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C Programming Program Design Including Data
Structures 5th Edition D. S. Malik Digital Instant
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Author(s): D. S. Malik
ISBN(s): 9780538798099, 0538798092
Edition: 5th
File Details: PDF, 20.12 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english

C++ PROGRAMMING:
PROGRAM DESIGN INCLUDING DATA STRUCTURES
FIFTH EDITION
D.S. MALIK
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D.S. Malik
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

PREFACE xxv
1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1
2. Basic Elements of C++ 27
3. Input/Output 117
4. Control Structures I (Selection) 175
5. Control Structures II (Repetition) 247
6. User-Defined Functions I 319
7. User-Defined Functions II 361
8. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces,
and the string Type 433
9. Arrays and Strings 485
10. Records (structs) 563
11. Classes and Data Abstraction 601
12. Inheritance and Composition 675
13. Pointers, Classes, Virtual Functions, Abstract Classes, and Lists 745
14. Overloading and Templates 827
15. Exception Handling 919
16. Recursion 959
17. Linked Lists 991
18. Stacks and Queues 1083
BRIEF CONTENTS

19. Searching and Sorting Algorithms 1183
20. Binary Trees 1265
21. Graphs 1321
22. Standard Template Library (STL) 1361
APPENDIX A Reserved Words 1477
APPENDIX B Operator Precedence 1479
APPENDIX C Character Sets 1481
APPENDIX D Operator Overloading 1485
APPENDIX E Additional C++ Topics 1487
APPENDIX F Header Files 1509
APPENDIX G Memory Size on a System and Random
Number Generator 1519
APPENDIX H References 1521
APPENDIX I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1523
INDEX 1555
iv | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xxv
AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES 1
Introduction 2
A Brief Overview of the History of Computers 2
Elements of a Computer System 3
Hardware 4
Central Processing Unit and Main Memory 4
Input /Output Devices 5
Software 6
The Language of a Computer 6
The Evolution of Programming Languages 8
Processing a C++ Program 10
Programming with the Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle 12
Programming Methodologies 20
Structured Programming 20
Object-Oriented Programming 20
ANSI/ISO Standard C++ 22
Quick Review 22
Exercises 23
BASIC ELEMENTS OF C++ 27
A C++ Program 28
The Basics of a C++ Program 31
Comments 32
Special Symbols 32
1
2

Reserved Words (Keywords) 33
Identifiers 33
Whitespaces 34
Data Types 35
Simple Data Types 35
Floating-Point Data Types 38
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence 39
Order of Precedence 43
Expressions 44
Mixed Expressions 45
Type Conversion (Casting) 47
string Type 49
Input 50
Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables 50
Putting Data into Variables 53
Assignment Statement 53
Saving and Using the Value of an Expression 56
Declaring and Initializing Variables 57
Input (Read) Statement 58
Variable Initialization 61
Increment and Decrement Operators 65
Output 67
Preprocessor Directives 75
namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program 76
Using the string Data Type in a Program 76
Creating a C++ Program 77
Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors 80
Program Style and Form 84
Syntax 84
Use of Blanks 85
Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas 85
Semantics 85
Naming Identifiers 85
Prompt Lines 86
Documentation 87
Form and Style 87
More on Assignment Statements 89
Programming Example: Convert Length 91
vi | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Programming Example: Make Change 94
Quick Review 98
Exercises 100
Programming Exercises 109
INPUT/OUTPUT 117
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 118
cin and the Extraction Operator 119
Using Predefined Functions in a Program 124
cin and the get Function 127
cin and the ignore Function 128
The putback and peek Functions 130
The Dot Notation between I/O Stream Variables
and I/O Functions: A Precaution 132
Input Failure 133
The clear Function 135
Output and Formatting Output 137
setprecision Manipulator 137
fixed Manipulator 138
showpoint Manipulator 139
setw 142
Additional Output Formatting Tools 144
setfill Manipulator 144
left and right Manipulators 146
Input/Output and the string Type 148
Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors
and Debugging with cout Statements 149
File Input/Output 152
Programming Example: Movie Tickets Sale and Donation to Charity 156
Programming Example: Student Grade 162
Quick Review 165
Exercises 166
CONTROL STRUCTURES I (SELECTION) 175
Control Structures 176
Relational Operators 177
Relational Operators and Simple Data Types 178
3
4
Table of Contents | vii

Comparing Characters 179
Relational Operators and the string Type 180
Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 182
Order of Precedence 184
int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 187
bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 188
Selection: if and if...else 188
One-Way Selection 189
Two-Way Selection 191
Compound (Block of) Statements 195
Multiple Selections: Nested if 195
Comparing if...else Statements with a Series of if Statements 198
Short-Circuit Evaluation 199
Comparing Floating-Point Numbers for Equality: A Precaution 200
Associativity of Relational Operators: A Precaution 201
Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood
Concepts and Techniques 203
Input Failure and the if Statement 206
Confusion between the Equality Operator (==) and
the Assignment Operator (=) 209
Conditional Operator (?:) 211
Program Style and Form (Revisited): Indentation 211
Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program 212
switch Structures 215
Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood Concepts
and Techniques (Revisited) 221
Terminating a Program with the assert Function 223
Programming Example: Cable Company Billing 225
Quick Review 231
Exercises 232
CONTROL STRUCTURES II (REPETITION) 247
Why Is Repetition Needed? 248
while Looping (Repetition) Structure 249
Designing while Loops 251
Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops 252
Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops 255
5
viii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops 259
Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops 263
eof Function 263
More on Expressions in while Statements 268
Programming Example: Fibonacci Number 269
for Looping (Repetition) Structure 273
Programming Example: Classifying Numbers 281
do...while Looping (Repetition) Structure 284
Choosing the Right Looping Structure 289
break and continue Statements 289
Nested Control Structures 291
Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches 296
Debugging Loops 299
Quick Review 300
Exercises 301
USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS I 319
Predefined Functions 320
User-Defined Functions 324
Value-Returning Functions 324
Syntax: Value-Returning Functions 326
Syntax: Formal Parameter List 326
Function Call 326
Syntax: Actual Parameter List 327
return Statement 327
Syntax: return Statement 327
Function Prototype 331
Syntax: Function Prototype 332
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarity 333
More Examples of Value-Returning Functions 335
Flow of Execution 340
Programming Example: Largest Number 341
Programming Example: Cable Company 343
Quick Review 349
Exercises 350
6
Table of Contents | ix

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS II 361
Void Functions 362
Value Parameters 367
Reference Variables as Parameters 368
Calculate Grade 369
Value and Reference Parameters and Memory Allocation 372
Reference Parameters and Value-Returning Functions 382
Scope of an Identifier 382
Global Variables, Named Constants, and Side Effects 386
Static and Automatic Variables 391
Debugging: Using Drivers and Stubs 392
Function Overloading: An Introduction 395
Functions with Default Parameters 396
Programming Example: Classify Numbers 399
Programming Example: Data Comparison 404
Quick Review 414
Exercises 416
USER-DEFINED SIMPLE DATA TYPES, NAMESPACES,
AND THE string TYPE 433
Enumeration Type 434
Declaring Variables 436
Assignment 436
Operations on Enumeration Types 437
Relational Operators 437
Input /Output of Enumeration Types 438
Functions and Enumeration Types 440
Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type 442
Anonymous Data Types 442
typedef Statement 443
Programming Example: The Game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors 444
Namespaces 452
string Type 458
Additional string Operations 461
Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings 471
7
8
x | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Quick Review 475
Exercises 477
ARRAYS AND STRINGS 485
Arrays 487
Accessing Array Components 488
Processing One-Dimensional Arrays 491
Array Index Out of Bounds 494
Array Initialization During Declaration 495
Partial Initialization of Arrays During Declaration 496
Some Restrictions on Array Processing 496
Arrays as Parameters to Functions 497
Constant Arrays as Formal Parameters 498
Base Address of an Array and Array in Computer Memory 501
Functions Cannot Return a Value of the Type Array 503
Integral Data Type and Array Indices 506
Other Ways to Declare Arrays 507
Searching an Array for a Specific Item 507
C-Strings (Character Arrays) 510
String Comparison 512
Reading and Writing Strings 514
String Input 514
String Output 515
Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time 516
string Type and Input/Output Files 516
Parallel Arrays 517
Two- and Multidimensional Arrays 518
Accessing Array Components 520
Two-Dimensional Array Initialization During Declaration 521
Two-Dimensional Arrays and Enumeration Types 521
Initialization 524
Print 525
Input 525
Sum by Row 525
Sum by Column 526
Largest Element in Each Row and Each Column 526
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Parameters to Functions 527
9
Table of Contents | xi

Arrays of Strings 530
Arrays of Strings and the string Type 530
Arrays of Strings and C-Strings (Character Arrays) 530
Another Way to Declare a Two-Dimensional Array 531
Multidimensional Arrays 532
Programming Example: Code Detection 534
Programming Example: Text Processing 540
Quick Review 547
Exercises 548
RECORDS (structS) 563
Records (structs) 564
Accessing struct Members 566
Assignment 568
Comparison (Relational Operators) 569
Input /Output 570
struct Variables and Functions 570
Arrays versus structs 571
Arrays in structs 572
structs in Arrays 574
structs within a struct 576
Programming Example: Sales Data Analysis 580
Quick Review 594
Exercises 594
CLASSES AND DATA ABSTRACTION 601
Classes 602
Unified Modeling Language Class Diagrams 606
Variable (Object) Declaration 606
Accessing Class Members 607
Built-in Operations on Classes 608
Assignment Operator and Classes 609
Class Scope 609
Functions and Classes 610
Reference Parameters and Class Objects (Variables) 610
10
11
xii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Implementation of Member Functions 611
Accessor and Mutator Functions 616
Order of public and private Members of a Class 619
Constructors 621
Invoking a Constructor 623
Invoking the Default Constructor 623
Invoking a Constructor with Parameters 623
Constructors and Default Parameters 626
Classes and Constructors: A Precaution 626
Arrays of Class Objects (Variables) and Constructors 627
Destructors 629
Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types 630
A struct Versus a class 632
Information Hiding 633
Executable Code 637
Static Members of a Class 643
Programming Example: Candy Machine 649
Quick Review 663
Exercises 665
INHERITANCE AND COMPOSITION 675
Inheritance 676
Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions
of the Base Class 679
Constructors of Derived and Base Classes 686
Destructors in a Derived Class 694
Multiple Inclusions of a Header File 695
C++ Stream Classes 696
Protected Members of a Class 698
Inheritance as public, protected, or private 698
Composition (Aggregation) 702
Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 707
Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations 709
Programming Example: Grade Report 710
Quick Review 731
Exercises 732
12
Table of Contents | xiii

POINTERS, CLASSES, VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS,
ABSTRACT CLASSES, AND LISTS 745
Pointer Data Type and Pointer Variables 746
Declaring Pointer Variables 746
Address of Operator () 747
Dereferencing Operator (*) 748
Classes, Structs, and Pointer Variables 752
Initializing Pointer Variables 755
Dynamic Variables 755
Operator new 756
Operator delete 757
Operations on Pointer Variables 759
Dynamic Arrays 761
Functions and Pointers 764
Pointers and Function Return Values 764
Dynamic Two-Dimensional Arrays 765
Shallow versus Deep Copy and Pointers 768
Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities 770
Destructor 770
Assignment Operator 772
Copy Constructor 773
Inheritance, Pointers, and Virtual Functions 780
Classes and Virtual Destructors 787
Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 787
Array Based Lists 796
Unordered Lists 803
Ordered Lists 807
Address of Operator and Classes 809
Quick Review 812
Exercises 815
OVERLOADING AND TEMPLATES 827
Why Operator Overloading Is Needed 828
Operator Overloading 829
Syntax for Operator Functions 830
13
14
xiv | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Overloading an Operator: Some Restrictions 830
Pointer this 831
Friend Functions of Classes 836
Operator Functions as Member Functions and
Nonmember Functions 839
Overloading Binary Operators 842
Overloading the Stream Insertion () and
Extraction () Operators 848
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=) 853
Overloading Unary Operators 861
Operator Overloading: Member versus Nonmember 867
Classes and Pointer Member Variables (Revisited) 868
Operator Overloading: One Final Word 868
Programming Example: Clock Type 868
Programming Example: Complex Numbers 877
Overloading the Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([]) 882
Programming Example: newString 884
Function Overloading 890
Templates 891
Function Templates 891
Class Templates 893
Array-Based Lists (Revisited) 896
Quick Review 902
Exercises 905
EXCEPTION HANDLING 919
Handling Exceptions within a Program 920
C++ Mechanisms of Exception Handling 924
try/catch Block 924
Using C++ Exception Classes 931
Creating Your Own Exception Classes 935
Rethrowing and Throwing an Exception 941
Exception-Handling Techniques 946
Terminate the Program 946
Fix the Error and Continue 946
Log the Error and Continue 948
15
Table of Contents | xv

Stack Unwinding 948
Quick Review 952
Exercises 954
RECURSION 959
Recursive Definitions 960
Direct and Indirect Recursion 963
Infinite Recursion 963
Problem Solving Using Recursion 964
Tower of Hanoi: Analysis 973
Recursion or Iteration? 974
Programming Example: Converting a Number from
Binary to Decimal 975
Programming Example: Converting a Number from
Decimal to Binary 979
Quick Review 982
Exercises 983
LINKED LISTS 991
Linked Lists 992
Linked Lists: Some Properties 993
Deletion 999
Building a Linked List 1000
Linked List as an ADT 1005
Structure of Linked List Nodes 1006
Member Variables of the class linkedListType 1006
Linked List Iterators 1007
Print the List 1013
Length of a List 1013
Retrieve the Data of the First Node 1014
Retrieve the Data of the Last Node 1014
Begin and End 1014
Copy the List 1015
Destructor 1016
Overloading the Assignment Operator 1017
16
17
xvi | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

Unordered Linked Lists 1017
Search the List 1018
Insert the First Node 1019
Insert the Last Node 1020
Header File of the Unordered Linked List 1025
Ordered Linked Lists 1026
Insert a Node 1028
Insert First and Insert Last 1032
Delete a Node 1033
Header File of the Ordered Linked List 1034
Print a Linked List in Reverse Order
(Recursion Revisited) 1037
printListReverse 1039
Doubly Linked Lists 1040
Default Constructor 1043
isEmptyList 1043
Destroy the List 1043
Initialize the List 1044
Length of the List 1044
Print the List 1044
Reverse Print the List 1044
First and Last Elements 1045
Circular Linked Lists 1051
Programming Example: Video Store 1052
Quick Review 1072
Exercises 1072
STACKS AND QUEUES 1083
Stacks 1084
Stack Operations 1086
Implementation of Stacks as Arrays 1088
Initialize Stack 1091
Empty Stack 1092
Full Stack 1092
18
Table of Contents | xvii

Push 1092
Return the Top Element 1094
Pop 1094
Copy Stack 1096
Constructor and Destructor 1096
Stack Header File 1098
Programming Example: Highest GPA 1102
Linked Implementation of Stacks 1106
Default Constructor 1109
Empty Stack and Full Stack 1109
Initialize Stack 1110
Push 1110
Return the Top Element 1112
Pop 1112
Copy Stack 1114
Constructors and Destructors 1115
Stack as Derived from the class
unorderedLinkedList 1118
Application of Stacks: Postfix Expressions Calculator 1119
Main Algorithm 1122
Function evaluateExpression 1122
Function evaluateOpr 1124
Function discardExp 1126
Function printResult 1126
Removing Recursion: Nonrecursive Algorithm to
Print a Linked List Backward 1129
Queues 1133
Queue Operations 1134
Implementation of Queues as Arrays 1136
Linked Implementation of Queues 1145
Queue Derived from the class
unorderedLinkedListType 1150
Application of Queues: Simulation 1151
Designing a Queuing System 1152
Customer 1153
Server 1156
xviii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition

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had determined not to refuse this challenge, and,
therefore, his money was ready. Harry Broome, on
the part of his brother Johnny, who was from home,
covered the deposit, and the Thursday evening
following was named for drawing up articles, at the
“Castle,” for a further deposit, and for naming “the
novice.” Freeman and Caunt were both present, and
the crowd immense. The giant and his mentor, Ben
Caunt, arrived late, owing to an accident on the rail
near Weedon. Broome proposed to defer naming “the
novice;” but this being insisted on, or a forfeit
claimed, “William Perry, of Tipton,” was nominated as
the “great unknown,” and the following articles
“signed, sealed, and delivered”:—
“Articles of agreement entered into this 29th of September,
1842, at the Castle Tavern, Holborn, between Charles
Freeman and William Perry of Tipton. The said Charles
Freeman agrees to fight the said William Perry, a fair stand-up
fight, in a four-and-twenty foot roped ring, half minute time,
according to the New Rules, for £100 a side, on Tuesday, the
6th of December, half-way between Tipton and London. In
pursuance of this agreement, £20 a side are now deposited in
the hands of the stakeholder; a second deposit of £10 a side
to be made on Thursday, the 6th of October, at Johnny
Broome’s; a third deposit of £10 a side on Thursday, the 13th
of October, at Johnny Walker’s; a fourth deposit of £10 a side
on Thursday, the 20th of October, at Jem Burn’s; a fifth
deposit of £10 a side on Thursday, the 27th of October, at
Tom Spring’s; a sixth deposit of £10 a side on Thursday, the
3rd of November, at Johnny Broome’s; a seventh deposit of
£10 a side on Thursday, the 10th of November, at Tom

Spring’s; an eighth deposit of £10 a side on the 17th of
November, also at Tom Spring’s; and the ninth and last
deposit of £10 a side on Thursday, the 1st of December, at
Johnny Broome’s. The said deposits to be made between the
hours of 8 and 10 o’clock, p.m., or the party failing to forfeit
the money down; a toss for choice of ground to take place on
the night of the last deposit. The men to be in the ring
between the hours of twelve and one o’clock, or the man
absent to forfeit the whole of the stakes. Two umpires and a
referee to be chosen on the ground, the decision of the latter
in the event of dispute to be conclusive. In case of magisterial
interference the referee, if chosen, to name the next time and
place of meeting, or if the referee be not chosen then the
stakeholder to name the next time and place if possible on
the same day; but the money not to be given up until fairly
won or lost by a fight; the winner to pay for the ropes and
stakes. Should any money be given for the privilege of the
fight taking place in any particular locality, such money, if
agreed to be accepted, to be equally divided between the
men.
“(Signed) “Charles Freeman.
“John Broome (for W. Perry).”
Offers were made to take two to one on the
Yankee, but nothing more than six to four could be
obtained. The match excited extraordinary interest,
and set all the Americans in town on the qui vive.
They viewed the success of Freeman as a result
already almost attained.
After a round of “appearances,” “benefits,”
“soirées,” “entertainments,” c. to which the well-
advertised fact of being “matched” lent additional

attractions, both men went into training, Freeman at
Frank Key’s, the “Duke of York,” Gannick Corner, near
Barnet, and the Slasher in the first place at our friend
Jemmy Parsons’s, at Hampton, and subsequently at
Ould Tom Owen’s, at Northfleet, Kent. A
contemporary paper thus announces the coming
event on the previous Saturday:—
“Freeman has been assiduously attended by
his friend Ben Caunt, and has been ranging up
hill and down dale like the celebrated giant Gog,
in his ‘seven-league boots,’ with staff in hand
and followed by ‘a tail,’ which, from the length
of his fork, generally keeps a respectful distance
in his rear. Although his nob has been roofed
with a shallow tile, to diminish the appearance
of his steeple-like proportions, he still has the
appearance of a walking monument, to the no
small alarm of the squirrels in Squire Byng’s
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won all hearts, and has been a welcome guest
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walks, which have seldom been less than
twenty or thirty miles a day. He has been
extremely attentive to his training, and has
been much reduced in flesh, while his muscular

developments stand forth with additional
symmetry. On his arrival in this country he
carried some twenty-three stone ‘good meat,’
but we doubt whether on Tuesday he will much
exceed eighteen stone. His drawers and fighting
shoes have been built with a due regard to ease
and elegance, and the latter have been
seasonably aired by being lent to a cat and
kittens as temporary nurseries. He already
sports his blue bird’s-eye fogle, and, without
vaunt or unseemly bounce, seems to think his
chances of success are planted on a good
foundation.
“The Slasher has been under the care of
Johnny Broome, whose brother is constantly
with him, and was removed on Tuesday, for
some reason not explained, from Hampton to
Northfleet. We have not seen him, but he is
described as in fine condition, and in high
spirits. He will weigh, we hear, between thirteen
and fourteen stone, stands six feet high, and is
a well-proportioned, muscular fellow (always
deducting the ‘baker-knee,’ which destroys the
perpendicular of his pedestal). His flag of cream
colour ground, with the union-jack in the
centre, bearing the words ‘Old England,’ and the
rose, the thistle, and the shamrock in the

corner, the whole inclosed in a blue border, has
been unfurled at Johnny Broome’s, and has
found numerous supporters on the usual terms,
‘a sovereign or nothing.’ The betting within the
last week has varied; in some places the Slasher
has been taken for choice, in others Freeman
has been the favourite at 5 to 4, at which price
a good deal of business has been done. The
final deposit was made at Johnny Broome’s, in
Air Street, Piccadilly, on Thursday evening, in
the presence of a goodly muster. Neither of the
men was present. Betting was slack, 5 to 4 only
being offered on Freeman; but after some
breathing a ‘supposed green,’ offered 30 to 10
on the Giant, at which Johnny Broome snapped,
as well as 20 to 10 immediately after from the
same innocent, who said he had £50 to lay out
and was satisfied with a small profit. This,
however, did not advance Freeman much in the
betting, for, after a good deal of ‘screwing,’
higher odds than 6 to 4, and this reluctantly,
could not be obtained. In consequence of a
private agreement between the backers of both
men, the appointed toss for choice of ground
did not take place.”
There had long been a complaint in the Fancy
circles of the dearth of “great men;” if “great” be

synonymous with “big,” then this was a “great fight.”
How far it deserved that epithet the reader will
shortly be able to decide. The Slasher had never
been credited with scientific qualifications, and “the
American Giant” was remarkable solely for his
prodigious bulk and weight-lifting pretensions, never
having fought a prize battle before. The match, we
are inclined to think, arose rather from a desire to
put the pretensions of “the Yankee critter” to the test
than from any belief that a man could be found
capable of successfully competing with such “a
mountain of humanity;” the more especially as Ben
Caunt, the Champion of England, had signified that
he and Freeman were sworn friends, and were,
therefore, unlikely to come in hostile collision. Johnny
Broome was consulted as to whether he could find a
man willing to try his hand with the Giant, and he at
once answered in the affirmative, experience having
afforded him opportunities of estimating the game
and muscular qualities of the Slasher, who was
perfectly willing to make the experiment. It was
under these circumstances the challenge was given
and accepted. This was the position in which matters
stood when the match was made, and in due course
the men went into training, each taking every pains
to improve his stamina and physical qualities. We
may here remark that, in the opinion of competent
judges, the mere fact of Freeman being so much

taller and heavier than his opponent was not
regarded as an argument in favour of his real
superiority. In truth, we have seen, and over and
over again been led to believe, that a man standing
six feet high, and weighing between twelve and
thirteen stone, with muscular power and activity in
proportion, is the beau ideal of manly perfection; and
that anything beyond this is mere surplusage,
seldom, if ever, of any real advantage, as has been
remarked of most of the giants who have been
exhibited as objects of curiosity. We must admit,
however, that for his size, we never saw a man so
symmetrical in all respects as Freeman; there was
nothing unwieldy or awkward in his appearance. In
point of muscular development and strength, too, we
are persuaded there was not his equal, and in point
of activity and lightness, and springiness of action, he
was not less to be admired; in fact, his early career
was in the equestrian school, where, among other
feats, he rode two horses at once, at the same time
balancing a man with his arms above his head as he
galloped round the circus, added to which he was
renowned for the number of somersaults he could
throw in succession. In lifting weights, too, on more
occasions than one, he has raised fifteen cwt. from
the ground. With all these appliances, however, there
yet might be a want of animal courage and natural
powers of enduring punishment and fatigue; and in

the absence of any criterion upon which an opinion
on these latter points could be formed, considerable
doubts were entertained of the probable issue of his
battle with the Slasher, who was known to possess
fearless intrepidity, great bodily strength, some
science, and sufficient height and weight to entitle
himself to be ranked among the most dangerous of
our modern millers. Hence the betting, which seldom
exceeded 5 to 4 in favour of Freeman, did not prove
him to have inspired any extraordinary confidence in
the minds of his friends, of whom, from his really
unassuming conduct, civil deportment, and good
temper, he had many.
We may here state that the wisdom of not
ascribing too much merit to superior bulk derived
confirmation from scientific calculations made by Mr.
Hutchinson, a surgeon of eminence, who made some
curious experiments by means of hydraulic and other
instruments to ascertain the constitutional powers of
human beings, founded on comparisons of the
strength of their lungs, by respiration and inspiration,
the state of their pulse, capacity of chest, height,
weight, c. Mr. Hutchinson submitted both Freeman
and Perry to his tests, and the result of his
observation was, that although Freeman’s
admeasurement was extraordinary in every respect,
yet, comparatively, when the dimensions of both men

were taken into account, the balance of bodily power,
strength, and endurance was in favour of Perry, who
Mr. Hutchinson considered more calculated to sustain
fatigue and punishment than his gigantic antagonist.
Mr. Hutchinson, of course, admitted that the
inference which he thus drew may be defeated by
accidental or other causes; but looking to the mere
animal qualities of the men, such was his conclusion.
That his hypothesis was fairly tried cannot be
asserted, for, as will be seen, both men left off, so far
as we were capable of judging from the darkness
which prevailed, pretty much on a par, whether as
respects punishment or fatigue.
It will be borne in mind that at the making of the
last deposit, the toss for choice of ground was
dispensed with, Spring, on the part of Freeman, and
Broome, on the part of Perry, having determined on
the probable locality. It was felt desirable to preserve
the secret as long as possible, and it was not till
Monday that the direction was generally known,
when a trip by the Eastern Counties Railway to the
borders of Hertfordshire and Essex was announced,
with an intimation that a simultaneous departure by
the half-past nine o’clock train to Sawbridgeworth
(about seven and twenty miles from London) would
suit all purposes, and prevent any unnecessary bustle
at the immediate scene of action. Notwithstanding

the secrecy which had been observed, however,
some few “go-carts” with their motley inmates were
seen going down the road the night before, and thus
a hint was given, of which the police took advantage;
and hence, being on the alert, the attendance of a
magistrate was obtained, and much trouble and
inconvenience, as the sequel will show, were
experienced. In the interim both men arrived in town
at their respective head-quarters, Freeman at Tom
Spring’s, and Perry at Johnny Broome’s, so as to be
ready for their morning start, and both houses were
crowded to excess.
With the dawn all were in motion, and by eight
o’clock the London terminus of the chosen railway
was besieged by visitors. Many of these brought
drags, which were placed upon the trucks, while
others trusted to the “chapter of accidents,” which
proved to have a very wide range, for the means of
conveyance. Among the first arrivals were the Tipton
Slasher and his friends, who thus took time by the
forelock, so as to be near the point of rendezvous in
due season. This division agreed to alight at Harlow
station, as the train did not pull up at
Sawbridgeworth, which was, however, but two miles
further, within convenient toddling distance, and
thither all proceeded. On reaching the fixture a
damper was thrown on the prospects of the

travellers. The superintendent of police was found at
his post. He had received orders from London to
prevent hostilities, and to this was added the fact
that Mr. Phillips, a Hertfordshire magistrate, was in
readiness to “keep the peace.” In this unpleasant
dilemma all waited till the arrival of the half-past nine
o’clock train, in which came Freeman, Tom Spring,
Caunt, and a vast accession of the Fancy. Fortunately
there was a carriage and four horses waiting the
arrival of Freeman, and after a short deliberation it
was resolved to move on to Hatfield Heath, about
four miles further, in the county of Essex, and the
“office” being given, away all went in that direction—
the great proportion on their ten toes, for
conveyances were out of the question—
and the roads
being heavy the pilgrimage was far from agreeable,
especially to “the London particulars,” who were
unprepared for such a journey. For this unexpected
tax upon their patience there was no remedy, and on
they went till the desired goal was reached. On the
road there were some few mishaps, but still all were
cheered on by hope. The Commissary lost no time in
examining the intended field of battle, which he
found swampy, and far from desirable; but there was
no help for it, and he was about to form a ring when
a fresh alarm was given. The Sawbridgeworth police
superintendent and Mr. Phillips, the magistrate, once
more presented their ill-omened countenances, and

plainly declared their determination to prevent the
fight taking place either in Essex or Hertfordshire
This was a poser. A council of war was held—
suggestions of all sorts were offered, and a great
deal of time was lost. Cambridgeshire, the adjoining
county, was deemed too distant to be reached in
time, and more especially by the pedestrians; and at
last it was determined to “try back,” and return
towards London; Broxbourne, on the borders of
Middlesex and Essex, being agreed on as the point of
re-assemblage.
This point settled, a general move took place
towards the nearest stations—
the toddlers to
Sawbridgeworth, and the charioteers to Bishop
Stortford, there to repack their nags and drags, while
the beak and his co-partner, considering that a move
had been made to get out of their bailiwick, also
moved off. On reaching Bishop Stortford a fresh
resolution was formed. “While the cat’s away the
mice will play;” so, as the conservators of propriety
were no longer present, it was urged that the ring
might be formed in the place originally intended, half
a mile from the Sawbridgeworth station, not far from
the same field in which Turner beat Scroggins, in
June, 1817, and scarcely more distant from the scene
of Oliver’s conquest over Shelton, in 1820. No sooner
said than done; and, in the absence of those who

had promised to avoid the county of Hertford, at half-
past two o’clock all agreed to drop down to the place
from whence they came, with the exception of the
Commissary, Freeman, and his friends, who took the
main road in a carriage kindly yielded to them by the
Right Rev. the Bishop of Bond Street, who also
hospitably furnished their larders with a very
welcome supply of roast fowls and other
“combustibles,” of which their “inward men” stood
beseechingly in need. In the interim the Slasher
threw himself on a bed at Bishop Stortford, and all
who had wisdom took some hasty refreshment. On
again reaching Sawbridgeworth we were informed
that the lists were formed, and a competent guide
being found, all set out along the towing-path of the
canal to a very eligible site, about half a mile off, on
an elevated piece of ground admirably calculated for
the purpose. The evening was now fast approaching,
for it was nearly four o’clock, and it was hoped there
would be still daylight sufficient to decide which was
the better man. The privilege tickets were
distributed, and in a short time everything was
arranged for the commencement of hostilities.
All being in readiness, Freeman entered the ring in
high spirits, attended by Caunt and King Dick, and
was received with loud cheers. Rumours were now
afloat that the Slasher did not mean to come, and

sovereigns even were offered to be laid that there
would be no fight. In the interim horsemen were sent
off to Sawbridgeworth station to urge the approach
of the missing man, who it was known had been left
there in charge of Broome. Matters thus remained in
doubt for some time, and great impatience began to
be manifested, when it was announced, to the great
joy of the spectators, that the Slasher was coming—
and come at last he did, amidst the encouraging
shouts of his friends. He lost no time in entering the
ring, and was immediately met with a friendly shake
of the mauley by Freeman. The Slasher was attended
by Ben Terry and a provincial friend named Tom
Parker. No time was now lost in “trimming” the men
for battle, and their superfluous “feathers” were
quickly removed. Both appeared in high spirits and
eager for business. Umpires and a referee having
been chosen, the ring was cleared out, and the
“privileged” dropped contentedly on the damp earth,
with such preservatives to their sitting places as
circumstances would permit; but it must be
acknowledged that these were far from satisfactory,
owing to the difficulties to which the Commissary had
been exposed in the various transfers of his materiel.
On being stripped and placed in juxtaposition, the
towering height of Freeman presented a most
formidable aspect, while the muscular development

of every limb, and the broad expanse of his chest
and shoulders, gave him the appearance of herculean
strength. His weight, without his clothes, we
understood was but little above seventeen stone, for
it was remarked that during the last week of his
training he rather diminished than increased in bulk.
Still, he was in high spirits, and moved about with
elastic and graceful step. In the following July he
would be 23 years of age. The Slasher also wore a
cheerful smile on his mug, which betrayed the fact
that he had already lost some of his head rails. From
his hips up his bust displayed great muscular power,
but being in-kneed, there was less of symmetry in his
figure than in Freeman’s. On throwing himself into
position, however, this was scarcely perceptible, and
he may be described as a model of burly strength.
He appeared to be, and said he was, in excellent
condition, and, judging from his cheerful index, there
was no want of self-confidence. His height six feet,
his age twenty-three, and his weight 13st. 4lb.; but
notwithstanding the fearful odds against him, he
evidently regarded the coming struggle with gallant
indifference. Of betting there was but little—
5 to 3
was offered but not taken, and the only bet we heard
laid was one of 6 to 4 on Freeman.
THE FIGHT.

Round 1.—
Precisely at seven minutes after four o’clock the
men were conducted to the scratch, their fogles having been
first tied to the corner stake, and having shaken hand with
great good humour, the seconds retired to their corners. The
towering height and gigantic proportions of Freeman led all to
suppose that he would endeavour to fight down his opponent;
but, as will be seen, this anticipation was not fulfilled. The
Slasher stood on the defensive and Freeman broke ground,
hitting out with his left; from this the Slasher retreated, when
Freeman followed him quickly, popped in his left and right
slightly, and the Slasher was down. Freeman laughing, and no
mischief done.
2.—
The Slasher again to the scratch, when Freeman led off
left and right; the latter blow got well home, and dropped the
Slasher. First knock-down blow for Freeman; but no damage
done, as the Slasher received it when retreating.
3.—
The Slasher made play, and tried his left on Freeman’s
body, but was stopped. Freeman rushed to him, the Slasher
retiring and hitting short and wild. Freeman popped in his left
and right, caught the Slasher in his arms, and threw him with
ease.
4.—
The Slasher, on the defensive system, dodged a little,
delivered his left on the ribs, in getting away he fell, and thus
escaped Freeman’s return.
5.—
Freeman hit out left and right, but the Slasher ducked
his head and fell on his knees.
6.—
The Slasher on the dodging system, stepped back;
Freeman after him to the corner, where there was a wild rally,
in which hits right and left were exchanged. The Slasher got
within Freeman’s long arms, gave him a tidy smack with his
right on the left eye, and got down. (First blood from
Freeman’s brow, and the Tipton lads uproarious.)

7.—
The Slasher, the first to fight, hit out left and right, but
was stopped. Freeman slashed away left and right but without
precision, and after some trifling deliveries the Slasher got
down.
8.—
The Slasher popped in his left on Freeman’s ribs, and
got away; Freeman after him, when the Slasher closed.
Freeman lifted him clean off the ground, but was unable to
get his arm loose to fib, and after a short struggle the Slasher
slipped from his grasp and got down.
9.—
The Slasher again led off with his left at the body, and
in getting away fell from accident or design. [Cries of “foul”
and “foul” was claimed on the part of Freeman; but the
referee did not feel himself justified in stopping the fight, and
“time” was called.]
10.—
The Slasher again tried the artful dodge, rushed in to
hit with the left at the body; but Freeman seized him in his
powerful feelers, held him up for a short time, and finding he
could do nothing at in-fighting fell on him, but not so as to do
him any mischief.
11.—
The Slasher as lively as a grig popped in his left on
Freeman’s arm and got away; Freeman followed, gave him
one, two, left and right The Slasher broke from him, and
delivered his right on his shoulder; then getting away, fell to
avoid.
12.—
The Slasher once more led off with his left, but was
short. Freeman after him delivered left and right; the Slasher
down.
13.—
Freeman popped in his left, The Slasher retreated and
fell.
14.—
Freeman again planted his left slightly. The Slasher
adhered to his retiring system. Freeman followed him to the

ropes, and after a scrambling exchange of hits the Slasher got
down. Freeman pointing at him derisively with his finger and
laughing.
15.—
Freeman hit left and right, and the Slasher rushed in
and caught him round the body, to try for the fall; Freeman
held him up completely off the ground by the neck, then
chopped first with the left and then with the right; the Slasher
hit up left and right, and caught Freeman on the mouth with
his right; and after a short struggle was thrown, Freeman on
him.
16.—
The Slasher again tried his left at the body, but was
short, the blow falling slightly on Freeman’s arm. Exchange of
blows. Freeman with the left on the nob, and Slasher on the
shoulder with the right, which sounded, but was of no effect.
Slasher, in retreating, fell.
17.—
Slasher came up on the defensive, but Freeman hit
him down with his left.
18.—
Slasher again popped his left at the body, but was hit
down with a counter-hit from Freeman’s left. Freeman fell on
him, and foul was claimed by Slasher’s party, but not
acknowledged, as it was obvious the fall was accidental.
19.—
Slasher hit Freeman on the shoulder with his right,
and in return caught it left and right as he retreated. Slasher
returned to the charge with his right, and fell.
20.—
A wild exchange of blows, but not effective, and the
Slasher slipped down in retreating.
21.—
[Twenty-three minutes had now elapsed, no real
damage done on either side, and both as fresh as when they
commenced.] The Slasher popped in his left on the body, and
stepped back; Freeman after him, hit left and right, and the
Slasher fell.

22.—
Freeman delivered left and right; the Slasher was
short in his return, and again received two pops left and right,
and fell.
23.—
Freeman delivered left and right, and Slasher down.
24.—
Freeman led off with his left. The Slasher popped in
his left on the mark and tried to drop, but Freeman caught
him round the neck and held him up some time, and then let
him fall, tumbling over him. (Another claim of foul not
allowed.)
25.—
Freeman popped in his right on Slasher’s left eye; the
Slasher countered on his shoulder, when Freeman caught him
with his left, and the Slasher was down.
26.—
Freeman again planted his left; and, on Slasher
rushing in, caught him in his arms, held him for a second or
two, and fell on him.
27.—
Freeman popped in his left, and dropped his man with
his right.
28.—
The Slasher hit short with his left, and renewed the
dodging system, playing round his man. Freeman tried to nail
him, but he got away, hit out with his left at the body, and fell
without a return. [Another claim of foul for Freeman, not
admitted.]
29.—
Slasher hit at the body with his left and broke away,
Freeman after him, all for mischief, caught him on the hop,
and hit him down with his right.
30.—
The Slasher delivered his right on Freeman’s shoulder,
broke away, and tried it with the left on the body, but was
stopped. Freeman let go left and right, but the Slasher ducked
his nob, escaped, and fell.

31.—
The Slasher again in with his left on the ribs and
away; Freeman after him, caught him on the pimple, and he
fell.
32.—
The Slasher hit short left and right, and was hit down
with Freeman’s left.
33.—
The Slasher pursued his left-handed game at the
body, but, in getting away, was hit down with a touch from
Freeman’s left.
34.—
The Slasher missed left and right, caught it left and
right, and was down.
35.—
[It now became so dark that it was difficult to see
what was doing in the ring, and the spectators came closer to
the ropes. The partisans of the Slasher were extremely
uproarious, and one of them especially was constantly
interfering with the umpires, called “time” when it was not
time, and was guilty of other most offensive and unfair
conduct.] The Slasher, as usual, led off with his left at the
body, but without effect, and in return was hit down.
36.—
The Slasher hit short with his left, and was hit down
by a counter from Freeman’s left as he was getting away.
37.—
Slasher planted his favourite body blow with the left,
but without producing any visible effect; Freeman did not
seem to feel it, and he was again down.
38.—
Trifling exchanges with the left, and the Slasher down.
39.—
The Slasher rushed in to make another effort for the
throw, but Freeman again seized him in his powerful grasp,
fibbed, and fell with him, but not on him.
40, 41, 42, 43, 44.—
Slasher down in every round, but
apparently no mischief done, and as far as the glimpse of light

left would permit, we could discover no distinct mark of
punishment on either man.
45.—
The Slasher delivered his left at the body and fell, as if
from the force of his own blow. Freeman fell over him, but
evidently with a desire to avoid falling on him. [Another
appeal was made to the referee on the ground of the Slasher
falling without a blow, but the referee declared it was
impossible to form a correct opinion, and expressed a strong
wish that the fight should either be drawn or adjourned, but
to this neither party would accede.]
46, 47, and 48.—
The Slasher down in each round, and
Freeman manfully avoiding falling on him.
49.—
The Slasher in with his left on the body, but as he
attempted to retreat Freeman caught him in his arms, held
him for some time, occasionally chopping, and at last fell
forward on him, but too much over to produce any
consequence.
50.—
The Slasher showed some fatigue, but came up full of
confidence. He delivered his left at the body, but did not get
well home; Freeman caught him left and right, and he went
down to avoid further mementoes.
To describe the remaining rounds would be an idle attempt,
in fact it became so dark that the men were only visible from
the light colour of their skins and drawers. The Slasher
pursued his dodging, getting away, and falling system,
occasionally making his left and right hits at the body and
shoulder, and sometimes appearing to recoil from the effects
of his own blows, but without producing any turn in his
favour. Freeman hitting left and right, and now and then
seizing his man, lifting him up, and flinging him down, but
almost invariably avoiding falling on him; in one instance
actually making an arch over his carcase, his head and legs on
the ground, amidst the acclamations of the throng. In the last

few rounds there was an evident attempt to draw Freeman
into the Slasher’s corner, round which a desperate set of
ruffians had collected, who, by the most offensive
vociferations, endeavoured to intimidate and alarm him. He,
however, kept his temper, and came up every round cool and
collected, grumbling only at the Slasher not standing up to
fight. In the 69th round the Slasher exclaimed, “I’ve got you
now, old fellow!” but the words were scarcely out of his
mouth when Freeman hit him down with his left. The
darkness, combined with a fog, now became so intense that it
was impossible to see what was doing from one side of the
ring to the other. The referee declared his utter inability to
form any judgment of the character of the fight, and, unable
to get both umpires to agree on the expediency of putting an
end to the battle, he jumped into the ring, and, getting
between the men, declared he would not permit them to
prolong the contest. At this moment both men were fresh and
vigorous, and each seemed disinclined to leave his chance of
victory in doubt, Slasher especially, who said he considered he
was robbed of the fight, while Freeman laughed, and said, if
they were permitted to proceed, the result would perhaps
prove he was mistaken. The referee was, however,
peremptory, and both men were taken from the ring after
having fought seventy rounds in one hour and twenty-four
minutes. They walked away as fresh as when they began,
with a mutual desire that they might renew the combat the
next day at twelve o’clock, at such place as the referee might
appoint, to which the latter assented, as there did not appear
to be anything in their appearance to justify a further delay in
the gratification of their desires.
Remarks.—
It is much to be regretted that this curious
encounter was not brought to a more satisfactory conclusion,
inasmuch as the merits of the men still remain undecided;
and so evenly had their pretensions been balanced in the
minds of their respective friends that each party declares, had

time and circumstances permitted, their favourite must have
been crowned with victory. How far these conclusions may be
well or ill founded we will not pretend to say; but certainly we
feel justified in giving to both men an equal proportion of
praise, so far at least as their game qualities are concerned. It
is true, we may be disposed to take exception to the “getting
down” system which was adopted by the Slasher, but then it
must be borne in mind he fought at fearful odds both as
regards weight and length, and could never hope successfully
to compete with such an antagonist unless by a degree of
caution and cunning, which with a man of his own inches
would have been unjustifiable and amounted to cowardice.
There is no doubt that occasionally his dropping after
delivering his blows had too much the appearance of being at
variance with our notion of “a fair stand-up fight;” but then
the ground was slippery, and he asserts that when he did fall
it was from the recoil of his own blows or from his being
unable to keep his feet in endeavouring to avoid the
tremendous return which he had sufficient reason to expect.
That this was provoking to Freeman we can well imagine; but,
under all the circumstances, we do not think it detracts from
the game qualities of the Slasher, who certainly came up from
first to last undismayed, and with a manly determination to
win if he could. Of his scientific qualifications we cannot say
much. If he possessed any they were reserved for a future
occasion. He never attempted to stop the blows which were
showered on his canister, and throughout confined himself to
attempts to disable Freeman by body blows from his left or
round hits with his right. The former occasionally reached
their destination with sounding effect, but we are inclined to
believe they fell more frequently on Freeman’s arm, which
was dropped to catch them, than upon his more vulnerable
corpus. That some of them might have got home we are
inclined to believe, but it was clear they did not produce any
serious consequence, for on examining the Giant’s body
subsequently we were surprised to find so few symptoms of

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C Programming Program Design Including Data Structures 5th Edition D. S. Malik

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