Caim ppt
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This document provides information about computer languages and software. It discusses: - The definition of a computer language as an artificial language that gives instructions to a computer. Programming languages include machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. - Common operating systems like MS-DOS, which was popular in the 1980s-1990s, and Windows, which introduced graphical user interfaces. It also discusses features of operating systems. - Types of software including system software that manages hardware, and application software that performs tasks for users like word processors, spreadsheets, and personal information managers. - Generations of programming languages from machine language as first generation to modern non-procedural fourth generation languages.
Caim ppt
- 1. 1 UNIT-2
- 2. OUTLINE • COMPUTER LANGUAGE RAVI • SOFTWARE PACKAGE SWAROOP • INTRODUCTION MS- DOS • WINDOWS • TEXT PROCESSING SOFTWARE SONALI • SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE ARPITA 2 AMBAA
- 3. LANGUAGE • DEFINITION : • A language is defined as the medium of expression of thoughts. • All the human beings in this world communicate with each other by a language. 3
- 4. Communicating With a Person 4 Speaker encodes information Listener decodes information Listener returns feedback to speaker Communication cycle One complete unit of communication. •An idea to be sent. •An encoder. •A sender. •A medium. •A receiver. •A decoder. •A response.
- 5. COMPUTER LANGUAGE • A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. • A computer follows the instructions given by the programmer to perform a specific job. 5
- 6. Communicating With a Computer • Substituting a computer for one of the people in the communication process. – Process is basically the same. – Response may be symbols on the monitor. 6 User encodes information Computer returns results to user Computer decodes information
- 7. 7 Programming Languages • Machine Language • Assembly Language • High level Language
- 8. 8 Machine Language • The fundamental language of the computer’s processor, also called Low Level Language. • All programs are converted into machine language before they can be executed. • Consists of combination of 0’s and 1’s that represent high and low electrical voltage. • For example: Binary: 10110000 01100001
- 9. 9 Assembly Language • A low level language that is similar to machine language. • Uses symbolic operation code to represent the machine operation code.
- 10. 10 High Level Language • Computer (programming) languages that are easier to learn. • Uses English like statements. • High-level languages are used to solve problems and are often described as problem-oriented languages. • Examples are C,C ++, JAVA, and …....
- 11. TRANSLATOR • Definition: A translator is a computer program that performs the translation of a program written in a given programming language into a functionally equivalent program in a different computer language, without losing the functional or logical structure of the original code. 11
- 12. Contd… 12 Machine language program Translator Computer program Machine language program Step 1: Translate program Step 2: Execute program Program execution
- 13. CONTD...... There are three techniques to achieve this aim: • The assembler: Assembler is a computer program which translates assembly language to an object file or machine language format. • The compiler: It is a program which translates a high level language program into a machine language program. 13
- 14. CONTD…. • The interpreter: An interpreter is a program which translates statements of a program into machine code. It translates only one statement of the program at a time. It reads only one statement of program, translates it and executes it. 14
- 15. CONTD…. 15
- 16. GENERATION OF LANGUAGE • FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGES (Machine language): The binary language a language, a language of is 1s and Os is known as Machine language. Any instruction in this language is given in the form of string of 1s and 0s. 16
- 17. Contd…. SECOND GENERATION LANGAUAGES (Assembly Language): • Represent as step up from the first generation languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names instead of just numbers. Second generation languages are known as assembly language. 17
- 18. Contd.... • THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES (3GLs) (High Level Languages): With the languages introduced by the third generation of computer programming, words and commands were being used. Third generation languages are known as “high level language” 18
- 19. Contd.... • FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GLs) Non-Procedural Languages: – Programming-like systems aimed at simplifying the programmers task of imparting instructions to a computer. – Many are associated with specific application packages. • Query Languages: • Report Writers: • Application Generators: 19
- 20. CONTD.... 20
- 21. Software • Computer software or simply software is any set of instructions that directs a computer to perform specific operations. • Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically is Software. • Computer hardware would be useless without software, the lists of instructions which tell the hardware what to do. 21
- 22. Types of software 1. System Software: System software is a term referring to any computer software which manages and controls the hardware so that application software can perform a task. Example: Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter. 22
- 23. Contd…. 2. Application Software: Application Software includes programs that do real work for user. Example: Payroll systems, Inventory Control,Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database Management System etc., 23
- 24. Contd.... 24
- 26. SOFTWARE PACKAGE • Word Processing Package : Word processing describes use of hardware and software to create, edit, format, store, retrieve and print documents. • Spreadsheet Package : Spreadsheet Package is a numeric data analysis tool that allows us to create a computerized ledger. Useful for any numerical analysis problem whose data can be organized as rows and columns.. 26
- 27. Contd… • Graphic Package It enables us to use a computer system for creating, viewing, editing, storing, retrieving, and printing design, pictures, graphs etc. can be drawn in the traditional manner. • Personal Assistant Package Use personal computers for storing and retrieving their personal information. Planning and managing their finances and inventory of important items. 27
- 28. FEATURES 28
- 29. Operating System • Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. • The OS organizes and controls the hardware. • OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. • Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc., 29
- 30. Contd .... • An interface between users and hardware - an environment "architecture” • Allows convenient usage; hides the tedious stuff • Allows efficient usage; parallel activity, avoids wasted cycles • Provides information protection • Gives each user a slice of the resources • Acts as a control program. 30
- 31. PART OF OPERATING SYSTEM The operating system can be broken down into four main parts, namely: • Kernel • Device Drivers • User Interface • System Utilities 31
- 32. INTERFACE • User interface – A function of the operating system that allows individuals to access and command the computer • Command-based user interface – A particular user interface that requires text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities E.g., Unix, DOS • Graphical user interface (GUI) – A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus displayed on the screen to send commands to the computer system E.g. Windows, MAC OS 32
- 33. TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM 33 • Real Time Systems - Rapid response time is main characteristic. Used in control of applications where rapid response to a stimulus is essential. • Time Sharing - multiprogramming environment that's also interactive.
- 34. CONTD.... • Multiprocessing - Tightly coupled systems that communicate via shared memory. Used for scientific applications. Used for speed improvement by putting together a number of off-the-shelf processors. 34
- 35. CONTD..... • Distributed Systems - Loosely coupled systems that communicate via message passing. Advantages include resource sharing, speed up, reliability, communication. 35
- 36. Contd..... • BATCH PROCESSING – Jobs, together with input data, are fed into the system in a batch. The jobs are then run one after another. No job can be started until previous job is completed. 36
- 37. 37
- 38. MS-DOS 38 In the 1980s or early 1990s, the operating system that shipped with most PCs was a version of the Disk Operating System (DOS) created by Microsoft: MS- DOS. MS-DOS is a disk operating system for IBM PC– compatible computers. In its day, it was easily the most popular operating system in the world.
- 39. CONTD.... 39 • Uses a command-line interface • Screen provides prompts for user • User types commands
- 40. CONTD.... 40
- 41. DOS FILE 41 • The main portions of MS-DOS are the IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM files. • IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS are special, hidden system files • The IO.SYS file moves the system’s basic I/O functions into memory and then implements the MS-DOS default control programs, referred to as device drivers, for various hardware components. • These include the following: The boot disk drive The console display and keyboard The system’s time-of-day clock The parallel and serial communications port
- 42. THE MAIN FUNCTION OF DOS 42 • DOS translate the command issued of the user in the format that is understood by the computer to execute it, also error message in the format for the user to understand. • Manage disk files, • Allocate system resources according to the requirement. • DOS provides features essential to control hardware devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers, Modems and programs.
- 43. WINDOWS • Most popular OS for microcomputers • Designed for Intel processors • Active Desktop Graphical user interface (GUI) to OS Windows XP, Windows 7 43 Series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft
- 45. WINDOWS FEATURE • Long file names (up to 255 characters) • Plug and Play Makes installing hardware components easier • Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Allows user to embed or link one document to another Word Document Excel Data
- 46. WINDOWS FAMILY 46 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Millennium Edition (ME) Corporate Market Windows NT (“New technology”) Windows 2000 Windows 2003 Windows XP Windows CE Windows VISTA Windows 7
- 47. DIFFERENCE WINDOWS DOS GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE COMMAND LINE INTERFACE MULTI-TASKING SINGLE -TASKING CLIP BOARD NOT AVAILABLE DRAG N DROP NO POINTER MULTIPLE FONTS DEFAULT FONT MULTIMEDIA CAPABILITY TEXTUAL MEDIUM DIALOG BOXES NO DIALOG BOXES 47
- 48. Word Processors Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and printing documents. Word processors will normally have the following capabilities built into them: • Spell checking • Standard layouts for normal documents • Have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined • Center lines, make text line up on the left side of the paper, or the right side of the paper • Save the document so it can be used again • print the document. Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word 48
- 49. Contd.... • Word Processing Provides assistance in formulating, formatting, and printing documents such as letters, memos, and papers. 49
- 50. Spreadsheets The spreadsheet packages are designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include: • Budgets • Payrolls • Grade Calculations • Address Lists The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123 50
- 51. Contd… • Spreadsheet Provides a wide range of built-in functions for statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and data and time calculations 51
- 52. Questions 1. Think about some machine / items / gadgets having only Hardware. 2. Think about some machine / items / gadgets having both Hardware and Software. 3. Find the Operating System, you are using and its version. 4. Find 5 proprietary software names. 52
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