters are in lower case. LOWER ( s ) s = character string All letters are changed to lowercase. UPPER ( s ) s = character string All letters are changed to uppercase.
- 2. CONCAT ( s1, s2 ) s1 and s2 are character strings Concatenation of s1 and s2. Equivalent to s1 || s2 LPAD ( s1, n [, s2] ) s1 and s2 are character strings and n is an integer value Returns s1 right justified and padded left with n characters from s2; s2 defaults to space. RPAD ( s1, n [, s2] ) s1 and s2 are character strings and n is an integer value Returns s1 left justified and padded right with n characters from s2; s2 defaults to space. LTRIM ( s [, set ] ) s is a character string and set is a set of characters Returns s with characters removed up to the first character not in set; defaults to space RTRIM ( s [, set ] ) s is a character string and set is a set of characters Returns s with final characters removed after the last character not in set; defaults to space REPLACE ( s, search_s [, replace_s ] ) s = character string, search_s = target string, replace_s = replacement string Returns s with every occurrence of search_s in s replaced by replace_s; default removes search_s SUBSTR ( s, m [, n ] ) s = character string, m = beginning position, n = number of characters Returns a substring from s, beginning in position m and n characters long; default returns to end of s. LENGTH ( s ) s = character string Returns the number of characters in s. INSTR ( s1, s2 [, m [, n ] ] ) s1 and s2 are character strings, m = beginning position, n = occurrence of s2 in s1 Returns the position of the nth occurrence of s2 in s1, beginning at position m, both m and n default to 1. Here are some examples of the use of String functions: select concat ('Alan', 'Turing') as "NAME" from dual; select 'Alan' || 'Turing' as "NAME" from dual; select initcap ("now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the party") as "SLOGAN" from dual; select substr('Alan Turing', 1, 4) as "FIRST" from dual; String / Number Conversion Functions Function Input Argument Value Returned TO_CHAR ( m [, fmt ] ) m = numeric value, fmt = format Number m converted to character string as specified by the format TO_NUMBER ( s [, fmt ] ) s = character string, fmt = format Character string s converted to a number as specified by the format
- 3. Formats for TO_CHAR Function Symbol Explanation 9 Each 9 represents one digit in the result 0 Represents a leading zero to be displayed $ Floating dollar sign printed to the left of number L Any local floating currency symbol . Prints the decimal point , Prints the comma to represent thousands Group Functions Function Input Argument Value Returned AVG ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] col ) col = column name The average value of that column COUNT ( * ) none Number of rows returned including duplicates and NULLs COUNT ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] col ) col = column name Number of rows where the value of the column is not NULL MAX ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] col ) col = column name Maximum value in the column MIN ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] col ) col = column name Minimum value in the column SUM ( [ DISTINCT | ALL ] col ) col = column name Sum of the values in the column Date and Time Functions Function Input Argument Value Returned ADD_MONTHS ( d, n ) d = date, n = number of months Date d plus n months LAST_DAY ( d ) d = date Date of the last day of the month containing d MONTHS_BETWEEN ( d, e ) d and e are dates Number of months by which e precedes d NEW_TIME ( d, a, b ) d = date, a = time zone (char), b = time zone (char) The date and time in time zone b when date d is for time zone a NEXT_DAY ( d, day ) d = date, day = day of the Date of the first day of the
- 4. week week after d SYSDATE() none Current date and time GREATEST ( d1, d2, ..., dn ) d1 ... dn = list of dates Latest of the given dates LEAST ( d1, d2, ..., dn ) d1 ... dn = list of dates Earliest of the given dates Try: SELECT SYSDATE(); SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE()); Date Formats Format Code Description Range of Values DD Day of the month 1 - 31 DY Name of the day in 3 uppercase letters SUN, ..., SAT DAY Complete name of the day in uppercase, padded to 9 characters SUNDAY, ..., SATURDAY MM Number of the month 1 - 12 MON Name of the month in 3 uppercase letters JAN, ..., DEC MONTH Name of the month in uppercase padded to a length of 9 characters JANUARY, ..., DECEMBER RM Roman numeral for the month I, ..., XII YY or YYYY Two or four digit year 71 or 1971 HH:MI:SS Hours : Minutes : Seconds 10:28:53 HH 12 or HH 24 Hour displayed in 12 or 24 hour format 1 - 12 or 1 - 24 MI Minutes of the hour 0 - 59 SS Seconds of the minute 0 - 59 AM or PM Meridian indicator AM or PM