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Bovee/Thill, Business in Action 8/e Instructor’s Manual
Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 2-1
Business in Action 8th
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Chapter 2
UNDERSTANDING BASIC ECONOMICS
Chapter Overview
This chapter introduces important micro- and macroeconomic concepts such as
demand versus supply, competition, monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, and
economic indicators. It distinguishes among major economic systems and discusses
ways of measuring economic activity. It also covers the debate over deregulation and
identifies key roles that government plays in the economy.
Chapter Outline
I. What Is This Thing Called the Economy?
A. The economy is the sum total of all the economic activity within a given
region
B. Economics is the study of how a society uses its scarce resources to produce
and distribute goods and services
1. Microeconomics is the study of economic behavior among consumers,
businesses, and industries that collectively determine the quantity of
goods and services demanded and supplied at different prices
2. Macroeconomics is the study of a country’s larger economic issues,
such as competition, government policies, and how an economy
maintains and allocates its scarce resources
C. Each society must decide how to use its economic resources or factors of
production
1. Natural resources – things that are useful in their natural state (land,
forests, minerals, and water)
2. Human resources – people and their individual talents and capacities
3. Capital – money, computers, machines, tools, and buildings
4. Entrepreneurship – the spirit of innovation, the initiative and the
willingness to take on risks involved in creating/operating a business
5. Knowledge – the collective intelligence of an organization
C. The supply of these factors of production is limited
1. Scarcity creates competition for resources
2. Scarcity forces consumers, companies, and governments to make trade-
offs
a. Opportunity cost is the value of the most attractive option not
selected when making a trade-off
II. Economic Systems
A. An economic system is the basic set of rules for allocating a society’s
resources to satisfy its citizens’ needs
1. Free-market system – individuals and companies decide what products

to produce, how to produce them, to whom to sell them, and at what
price

a. Referred to as capitalism – private parties own/operate the majority
of businesses and competition, supply, and demand determine
goods/services produced
b. No economy is without limited intervention by government, creating
a mixed economy or mixed capitalism
2. Planned system – governments largely control allocation of resources
a. Communism is the economic system that allows individuals the least
degree of economic freedom
b. Socialism has a high degree of government planning and some
government ownership of capital resources, but private ownership is
permitted in some industries
3. Governments change structure of economy in two ways:
a. Nationalizing – assuming ownership of selected companies or
industries
b. Privatizing – allowing private businesses to perform services once
performed by the government
III. The Forces of Demand and Supply
A. Demand – buyers’ willingness and ability to purchase products at various
price points
1. The demand curve shows the relationship between price and demand –
as price decreases, demand increases (i.e., more people are willing to
buy)
B. Supply – the quantities of a good/service that producers will provide on a
particular date at various prices
1. The supply curve shows the relationship between supply and demand –
as price increases, the quantity that sellers are willing to supply increases
C. Demand and supply curves intersect at equilibrium point – the point at
which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
IV. The Macro View: Understanding How an Economy Operates
A. Competition is rivalry among businesses for the same customers.
B. There are different degrees of competition
1. Pure competition – the market situation in which there are so many
buyers and sellers that no single buyer or seller can individually
influence market price
2. Monopoly – the market situation in which one company dominates the
market and can control prices
3. Monopolistic competition – the market situation in which there are
many sellers who differentiate their products from those of competitors
in at least some small way
4. Oligopoly – the market situation in which a very small number of
suppliers, sometimes only two, provide a particular good or service
C. Economic activity changes in response to factors such as investment patterns,
shifts in consumer attitudes, world events and basic economic forces – called
economic fluctuation or business cycles
1. Economic expansion – when the economy is growing and consumers are
spending more money
2. Economic contraction – when spending declines, employment drops and
the economy slows down

a. A recession is two consecutive quarters of decline in gross domestic
product
b. A deep and prolonged recession can be considered a depression, a
catastrophic collapse of financial markets
D. Unemployment rate – the percentage of labor force currently without
employment
1. Four types of unemployment – frictional, structural, cyclical, and
seasonal
E. Inflation – the steady rise in the average prices of goods and services
throughout the economy
1. Deflation is the sustained fall in average prices
V. Government’s Role in a Free-Market System
A. There is considerable debate over the key roles that governments play in the
economy
1. Regulation involves relying more on laws and policies than on market
forces to govern economic activity
2. Deregulation involves removing laws and regulations to allow the
market to prevent excesses and correct itself over time
B. The government plays a role in the economy in four major areas:
1. Protecting stakeholders through numerous regulatory agencies
2. Fostering competition through prevention of monopolies
a. Antitrust legislation
b. Merger and acquisition approval
3. Encouraging innovation and economic development
4. Stabilizing and stimulating the economy through use of monetary policy
and fiscal policy
a. Monetary policy involves adjusting the nation’s money supply by
increasing or decreasing interest rates. It is administered by the
Federal Reserve Board
b. Fiscal policy involves changes in the government’s revenues
(taxation) and expenditures
VI. Economic Measures and Monitors
A. Economic indicators are statistics such as interest rates, unemployment
rates, housing data and industrial productivity
1. Leading indicators (such as housing starts and durable-goods orders)
suggest changes that may happen to the economy in the future
2. Lagging indicators (such as the unemployment rate) provide
confirmation that something has happened in the past
B. Price indexes offer a way to monitor inflation or deflation
1. The consumer price index (CPI) measures rate of inflation by
comparing change in prices of a representative “basket” of consumer
goods and services
2. The producer price index (PPI) is a statistical measure of price trends
at the producer and wholesaler levels
C. The gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all the final goods and
services produced by businesses located within a nation’s borders.

Learning Catalytics is a "bring your own device" student engagement, assessment,
and classroom intelligence system. It allows instructors to engage students in class
with real-time diagnostics. Students can use any modern, web-enabled device
(smartphone, tablet, or laptop) to access it. For more information on using Learning
Catalytics in your course, contact your Pearson Representative.
Classroom Activities
Break-out Group Discussion: Capitalism vs. Socialism
Goal: Ask students to discuss the pros and cons of both capitalism and socialism and
to come away with the understanding that each system has its own benefits and
shortcomings.
Time Limit: 15 minutes.
Details:
1. Break students into groups of five. (2 minutes)
2. Ask each group to come up with the top pros and cons of capitalism or
socialism. Sample list items include capitalism’s efficient self-adjusting
market mechanism via “demand vs. supply”, encouragement of hard work
and entrepreneurship, lower taxes, higher income disparity, and generally
poorer records in the public sector such as education, healthcare and social
welfare, and socialism’s generally better records in education, healthcare and
social welfare, lower income disparity, higher taxes and less incentive for
hard work and entrepreneurship. Use examples of countries and regions to
illustrate such differences, e.g. U.S. and Hong Kong for capitalism, and
France and Canada for socialism (10 minutes)
3. Ask representatives/speakers from each group to present their results to the
whole class, either verbally or written (on the blackboard). (3 minutes)
Summary: Instructor summarizes the top pros and cons for both capitalism and
socialism, and concludes that the best system tends to be a mixed system that
incorporates the beneficial elements of both systems.
In-Class Activity: GDP vs. GNP
Goal: Help students differentiate between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross
National Product (GNP).
Time Limit: 10 minutes.
Details:
1. Draw a table with three columns and four rows on the blackboard with the
following column headings respectively: “Scenarios”, “Which Country’s
GDP” and “Which Country’s GNP.”
2. Lists the following three scenarios under the column heading “Scenarios.”
a. An American banker working in London
b. A Chinese factory worker in a Coca Cola bottling plant in Shanghai

c. An Australian volunteer in South Africa
3. Ask students to pair up and recreate the content of the blackboard in their
notebooks. They then need to populate the rest of the table by listing the
names of countries under the two column headings corresponding to GDP
and GNP.
4. Make it clear to students that the main difference between GDP and GNP is
that GDP considers where the production occurs and GNP considers who is
responsible for the production. For instance, in Scenario A, the goods and
services produced by an American banker in London should be classified as
the GDP of United Kingdom (UK) and the GNP of United States (US).
Hint: GNP excludes the value of production from foreign-owned businesses
within a nation’s boundaries (Scenario B). Volunteering is not a component
of GDP or GNP (Scenario C).
End-of-Chapter
Behind The Scenes
The Push for Grid Parity at Suntech Power
Critical Thinking Questions
2-1. If consumers are willing to wait weeks or months for the latest iPhone,
why does Apple need to worry about producing enough phones to meet
immediate demand?
If consumers are made to wait weeks or months, some may become impatient
and switch to Samsung or another brand of phone. Producing the phones is no
simple task, as it involves the coordination of many component parts to be
designed, manufactured, and shipped, as well as the structuring of wireless
service contracts. (LO: 3, AACSB: Analytical Thinking)
2-2. If Apply temporarily can’t meet demand for a product, should it raise
the price to bring supply and demand into balance? Why or why not?
A demand curve shows that as price increases, demand decreases. So raising the
price temporarily could help balance out supply and demand. However, doing so
might turn off consumers who expected to pay the prescribed price. Consumers
expect this kind of fluctuation of prices in airline tickets, but it is not
conventional with consumer goods. (LO: 3, AACSB: Analytical thinking)
2.3 Apple is famously secretive about the details of upcoming product
launches, leaving consumers and industry insiders to speculate on the
features and functions of new models. What effect might this have on
demand?
Shrouding the new model is mystery could help to increase the mystique of the
product, and therefore its demand. However, withholding news of special
features could also lose out on attracting buyers who would desire these features.
(LO: 3, AACSB: Analytical thinking)
Learn More Online

Students’ responses will depend, in large part, on the material currently posted on the
website. (LO: 3, AACSB: Analytical thinking).
Test Your Knowledge
Questions for Review
2-4.Why is the economic concept of scarcity a crucial concept for businesspeople
to understand?
The economic concept of scarcity is a crucial concept for businesspeople to
understand because scarcity creates competition for resources and forces trade-
offs on the part of every participant in the economy. First, businesses and
industries compete with each other for the resources they need, including
materials, employees and customers. Second, given this universal scarcity of
resources, businesses are constantly forced to make trade-offs, such as deciding
how much money to spend on advertising a new product versus how much to
spend on the materials used to make it, or deciding how many employees to have
in sales versus customer support. (LO: 1)
2-5. How does macroeconomics differ from microeconomics?
Macroeconomics looks at the study of an economy as a whole. It is the “bigger
picture” view. It examines factors such as changes in unemployment, national
income, rate of the economy’s growth, the nation’s gross domestic product, and
inflation and price levels. Microeconomics looks at the smaller picture. It focuses
more on consumers, businesses, and industries. Microeconomics examines
factors such as supply and demand and the determination of price and output in
markets. (LO: 1)
2-6. Does the United States have a purely free-market economy or a mixed
economy?
The U.S. has a mixed economy. (LO: 2)
2-7. What is the difference between monetary policy and fiscal policy?
Monetary policy is government policy and actions taken by the Federal Reserve
Board to regulate the nation’s money supply. Fiscal policy is the use of
government revenue collection and spending to influence the business cycle.
(LO: 5)
2-8. Why might a government agency seek to block a merger or acquisition?
To preserve competition, a government agency may stipulate requirements
companies must meet to gain approval of a proposed merger or acquisition. If
the governmental agency thinks a proposed merger or acquisition might restrain
competition, it may deny approval altogether. (LO: 5, AACSB: Ethical
understanding and reasoning)
Questions for Analysis
2-9. Why do governments intervene in the free-market system?
Governments intervene in free-market systems to influence prices and wages or
to change the way resources are allocated. This practice of limited intervention is
called mixed capitalism, which is the economic system of the United States.

Under mixed capitalism, the pursuit of private gain is regarded as a worthwhile
goal that ultimately benefits society as a whole. (LO: 2)
2-10. How do countries know if their economic systems are working?
Economic indicators are statistics such as interest rates, unemployment rates, and
housing data, GNP, GDP, CPI, etc. A country’s professional economists sort and
interpret these data to monitor and measure the country’s economic performance
and predict its future performance. (LO: 6)
2-11. Are the fluctuations in the business cycle predictable?
No, such fluctuations are rarely predictable. (LO: 4)
2-12. Is it beneficial for the country as a whole for individual U.S. states to
compete with one another to attract companies? (Offering tax breaks in
exchange for building new facilities is a common tactic states use to attract
commercial investment, for example.)
It may not be wise for such competition to get out of control because each
competing state will hurt from low tax revenues. (LO: 5, AACSB: Analytical
thinking)
2-13. Ethical Considerations. The risk of failure is an inherent part of free
enterprise. Does society have an obligation to come to the aid of
entrepreneurs who try but fail? Why or why not?
Students’ answers will vary, but may reflect some of the following concerns:
Entrepreneurs willing to face risks of failure are a vital force in capitalist
economies
Such entrepreneurs will be rewarded handsomely when they become
successful
Many such entrepreneurs are involved in multiple ventures and may use
earnings from successful ventures to fund, develop or improve ventures that
are less successful (LO: 5, AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning)
Questions For Application
2-14. How might government and education leaders work with business to
minimize structural unemployment?
Government and education leaders might work with businesses to provide
educational opportunities and training programs that would best match workers’
skills with the current needs of employers in an effort to minimize structural
unemployment. (LO: 6, AACSB: Analytical thinking)
2-15. How would a decrease in Social Security benefits to retired persons
affect the economy?
First it would lower government spending and perhaps reduce the national debt.
While many might see this as an economic boost, all things being equal, a
decrease in government spending would also reduce the amount of money in the
economy. For example, because of the circular flow, the elderly would have less
money to spend so businesses that cater to the needs of the elderly might be hurt
and the employees of those businesses might lose their jobs and so on. In order
for the economy to stay balanced, the decrease in money spent by the
government on Social Security would have to be substituted by an infusion of

money into the economy from another source. Plus the multiplier effect of that
change would have to be analyzed. (LO: 6, AACSB: Analytical thinking)
2-16. If you wanted to increase demand for your restaurant but are unable to
lower prices or increase advertising, what steps might you take?
Applying the law of demand vs. supply, you may want to relocate your restaurant
to a neighborhood/area where there are not as many other restaurants, i.e. where
there is less supply. There will be less competition and you may even be able to
raise your price slightly without driving customers away. (LO: 3, AACSB:
Analytical thinking)
2-17.Concept Integration. What effect might the technological environment,
discussed in Chapter 1, have on the equilibrium point in a given market?
Student answers may vary; however, the following provides a possible scenario:
Technological advances may help reduce the cost of producing goods and
services and therefore increasing the supply for a given market at every price,
thus moving the equilibrium point as well. (LO: 3, AACSB: Information
technology)
Expand Your Knowledge
Discovering Career Opportunities
Thinking about a career in economics? Find out what economists do by reviewing
the Occupational Outlook Handbook in your library or online at www.bls.gov/oco.
This is an authoritative resource for information about all kinds of occupations.
Search for “economists” then answer these questions:
2-18. Briefly describe what economists do and their typical working
conditions.
Economists study the production and distribution of resources, goods, and
services by collecting and analyzing data, researching trends, and evaluating
economic issues. Economists typically research and analyze economic issues,
conduct surveys and collect data, analyze data using mathematical models and
statistical techniques, and prepare reports, tables, and charts that present research
results. They also interpret and forecast market trends, advise businesses,
governments, and individuals on economic topics, design policies or make
recommendations for solving economic problems, and write articles for
publication in academic journals and other media sources.
Economists apply economic analysis to issues within a variety of fields, such as
education, health, development, and the environment. Some economists study the
cost of products, healthcare, or energy. Others examine employment levels,
business cycles, or exchange rates. Still, others analyze the effect of taxes,
inflation, or interest rates.
Economists held about 16,900 jobs in 2012, of which 45 percent were in
government. Another 19 percent worked in management, scientific, and
professional consulting services. Economists typically work independently in an
office. However, many economists collaborate with other economists and
statisticians, sometimes working on teams. Some economists work from home,

Copyright ©2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 2-
10
and others may be required to travel as part of their job or to attend conferences.
(LO: 5)
2-19. What is the job outlook for economists? What is the average salary for
starting economists?
Employment of economists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2012 to 2022,
about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Businesses and organizations across many industries are increasingly relying on
economic analysis and quantitative methods to analyze and forecast business,
sales, and other economic trends. Demand for economists should grow as a result
of the increasing complexity of the global economy, additional financial
regulations, and a more competitive business environment. As a result, demand
for economists should be best in private industry, especially in management,
scientific, and professional consulting services.
However, employment in the federal government—the largest employer of
economists—is projected to decline. As a result, the need for economists in the
federal government is likely to be limited.
The median annual wage for economists was $91,860 in May 2012. The median
wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than
the amount and half earned less. (LO: 5, AACSB: Ethical understanding and
reasoning)
2-20. What training and qualifications are required for a career as an
economist? Are the qualifications different for jobs in the private sector as
opposed to those in the government?
A master’s degree or Ph.D. is required for most economist jobs. Positions in
business, research, or international organizations often require a combination of
graduate education and work experience.
Students can pursue an advanced degree in economics with a bachelor’s degree
in a number of fields, but a strong background in math is essential. A Ph.D. in
economics requires several years of study after earning a bachelor’s degree,
including completion of detailed research in a specialty field.
Candidates with a bachelor’s degree qualify for some entry-level economist
positions, including jobs with the federal government. An advanced degree is
sometimes required for advancement to higher level positions.
Most who complete a bachelor’s degree in economics find jobs outside the
economics profession as research assistants, financial analysts, market research
analysts, and similar positions in business, finance, and consulting. (LO: 5)
Improving Your Tech Insights: Data Mining
To find a few ounces of precious gold, you dig through a mountain of earth. To find a
few ounces of precious information, you dig through mountains of data, using data
mining, a combination of technologies and techniques to extract important customer

insights buried within thousands or millions of transaction records. (Data mining has
many other uses as well, such as identifying which employees are most valuable to a
firm. And a related technology, text mining, applies similar analysis tools to
documents.)
Data mining is an essential part of business intelligence because it helps extract
trends and insights from millions of pieces of individual data (including
demographics, purchase histories, customer service records, and research results).
Data mining helps marketers identify who their most profitable customers are, which
goods and services are in highest demand in specific markets, how to structure
promotional campaigns, where to target upcoming sales efforts, and which customers
are likely to be high credit risks, among many other benefits. You may hear the term
business analytics and predictive analytics used in this context as well, to describe
efforts to extract insights from databases.
Research one of the commercially available data-mining or business analytics
systems. The list of member companies of the Data Mining Group (www.dmg.org)
is a good place to start. In a brief email message to your instructor, describe how
the system you’ve chosen can help companies market their goods and services
more effectively.
Student answers will vary depending on the magazines or companies they pick. (LO:
6, Information technology)
Practice Your Skills
Sharpening Your Communication Skills
The subprime mortgage crisis that helped throw the global economy into the
Great Recession bewildered a lot of people. In a brief paragraph (no more than
100 words), explain what a subprime mortgage is and why these loans helped
trigger the recession.
Student answers will vary but they should define subprime mortgages, which are
home loans for borrowers with low credit scores. They should also address the high
risk and high default nature of such loans. Students need to mention that half of
subprime mortgages are Adjustable Rate Mortgages, which are especially vulnerable
to payment shock when low initial rates expired. (LO: 4, AACSB: Reflective
thinking)
Building Your Team Skills
Economic indicators help businesses and governments determine where the economy
is headed. As part of a team assigned by your instructor, analyze the following
newspaper headlines for clues to the direction of the U.S. economy:
• “Housing Starts Lowest in Months”
• “Fed Lowers Discount Rate and Interest Rates Tumble”
• “Retail Sales Up 4 Percent Over Last Month”
• “Business Debt Down from Last Year”

• More Manufacturers Showing Interest in Upgrading Production
Equipment”
• “Local Economy Sinks as Area Unemployment Rate Climbs to 9.2
Percent”
• “Computer Networking Firm Reports 30-Day Backlog in Installing
Business Systems”
Is each item good news or bad news for the economy? Why? What does each
news item mean for large and small businesses? Report your team’s findings to
the class. Did all the teams come to the same conclusions about each headline?
Why or why not? With your team, discuss how these different perspectives
might influence the way you interpret economic news in the future. (LO: 6,
AACSB: Analytic thinking)
• Housing Starts Lowest In Months
This indicates that consumers are not very confident about the future, so they
are “staying put” rather than building new houses.
• Fed Lowers Discount Rate And Interest Rates Tumble
This headline indicates that aggregate demand is slow. In order to boost the
economy and encourage firms to invest more, the Fed lowers the discount
rate and other interest rates follow.
• Retail Sales Up 4 Percent Over Last Month
Increase in sales indicates a healthy economy with employment rates rising
and rising consumer confidence as a result. Some inflationary pressure may
result.
• Business Debt Down From Last Year
This indicates that business owners are less confident and less willing to take
on debt.
• More Manufacturers Showing Interest in Upgrading Production
Equipment
This headline indicates that businesses are replacing labor with machines.
• Local Economy Sinks as Area Unemployment Rate Climbs to 9.2
Percent
This indicates that high unemployment rate often contributes to lower
consumer spending, resulting in a shrinking local economy.
• Computer Networking Firm Reports 30-Day Backlog in Installing
Business Systems
This indicates growth in the economy, as businesses are growing.
Developing Your Research Skills
Some career paths have higher unemployment risks during the ups and downs of
economic fluctuations. Research three business careers that should be relatively
“recession proof” in the coming years, meaning that employment is unlikely to

drop dramatically (or may even increase) during a recession. Summarize your
findings in a one-page report.
Student answers may vary but three likely such careers are healthcare, education, and
green technology. (LO: 4)
Assisted-graded Questions
2.21 Why is competition an important element of the free-market system?
The need to compete for customers keeps prices down, encourages cost-cutting
techniques, and promotes a diversity of goods to cater to diverse and changing
consumer preferences. Because competition responds to customer demands,
products that are low quality or dangerous will be removed from the market,
while products or services that are quality, fairly priced, and meet consumers
needs will stay on the market. Because companies will not receive money for
goods that the consumer does not find worthwhile, the system is considered to be
“self-regulating.” (LO: 4, AACSB: Analytical thinking)
2.22 How might the word “free” affect public and political discussions of free-
market systems?
There is much debate about how “free” the free market should be. In a broader
view, this argument springs from profound philosophical differences over the
role government should play in society as a whole. More narrowly, even
professional economists don’t always agree on what role the government should
play in the economy. Much of the debate is framed as the argument between
regulation versus deregulation. (LO: 5, AACSB: Ethical understanding and
reasoning)
CHECKPOINTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1: Define economics, and explain why scarcity is
central to economic decision making.
Critical thinking:
(1) Why is entrepreneurship considered a factor of production?
Entrepreneurship is considered a factor of production because it is finite, just like the
other four factors of production, in that not everyone has the spirit of innovation, the
initiative, and the willingness to take the risks involved in creating and operating
businesses. Like the other four factors, entrepreneurship can also be used to satisfy
society’s needs.
(2) If you had an unlimited amount of money, would you ever need to make trade-
offs again? Why or why not?
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal opinions but points to consider
include the fact that economics is defined in terms of scarcity, and scarcity makes
trade-off a necessity.
It’s your business:

(1) Did you consider opportunity cost when you chose the college or university you
are currently attending?
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal experiences.
(2) What trade-offs did you make in order to read this chapter at this exact moment in
your life? (Think about the decisions you made to get to a point in your life where
you’re taking a business course.)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2: Differentiate among the major types of economic
systems.
Critical thinking:
(1) Why are no economies truly free, in the sense of having no controls or
restrictions?
Because in all economies, local, state, national, and even international governments
intervene in the economy to various degrees, to accomplish goals that leaders deem
socially or economically desirable. These interventions include taxation and price
controls.
(2) What are some possible risks of privatizing basic services such as the
transportation infrastructure?
Some possible risks include that the private entities that are in control of
transportation infrastructure could sacrifice infrastructure quality and safety to
minimize costs and maximize profits. They may also be entities controlled by foreign
governments that may not be friendly towards the U.S. or even become hostile both
politically and militarily.
(1) What is your emotional reaction to the terms capitalism and socialism? Explain
why you feel the way you do.
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal opinions.
(2) Would you rather pay lower taxes and accept the fact that you need to pay for
many services such as health care and education, or pay higher taxes with the
assurance that the government will provide many basic services for you? Why?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3: Explain the interaction between demand and
supply.
Critical thinking:
(1) How does the interaction of demand and supply keep a market in balance, at least
approximately and temporarily?
The interaction of demand and supply keep a market in balance through the
equilibrium point.
(2) If the prices of complementary products for a given product go up, what effect is
this increase likely to have on demand for that product?

This increase will likely reduce the demand for that product.
(1) Are there any products or brands you are so loyal to that you will purchase them
at almost any price? Will you accept less-expensive substitutes?
(2) Have you ever purchased something simply because it was on sale? Why or why
not?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4: Identify four macroeconomic issues that are
essential to understanding the behavior of the economy.
Critical thinking:
(1) Are colleges and universities an example of pure competition or monopolistic
competition? Why?
They are monopolistic competition since they offer products that can be distinguished
from competing products in at least some small way, such as strengths in certain
majors or facilities.
(2) Are monopolies always harmful to consumers? Why or why not?
Not necessarily. There are some government sanctioned monopolies such as utilities
and the U.S. Postal Service, which are not really harmful to consumers.
(1) What state of the business cycle is the economy currently in? Is this influencing
your career plans?
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal experiences and opinions.
(2) Have you ever been unemployed (at a time when you were actively looking for
work)? Which of the four categories of unemployment would you have fallen under?
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal experiences and opinions.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5: Outline the debate over deregulation, and identify
four key roles that governments play in the economy.
Critical thinking:
(1) Would it be wise for the government to put price controls on college tuition? Why
or why not?
Students’ responses will vary depending on personal opinions as well as how much
of a role they think government should play in the economy.
(2) Under what conditions, if any, should the federal government step in to rescue
failing companies?
Students’ responses will vary depending on how much of a role they think
government should play in private industries.

Other documents randomly have
different content

against the sharp edge of the table leg and he bled profusely—but he
would have nothing done till he had finished his prayer. They bound
it up and he got home and never recovered.”
He was buried under the communion table of St. Paul’s. In 1781 his
successor, Rev. Samuel Fayerweather, was laid beside him. It is
believed that Dr. MacSparran had written a history of Narragansett,
but the manuscript was not found after his death. It may have
previously been sent to Ireland. He bequeathed his house and farm
to church purposes and the property became a glebe for the rectors
of St. Paul’s.
Sometime previous to his death he sent his diplomas as Master
and Doctor to Rev. Paul Limrick, a cousin in Ireland, requesting the
latter to have them registered in the parish registry of Dungiven. He
asked to have this done “not through vanity, but being a pilgrim on
earth and not knowing but my carcase may fall in a strange land, it
would be pleasing to me that my relations in time to come might be
able to speak of me with authority.”

MEN OF IRISH BLOOD WHO HAVE
ATTAINED DISTINCTION IN AMERICAN
JOURNALISM.
BY MICHAEL EDMUND HENNESSY.[21]
In journalism, as in every other walk of life, men of Irish blood are,
and have been, leaders of those who mould public opinion. As
American newspaper men, Irish-Americans have added new laurels
to the fair name of Erin’s sons. Irish in name, their intense
Americanism pervades every cosmopolitan journal from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and from the Canadian line to the Gulf of Mexico.
Irishmen were among the pioneers in the establishment of the
early American newspapers. It would, indeed, be interesting to follow
one by one, step by step, the career of the men of Irish blood who,
more than a hundred years ago, braved blind prejudice and
established newspapers which did so much for American freedom,
and later labored so hard for internal improvements, the developing
and the upbuilding of the great Republic.
Irishmen were among the first paper manufacturers in this
country. Many of them, prior to the Revolutionary War, were
engaged in the printing business. Naturally they drifted into
publishing newspapers. At the period immediately following the
Revolution, it is estimated by the census bureau that there were
published in the United States two hundred papers. Of these, it is
said, twenty-five were controlled by foreigners, and were, as a rule,
the most influential papers published, and were issued in the large
towns like Philadelphia, New York and Boston.

The election of John Adams as president, and the inauguration of
his federal policy, brought into being a strong opposition press,
which arrayed itself on the side of Thomas Jefferson. The editors of
that period, not unlike the politicians of their time, did not mince
matters. Their trenchant quills smote the Federalists with such force
that the administration of Mr. Adams deemed it necessary to pass a
law that would curb the spirit of the times and muzzle the opposition
press. The result was the enactment of the Alien and Sedition act.
The twenty-five papers which were controlled by the foreigners were
the special mark of the alien and sedition laws.
Appleton’s Encyclopedia, speaking on this subject, says:
“The apology for the sedition act was the unquestionable
licentiousness of the press, which, at that time, was chiefly controlled
by refugees and adventurists from Great Britain and Ireland.”
Lossing, in his United States History, says, “that outside of New
England, the most influential papers were controlled principally by
foreigners.”
The majority of the refugees and adventurists, so called, were men
of Irish blood; all of them men of learning, enterprise and push. They
hated the Federalists for their pro-English leanings, especially
President Adams, whom they believed to be friendly to England in
the contest against France. Several of them had had a taste of British
tyranny at home, and all were imbued with the spirit of ’98.
Among the very earliest newspaper enterprises was that of Hugh
Gaine in New York city. Gaine was a native of Ireland. He began his
new world career as a book-seller. In 1752 he commenced the
publication of the Mercury. Hudson, in his history of journalism in
the United States, says of the paper, that it was one of the best in all
the colonies in the collection of intelligence. Hugh Gaine prospered
as an editor, book-seller and publisher.
How noble was the attitude of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, who
lent his mighty influence to launching the Maryland Gazette. His
financial and moral aid made possible its vigorous contest for the
freedom of the colonies.
The alien and sedition act was particularly aimed at the Irishmen,
who, almost to a man, arrayed themselves under the broad banner of
Jefferson, the leader of the Republicans. The first man to suffer

under the alien and sedition laws was an Irishman, Congressman
Matthew Lyon of Vermont, a native of Wicklow, a printer, who
started the Farmer’s Library, and later issued the Fairhaven
Gazette. This “peppery, red-headed little Irishman,” as he was called
by his contemporaries, hated everything that had the odor of
Federalism about it, and for an article written by him, published in a
Vermont paper, reflecting on President John Adams, he was indicted
by the United States Court. A writer, speaking of the article for which
he was indicted, says that “the language was decidedly Lyonesque.”
He was fined $1,000 and imprisoned for three months. While in jail
he was reëlected to congress, and on his release would have been
rearrested on another charge under the same act, had he not availed
himself of his constitutional rights and declared that he was on his
way to Philadelphia to attend a sitting of Congress.
Lyon is remembered for his varied congressional life, and the
episode especially with Congressman Griswold of Connecticut.
Griswold referred to Lyon deprecatingly one day, and revived an old
story of alleged cowardice during the Revolutionary War, which his
political opponents used against him. The result was an exhibition of
old-time pugilism on the floor of congress. For this offence an
attempt was made to expel him from the house on two occasions, but
each time it failed for want of a two-thirds vote.
Lyon had the distinguished honor of having been elected as a
representative from three states to congress,—Vermont, Kentucky
and Arkansas. He learned the trade of a printer when a boy, ran away
from the old country and settled in Vermont. Governor Chittenden
took a great interest in the young Irish lad, and helped him in many
ways. He married a daughter of the governor’s, and engaged in the
manufacture of iron and paper. Becoming involved financially, in
trying to build a flotilla of gunboats on the Delaware for the infant
American navy, he moved to Kentucky, and there set up another
printing office, the first in the state. He was elected to Congress in
1804, serving until 1810.
He was the first delegate to Congress from Arkansas, having taken
up his residence in Little Rock, but he died before taking his seat. To
Matthew Lyon also belongs the distinguished honor of having cast
the vote of Vermont for Jefferson for president against Adams in that

critical period of American history, when the choice of president was
thrown into the house of representatives.
His son, Chittenden, was a prominent man of his day, a member of
congress, and took an active part in public affairs. In 1840 congress
refunded Matthew Lyon’s son the $1,000 fine imposed upon his
father under the alien and sedition act.
In Massachusetts, Attorney-General James Sullivan, afterward
congressman and governor, the son of Irish emigrants, wrote and
published a most able paper entitled, “A Dissertation on the
Constitutional Freedom of the Press,” severely arraigning the
sedition law. After enumerating the power of congress, Mr. Sullivan
said:
“It is very clear that, considering a libel as a private injury, the
congress can have no authority to enact a law for its definition or
punishment.... It went beyond what the constitution would warrant.”
In his final summing up, Attorney-General Sullivan said, “that a
reasonable, constitutional restraint, judicially exercised, is the only
way in which the freedom of the press can be preserved as an
invaluable privilege to the nation.”
The alien and sedition laws were soon effaced from the statute
books when the Democratic party came into power under Jefferson.
Inasmuch as these laws were aimed especially at the men of Irish
blood, who sought freedom at home in vain and came here to enjoy
it, it was especially fitting that an Irishman, Senator Smilie of South
Carolina, should introduce the bill for their repeal. He was chairman
of the committee on foreign affairs on the part of the senate.
John T. Morse, in his “American Statesmen” series, characterizes
the alien and sedition laws as the “two great blunders of the Federal
party,” and adds: “No one has ever been able heartily or successfully
to defend these foolish outbursts of ill-considered legislation.”
Another Irishman, John Daly Burk of The Time-Piece published in
New York city was arrested under the alien and sedition law. This
John Daly Burk had a most interesting history. He published the first
daily paper in Boston. Said to be of the same family as the great
Edmund Burke, he was expelled from Trinity College, Dublin, for
patriotic articles contributed to the Dublin Evening Post, a paper
which advocated the cause of the people against the rule of England.

The expulsion of young Burk from Trinity only rekindled his
patriotism and he rallied around the young band of patriots who
were getting ready for the uprising of ’98. A brother patriot was
being led to the gallows one day. As the procession passed Trinity’s
steps, where Burk, in company with about thirty young men, was
standing, he called out that if there was an Irishman in the crowd, to
follow him for the purpose of rescuing the prisoner. The attempt
proved unsuccessful. Burk escaped to a house where lived a woman
named Daly. She fitted him out in woman’s garb and in this disguise
he escaped from Ireland, making his way to America, landing in
Boston. Being without means and desiring to show his gratitude to
his protectress, Burk assumed her name, and ever after he signed
himself John Daly Burk.
Boston in those days was not a very hospitable town for an
Irishman to settle in, but Burk fought against great odds and
overcame what seemed to be insurmountable obstacles. On October
6, 1796, he issued the Polar Star and Daily Advertiser. It was the
first daily paper published in the town. It was printed by Alexander
Martin, at the corner of Water Street and Quaker Lane. Copies of the
paper are extant, and are well worth perusal. It had considerable
display advertising. It started out with a well written address to the
public on the advantages of a daily paper. Speaking of the policy of
the paper, the editor said: “It will have more frequent opportunities
of defending the great principles of American Independence;
encouraging the arts and chastising the enemies of the federal
constitution whatever mask they may wear or whatever
denomination they may assume.”
Further along in his address to the people, Burk apologized for
calling the residents of Boston his fellow-citizens, but, he added, he
was their fellow citizen, for the moment a stranger puts his foot on
American soil “his fetters,” to use his own language, “are rent to
pieces.”
In concluding his leading editorial, Burk said: “The Polar Star, like
a stern and impartial tribune of criticism, shall be open to reasoning
on both sides, but it will hear only reasoning. It will curb the spirit of
faction; silence the clamor of revenge and heal the wounds of the
unfortunate.”

Burk complained of the treatment accorded him by the other
Boston papers of the period. In a paragraph, one day, he called
attention to the fact that none deigned to notice the Polar Star, and
remarked that if its promoters had not taken the trouble to register
its birth in the temple of freedom, the world would not have been the
wiser.
In another issue, he calls attention to the fact that “a gentleman
possessing the wisdom of a Socrates,” declined to subscribe to his
paper, “because the editor was an Irishman.” The italics are Burk’s.
The Polar Star and Daily Advertiser gave each political party an
equal showing in its news columns, but its editor early incurred the
enmity of President Adams. Of the presidential canvass preceding
the election of John Adams, who was the candidate of the
Federalists, Editor Burk observed in his paper:
“We hope the future president will be as good a Republican as
Washington. Never has the venerable patriot been known to utter a
sentiment favorable to royalty. He ought to be a friend to the
revolution of Holland and France; he ought not to be willing to
divide the people by any distinction; Americans should have but one
denomination—the people.”
It would seem that President Adams kept a sharp eye on Burk
while in Boston. It was his intention, says Burk’s son in his memoirs
of his father, to hand the Boston editor over to the captain of a
British frigate lying in Boston harbor. Great Britain at that time was
claiming all her subjects, wherever found. Many an American vessel
was searched for escaped Irish patriots, and on this right of search,
the war of 1812 was waged. Had Burk ever been handed over to the
British captain, there is no doubt but that he would have been
hanged at the yard arm of the vessel. As it was, Burk was obliged to
flee from Boston, fearing surrender to the British, leaving his daily
paper on the hands of the printer, who soon afterwards abandoned it
and removed to Philadelphia, then the seat of the Federal
government.
It was Aaron Burr who gave Burk the first intimation of President
Adams’ intention to turn him over to the British authorities, and in
more ways than one Hamilton’s inveterate political enemy facilitated
Burk’s escape to New York, where he published The Time-Piece.

Thus, Boston lost a brilliant man and her first daily paper was
reluctantly abandoned after six months’ existence.
While in Boston, Burk married a widow named Curtis, formerly
Christine Borne. She bore him one son, John Junius Burk, who
became a distinguished jurist of Louisiana. Mrs. Curtis had two boys
by her first marriage. One of them married a sister of President John
Tyler. John Junius Burk left several accomplished children who were
justly proud of John Daly Burk, their grandfather, the pioneer of
Boston daily journalism. After his New York experience Burk took up
his residence among the Republicans of Virginia. Jefferson,
Randolph and other distinguished patriots were proud to have him
in their company. He wrote one of the best histories of Virginia
published, and took an active part in public matters, being in great
demand for public speaking.
In the Richmond Enquirer of May 27, 1808, were printed
proposals for publishing the ancient and modern music of Ireland,
by John McCreery and Skelton Jones. Burk wrote a fine essay on the
subject for the work. This book, it is said, suggested to Thomas
Moore his Irish melodies. Dr. Robinson, who wrote the preface to
McCreery’s work, was a classmate of Moore at Trinity College,
Dublin. Burk’s ending was dramatic. He was killed in a duel by a
Frenchman in Virginia in 1808. Although Burk was the publisher of
the first daily paper in Boston, the impartial historians of the Hub
dismiss him by a mere mention of his name when they condescend to
refer to his paper at all, but an honored son has preserved the
important facts of his distinguished and interesting career.
A most interesting character in pioneer journalism in America was
Andrew Brown, an Irishman who published the Federal Gazette in
Philadelphia. He, too, was a graduate of Trinity college. He came to
America when a young man, settled in Massachusetts, and fought on
the patriots’ side at Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill. He took an
active part in the campaigns of Generals Gates and Greene.
Brown’s paper was the first to publish reports of the doings of
Congress. He upheld the constitution when it was assailed, and
earned the gratitude of men no less distinguished than Washington.
Another of the early Irish-American publishers was John Dunlap
of the Pennsylvania Packet, the first daily published in America. He
was born in Strabane, Ireland, in 1747. He died in Philadelphia in

November, 1812. He was the first congressional printer, and acted as
such to the Continental Congress. His paper was first to print the
Declaration of Independence. He was an officer in the First
Philadelphia cavalry which acted as Washington’s body-guard at
Trenton and Princeton. Dunlap was an intense patriot, and during
the Revolutionary War contributed more than £4,000 to the support
of the Revolutionary army. He was a member of that noble band, the
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, of Philadelphia, which furnished more
field officers to the Revolutionary army and rendered more material
aid to the colonists in the struggle for independence than any other
single society.
Another prominent Philadelphia journalist of Irish birth was
Mathew Carey, a native of Dublin. He landed in Philadelphia
November 15, 1784. He had just been released from an English
prison for political offenses. Two months later he issued the
Philadelphia Herald. The Herald was the first paper to give correct
legislative reports of Congress, Carey acting as his own reporter. For
his vigorous opposition to English tyranny in his native land, he
found himself one day a prisoner behind the bars at Newgate.
Previous to this he was obliged to flee, for a vigorous use of his able
pen in behalf of Irish freedom. He went to Paris and there made the
acquaintance of the American minister, Benjamin Franklin, who
gave him employment as clerk in the American embassy. After a
year’s absence he returned to Dublin. He and Franklin were life-long
friends, and it was he, I believe, who remarked to Franklin one day,
that he agreed with the great philosopher in everything except
religion.
He remained at his post editing his paper during the yellow fever
epidemic in Philadelphia, when all other editors felt obliged to desert
their posts. He wrote and published much on economic and political
subjects. His articles on protection were translated into different
languages, and had a large sale. He fought a duel with Colonel
Oswald, editor of a rival journal, and was confined to his bed for
sixteen months, the result of wounds received from his antagonist.
Mathew Carey was the first publisher of an American history. It was
written by an Irish Presbyterian, Dr. Ramsay.
Perhaps the most interesting character among the Philadelphia
editors of Irish blood was William Duane. He was the editor of the

Aurora. Born in New York of Irish parents, he was sent to Ireland to
be educated, graduating at Trinity College with honors. In 1794 we
find him in India where he started a paper called the World and
accumulated quite a fortune. With his inherent love of freedom,
Duane championed the cause of the colonists against the East India
Company. He was invited to breakfast one day with the governor of
the colony, was arrested and sent to London in irons without any
explanation. After petitioning for redress he awaited the outcome.
Meanwhile he was employed editing the General Advertiser, which
was subsequently merged into the London Times.
In 1795 Duane gave up his hope of redress from the Company and
left London in disgust, coming to Philadelphia, where he became the
editor of the Aurora, the leading organ of the Democratic party. It
was to him that Jefferson attributed his election, owing to the
vigorous advocacy of his candidacy through the Aurora columns
which at that time was regarded as the most influential paper in
America. President Jefferson made him a lieutenant-colonel in 1805,
and during the war of 1812 he was adjutant-general of the army,
which afforded the editor of the Aurora an opportunity to retaliate
on his old enemy, England. The change of the seat of government
from Philadelphia to Washington, diminished the influence of his
paper, and later he retired from its editorship. He traveled much
after retirement from his editorial labors, and on his return from
abroad devoted himself to literary pursuits. He published a great
many works on military subjects.
His son, who was born in Ireland, was originally a printer and
paper dealer in Philadelphia. He studied law, was admitted to
practice and represented Philadelphia in the state legislature for
many years. He, like his father, took a deep interest in public
matters, especially the building up of the great common school
system of Philadelphia. He was his father’s right hand man in his
editorial labors and secretary of the treasury in 1833 under President
Jackson. He was removed from his position by the president after a
controversy, for his refusal to remove the deposits from the United
States bank during the exciting bank troubles. He was an author of
note and wrote much on political and economic subjects.
The Binns family who settled in Philadelphia at the close of the
eighteenth century were natives of Dublin. John and Benjamin were

printers. John was tried in England for “treason,” but escaped
punishment. Soon after his acquittal he was rearrested on a similar
charge and served three years in jail. He came to America in 1801. In
1802 he commenced the publication of the Republican Argus at
Northumberland, Penn., and in 1807 issued the Democratic Press at
Philadelphia. For many years it was a most influential paper. For
twenty years John Binn was an alderman of the city of Philadelphia,
and was always active in matters affecting his native land. He was the
first man to print an absolutely correct copy of the Declaration of
Independence. For this public service he received the thanks of John
Quincy Adams and General Lafayette. Appended to the copy of the
document was a fac simile of the signatures of the signers of the
immortal Declaration.
The proprietor of the New Jersey State Gazette which was
established in 1792, the first daily paper published in that state, was
William B. Kenny, the son of Irish parents. Under President Fillmore
he was American minister to Sardinia.
Dr. James Hagan, the fighting editor of the Vicksburg (Miss.)
Sentinel, was one of the earliest daily newspaper men in the South.
He was killed in the prime of life while on his way to his office one
day in 1842, by the editor of the Vicksburg Whig, with whom he had
had a controversy. Dr. Hagan’s associate in the enterprise was James
Ryan.
In the early life of the nineteenth century we find Henry O’Reilly
editing the New York Columbian. At seventeen he was editor of the
Patriot, ably advocating, in 1842, the election of DeWitt Clinton, an
Irish immigrant’s son, as governor of the Empire state. In 1826 the
Rochester Daily Advertiser was issued and was the first daily
between the Hudson river and the Pacific Ocean. O’Reilly was then
only twenty-one years old, but was considered one of the ablest men
in his profession at that time. He was a great advocate of the canal
system of New York and was always ready to defend it from the
attacks of designing politicians. He was one of the foremost
champions of the great common school system of his state. To him
belongs the credit of the establishment of the State Agricultural
college. Almost every state in the Union has followed New York’s
lead in this matter. As a promoter of the infant telegraph business,
Mr. O’Reilly is acknowledged to have been the foremost man in the

matter, assisting Morse with his pen and money. No man had more
influence than O’Reilly throughout the state, and at the breaking out
of the Rebellion he did yeoman service for the Union cause. He died
in 1867, loved and respected by all.
William Cassidy, the son of Irish parents, was born in Albany, N.
Y., in 1815. His father was a great friend of DeWitt Clinton, the
governor of New York. Cassidy was the editor of the Albany Atlas
and Argus which were united in 1856, taking the name of the Argus.
From that date the Albany Argus has been one of the leading papers
of New York state. Cassidy was a fine classical scholar, and for many
years secretary of the Democratic state committee. He was a noted
platform builder and often helped his party out of trying positions.
James McCarroll was a noted journalist of his day. He was born in
the county Longford, Ireland, came to this country when a young
man, and in 1845 was a proprietor of the Peterboro Chronicle. Later
in life he was engaged as a musical and dramatic critic on New York
daily papers. His father fell, fighting bravely for the Union, at
Antietam.
Who is there that does not recall Fitz James O’Brien and his
heroism on Union battlefields, that won him the official praise of two
great generals? He lived a newspaper man, a poet, and a writer of
preëminent ability. He died a Union soldier. He gave his life to his
adopted country freely and without price. A record of heroic deeds
on the battlefields survives him. Of him, suffice it to say, that during
his ten years’ residence in America, this adopted citizen brought out
some of the most brilliant writings of their class published. He died
in Virginia, an aide in the staff of General Landers, from the effects of
a wound received in a charge he led, and lies buried in Greenwood
cemetery, New York, in an honored grave.
The mention of poor O’Brien recalls to mind Charles Dawson
Shanley, another Irishman, who died in 1875. For eighteen years Mr.
Shanley occupied a prominent place in American journalism, having
been connected with several New York newspapers as editor and
contributor. His poems and novels still delight the lover of realistic
beauty. His old friend, William Winter, paid this tribute to him in the
columns of the New York Tribune, April 19, 1875: “There is no one of
the busy workers in journalism who will not be benefited by

reflection upon a character so pure and simple, a life so industrious,
useful and blameless, and an end so tranquil.”
Col. James Mulligan once edited a Chicago paper. General Thomas
Francis Meagher, of ’48 fame, was editing the Irish News in New
York at the breaking out of the Rebellion of ’61.
Robert S. McKenzie, a native of Limerick, Ireland, a graduate of
Fermoy, was noted for his literary work, and was engaged in general
newspaper correspondence for many years.
One of the most successful journalists of Irish blood was Thomas
Kinsella, editor of the Brooklyn Eagle. Mr. Kinsella was born in
Ireland in 1832, learned his trade as a printer and in 1861 was editing
the Brooklyn Eagle. He was postmaster at Brooklyn, member of
Congress, one of the original Brooklyn bridge trustees, and at one
time president of the St. Patrick club of Brooklyn.
In Indiana, no two newspaper men of their time were better
known than Thomas and John Dowling in the early part of the
nineteenth century.
A son of Judge John D. Phelan of Tennessee, who graduated with
high honor at Nashville University, started a Democratic paper in
Huntersville, conducting it with success. Editor Phelan was a leading
figure in politics and at his death was a judge of the supreme court of
Tennessee.
Michael Burnham was the name of the man, who, when the
century was young, issued the New York Post and Herald.
Although the founder of the New York Herald, James Gordon
Bennett, was of Scotch birth, his mother was an Irishwoman, being
the descendant of an old and honorable Dublin family. Mr. Bennett
studied for the priesthood in the old country, but soon abandoned
the idea, came to Boston where he read proof for a while, and after a
varied experience in newspaper life settled in New York and in 1835
started the New York Herald.
James Gordon Bennett’s great competitor, Horace Greeley, of the
New York Tribune, was a New Hampshire boy, born of Irish parents
in the town of Amherst. No man carried more influence than
Greeley, and in the days of the war and the decade following it the
Tribune was a great power in national politics.

One of the foremost newspaper men of the South was the late
United States Senator Patrick Walsh of Georgia. He was a native of
Limerick. He came to America with his parents when a child. He was
a hard worker in his youth and earned enough money sticking type to
pay his way at Georgetown college. He was at college when his
adopted state seceded and he went home to join the Meagher Guard,
an Irish company attached to the first regiment of South Carolina.
He had filled every position on the paper, and in 1873 became one of
the owners of the Augusta Chronicle.
Few journalists in America occupy the high position in their
profession that Col. Alexander Kelly McClure, who, with the
McLaughlin brothers, started the Philadelphia Times, one of the
leading papers in the country to-day. Mr. McClure comes from the
Pennsylvania Irish which has furnished so many remarkable men in
American history. He has been an important factor in journalism for
nearly half a century now and counts among his nearest friends the
leading men of the nation. He was particularly prominent in the War
of the Rebellion and was on the most intimate terms with President
Lincoln.
As a war correspondent Joseph B. McCullagh, late editor of the St.
Louis Globe-Democrat, had few equals. He was a native of Dublin,
which he early left, coming to America when a boy. He had a varied
and successful newspaper career. He was in the Wilderness with
Grant and with Sherman on his march to the sea. In his campaign
with Grant a friendship was formed which lasted until the death of
the hero of the Rebellion.
One of the leading newspaper men of Pittsburg to-day is Thomas
J. Keenan, the son of an Irish-American soldier distinguished for his
bravery. Mr. Keenan recently gave a $30,000 home to the newsboys
of Pittsburg.
Thomas Fitzgerald, for many years connected with the New York
Commercial Advertiser, and the Item, of Philadelphia, which he
founded, was in his day one of the leaders in American journalism.
He died in 1891, after turning his paper over to his son. He was a
noted dramatist, and during the War of the Rebellion was an intense
patriot. He was a noted public speaker. Charles Sumner said of a
speech of his delivered in Boston, that it was one of the best
extemporaneous addresses he had ever listened to.

At the head of the Scranton (Pa.) Truth is James Joseph Jordan,
born of Irish parents, while the Farrells of Albany, N. Y., are also
well-known and influential in the newspaper world.
The late Joseph Medill, of Chicago, the son of Irish parents, made
the Chicago Tribune a great newspaper. He ranked with Charles A.
Dana of the N. Y. Sun.
Thomas O’Conor, the father of New York’s greatest jurist, Charles
O’Conor, was among the best known and gifted newspaper men in
the early ’40’s.
Theodore O’Hara, the gifted poet of the South, was a newspaper
man of wide experience. Himself a Kentucky soldier, he wrote the
beautiful poem entitled “The Bivouac of the Dead,” when the remains
of the Kentucky soldiers who fell at Buena Vista in the Mexican War
were brought home to their native state. Lines from his poems are
inscribed over the entrances of several of the national cemeteries. By
a resolution of the Kentucky legislature, his remains were conveyed
from Georgia, where he died, to his native state and they now lie
beside those whom he had commemorated in his beautiful lines, and
beside whom he had fought the battles of his country.
Daniel Kane O’Donnell as an all round newspaper man and a war
correspondent, had few equals. He represented the Philadelphia
Press on Sherman’s march to the sea. After the war he became
connected with the New York Tribune, and was made correspondent
of the paper in Mexico, and later in Cuba, his interesting letters
attracting world-wide attention. Subsequently, he returned to the
home office and was given charge of the foreign affairs of the paper.
At the head of the war correspondents of the Orient and Europe
stands Januarius Aloysius McGahan, an Irish-American journalist.
His first notable newspaper connection was as the Paris
correspondent of the New York Herald. McGahan was about to
return from Europe after a course in international law, when he was
retained by Mr. Bennett as the Herald correspondent.
He overtook the retreating Frenchmen at Bordeaux and
accompanied them to Lyons, sending graphic dispatches to his paper
in the form of interviews with the leaders of all parties. This
surprised the European newspapers, as it was the introduction of
newspaper interviewing in the old world. He was the only

correspondent who remained in Paris during the commune, and kept
the readers of the Herald thoroughly informed as to what was going
on in the turbulent French capital. He was arrested by the French
government for intimacy with the rebels, but through the
intercession of the American minister was released.
After this he was made correspondent at St. Petersburg by the
Herald, and was on the most intimate terms with the czar. He was at
the bombardment of Khiva, and in 1874 reported the Carlist war,
living in the saddle and being frequently under fire. To follow
McGahan would require a whole evening. He continued to be the
most renowned correspondent of his day, and died of fever at his
post of duty during the Bulgarian war in 1875.
Another famous New York Herald war correspondent was James
O’Kelly, who made a world-wide reputation in his dispatches from
Cuba in the early ’70’s. Born in Ireland, a French soldier in Mexico,
he came to America and engaged in the newspaper business,
becoming an attache of the New York Herald. He was condemned to
death for his part in the Cuban insurrection, but was saved that fate
by the state department. After his release he returned to Ireland, and
was elected to parliament on entering politics.
It was Daniel O’Neil, a native of Wexford, who started the
Pittsburg Dispatch, one of the leading papers of the West to-day. His
brother, Eugene O’Neil, is now the editor.
Ex-Mayor Hugh O’Brien, of Boston, scored a signal success as a
journalist.
James McConnell, who died recently, was one of the best known
newspaper men of Philadelphia. He learned to set type at the case
adjoining that of the late John Russell Young. Later, he became
proofreader on the Philadelphia Press, then owned by John Forney.
He became night editor, and during the Civil War war correspondent
of that paper. When John Russell Young became managing editor of
the New York Tribune under Horace Greeley, Mr. McConnell came
to New York and while with the Tribune was successively day editor,
Albany correspondent, traveling political correspondent, night editor
and political editor in the office. After serving the Tribune he went to
Philadelphia and associated himself with the Evening Star, and at
the time of his death was managing editor of the Star.

Add to this already remarkable list, a Grady in the South, a Blaine
in the North. Nothing that I might say regarding these distinguished
men of Irish origin would add to the already large stock of knowledge
possessed by the public concerning them. Their names are household
words. They lived but as yesterday. Their influence is still felt.
In treating a subject of this character one could hardly forget the
debt of gratitude the Irish people in America owe to Patrick
Donahoe, the venerable founder of the Boston Pilot, and his brilliant
and scholarly successor as editor of that paper, the lamented John
Boyle O’Reilly. Coming down to the present time, we would not be
doing justice to ourselves did we not pause in admiration of the
present gifted editor of the Pilot, James Jeffrey Roche, and also of
Stephen O’Meara, the manager of the Boston Journal. Time permits
only a passing notice of these brilliant lights in American journalism.
In this hasty review of the men of Irish blood who have taken such an
active part in American newspaper work, I doubt not that many
worthy men have escaped notice. It is inevitable in such an
undertaking. Experience teaches that if one were to put the works on
the Irish in America together, something and somebody would be
missing.
Enough has been shown to establish the fact that Irishmen by
birth or blood may justly claim a large share of putting the American
newspaper on its feet, so to speak. This is not said in any boastful
vein. The only desire is to show that in the building up of this great
industry Irishmen did their share of the work. Effort has been made
to keep within the bounds of actual facts, most of them being
obtained from unwilling witnesses, men who, when they are forced
to include in their chronicles men of our race, endeavor oftentimes to
make them out “Scotch-Irish.”
Men like Burk, Carey, Dunlap, Brown and Duane may have been
“adventurists and refugees.” God grant us more such “adventurists
and refugees,” for they lived useful lives here. They left their imprint
on the land. The historian who would apply the term “adventurists
and refugees” to such men should reflect that, had the American
cause failed, Washington, Adams, Jefferson and many other patriots
would have come within their term of “adventurists and refugees,”
and probably would have been seeking liberty elsewhere, as were
these men, far from the land of their nativity.

These pioneers in American journalism came here,
“Where no caste barrier stays the poor man’s son,
Till step by step the topmost height is won;
Where every hand subscribes to every rule,
And free as air are voice, and vote, and school.”
“They may sleep in their silent tomb,” to quote the words of
Thomas D’Arcy Magee, another brilliant Irish-American journalist,
“but the remembrance of their virtue will be cherished while liberty
is dear to the American heart.”
A distinguished man, Gen. Patrick A. Collins, once observed that of
all the brilliant Irishmen he ever knew—and he has known many—
John Boyle O’Reilly and D’Arcy Magee could do more things and do
them better than any of their contemporaries.

IRISH PIONEERS AND BUILDERS OF
KENTUCKY.
BY HON. JOHN C. LINEHAN.[22]
The number of distinctive Irish names met in looking over the
early records of North Carolina, Virginia, South Carolina, and
Kentucky is simply wonderful. When are added to them the names
more distinctively Scotch, but fully as Gaelic in origin as the Irish,
one is justified in believing what Ramsay wrote in 1789, that:
“The colonies which now form the United States may be
considered as Europe transplanted. Ireland, England, Scotland,
France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Sweden, Poland, and Italy
furnished the original stock of the present population and have been
supposed to contribute to it in the order enumerated. For the last
seventy or eighty years no nation has contributed so much to the
population of America as Ireland.”[23]
Dr. Hart and William Coomes were the first Catholic settlers in
Kentucky, locating in Harrodsburgh in 1775. The doctor was the first
medical practitioner in the state, as Mrs. Coomes was the first
teacher. This credit is given them in Collins’ History of Kentucky.
Among the fortified stations or forts built for protection from the
Indians by the early settlers, not a few bore names familiar to Irish
ears, denoting the presence of many of the old race.
Among them may be mentioned Bryan’s Station, Dougherty’s
Station, Drennan’s Lick, Feagan’s Station, Finn’s Station, Fleming’s
Station, Hart’s Station, Higgins’ Block House, Irish Station, Lynch’s
Station, Logan’s Fort, McAfee’s Station, McFadden’s Station,
McGee’s Station, Sullivan’s Old Station, Sullivan’s New Station,
Sullivan’s Station, Daniel Sullivan’s Station, McGuire’s Station,

McCormack’s Station, McKeenan’s Station, McConnell’s Station,
Kennedy’s Station, Givin’s Station, McKinley’s Station, McMillan’s
Station, Owen’s Station, Kilgore Station, Hoy Station, Kinchelloe’s
Station and Gilmore’s Station.
Ten Kentucky counties bear Irish names: Adair, Butler, Logan,
Hart, Montgomery, McCracken, Boyle, Carroll, Rowan, and Casey.
John Carty, the most successful merchant in Lexington, was the son
of John Carty, a native of Ireland who went early to Kentucky from
New Jersey; and General James Morrison, for many years one of the
leading men of the state, was the son of another Irish emigrant.
As late as 1840, among the surviving veterans of the Revolutionary
War residing in Kentucky were the following:
James McElroy,
Andrew Linam,
James McElhaney,
Michael Moore,
William Brady,
George Bryan,
Edward McConnell,
Michael Smith,
Michael Freeman,
John Hart,
Joseph Dunn,
William De Courcey,
David Driscoll,
John Short,
John Dehan,
Richard Wade,
Randall Haley,
Cornelius Sullivan,

Hugh Drennon,
Patrick McCann,
E. Madden,
John Burke,
David Kennedy,
Timothy Logan,
John Slavin,
James Logan,
John Martin,
John Herron,
Patrick Marvin,
Michael Hargan,
Daniel Bryan,
John Carroll,
John McGee,
John Murphy,
Joseph Casey,
Richard Bellew,
John Keen,
Stephen Collins,
William Lyons,
Jacob Dooly,
William Kelly,
Charles Hart,
William Conner,
Daniel McCarthy,
James Fitzpatrick,

Robert Burke,
John Reilly,
John Mahon,
Martin Hughes,
Joseph Sweeney,
Thomas Laughlan,
John Adair,
Patrick Coyle,
Dennis Dailey,
John McQuilty,
William Devine,
John Mitchel,
Gen. Richard Butler,
Maj. John Finley,
Col. James Morrison.
The following served in the several companies named, during the
Revolution, on detached service, mainly against the Indians, who
were the auxiliaries of the British:
In Captain Bourman’s company,—William Barry, Edward Bulger,
Patrick Doran, Isaac McBride, Robert McClanahan, Edward Murray,
Joseph Michael and Thomas Pendergast.
Captain Logan’s company,—Capt. Benj. Logan, Lieut. John Logan,
William Casey, George Flynn, Bartholomew Fenton, Stephen
Houston, John McCormack, John McElhone, James McElwain, John
McKaine, Archibald Mahone, William Neal.
Captain Harrod’s company,—Daniel Driskill, John Conway,
Patrick McGee, John Lewis, William Smiley, James Sullivan, James
Welch.
Captain Boyle’s company,—Capt. John Boyle, Barney Boyle, Elisha
Clary, James Coyle, Owen Devine, Peter Higgins, Robert Moore,
William Rowan, Dennis Devine.

Captain Holder’s company,—James Barry, James Bryan, John
Butler, William Collins, William McGee, Hugh Ross.
Captain Boone’s company,—John Butler, Patrick Ryan, Morgan
Hughes, John McFadden.
An idea can be formed of the Irish blood in Kentucky during those
stirring times, from the character of the names given. Nearly all the
great Gaelic family names are represented, and the absence of
Scriptural (Old Testament) names, so common among those of the
Presbyterian and Congregational denominations, indicates that these
men were of Catholic stock when they, or their fathers, immigrated.
The first settlers of the “Blue Grass” state were from Virginia, North
Carolina and Pennsylvania,—nearly all of this stock, which no doubt
accounts for the gallantry and beauty of the modern Kentuckians,
men and women, and the superior quality of the whiskey and horses,
for the usquebaugh, or “mountain dew,” was first distilled in Ireland,
and when first tasted by the sluggish Saxons, the effect was such on
their thick blood, muddied by beer, that they considered it good not
only as a beverage, but as “cure-all” for medicinal purposes.
James McBride, an Irishman, has the credit of being the first white
man to enter the territory, “paddling his canoe up the Kentucky river
in 1745.” Twenty years later Col. George Croghan, the well-known
Indian agent of the same stock, was at Shawane town, on the Ohio
river.
When Daniel Boone left North Carolina for Kentucky in 1769, he
was accompanied by James Mooney, John Stewart, Joseph Holden,
John Findlay and William Cool, all but the leader being of Irish
stock.
In 1775, James, George and Robert McAfee, and James McCowen
went to the territory on a surveying tour. In 1778 Capt. James
Grattan, John Tuel and John McManus were among those who laid
the permanent foundation of the city of Louisville. Bryan’s station
was one of the earliest garrisons for protection against the Indians,
and two of the prominent Indian fighters were Captains Orr and
Shannon.
Captain Flynn was one of the founders of the town of Columbia,
1787, and Dr. John Connelly was agent in 1778 for the British
government in the territory. The first newspaper established

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