![/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/calculator-221011183859-246b2586/85/Calculator-cpp-Date-Enter-date-Author-docx-1-320.jpg)
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Calculator.cpp Date [Enter date] Author.docx
- 1. /* * Calculator.cpp * * Date: [Enter date] * Author: [Your Name] */ #include <iostream> void main() { char statement[100]; int op1, op2; char operation; char answer="Y" while (answer=='y') {
- 2. cout << "Enter expression" <<endl; cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1; if (operation == "+"); cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl; if (operation == '-'); cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl; if (operation == '*') cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl if (operation == '/') cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl; cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl; cin >> answer; } }
- 3. CHAPTER 6 An Overview of the Primates Primates • To identify crucial features of the evolution of human species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230 non-human relatives • Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary predecessors or other living species. • Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
- 4. suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle. Physical Characteristics of Primates • Specialized limbs and locomotion • Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition • Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell • Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on learning Social Characteristics • Longer period of gestation and dependency of offspring • Dependence on flexible, learned behavior • Social groups and permanent association of adult males • Diurnal activities Geographical Distribution and Habitats
- 5. Primate Habitats • Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and old worlds. • Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats. • No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial environment; all spend some time in the trees. Primate Diet and Teeth • Omnivorous • Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing and grinding • Dental formula • New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total) • Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total) Primate Limbs
- 6. • A tendency towards erect posture. • Hands and feet possess grasping ability. • Features of the hands and feet: • 5 digits on hand and feet • Opposable thumb • Partially opposable great toe • Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits Limbs and Evolution • Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with an opposable thumb, while others have very reduced thumbs. Limbs and Evolution • Humans are capable of a “precision grip.” • Chimpanzees, with their reduced thumbs, are
- 7. also capable of a precision grip, but they frequently use a modified form. Locomotion • Quadrupedal, walk on all fours • Vertical clinging and leaping • Brachiation • Knuckle walking Anatomy, Limb Proportions and Locomotor Patterns Quadrupedal • Almost all primates are at some times quadrupedal, they walk on all four legs. • Apes use specialized
- 8. form, knuckle walking, due to arm length Quadrupedal Knuckle walking: Weight is on back of fingers not palms due to arm length Anatomy, Limb Proportions and Locomotor Patterns Vertical clinging and leaping. • Hangs on trees or branches vertically and uses strong hind legs to leap forward or backward. • Notice long hind legs capable of powerful leaping and shorter front limbs. • Characteristic of lemurs, and tarsiers Vertical clinging and leaping
- 9. Anatomy, Limb Proportions and Locomotor Patterns Brachiating • Locomotion by suspending body from one arm and swinging forward and switching to the other arm (think monkey bars) • Semibrachiators also leap and often use prehensile tail • All apes are capable of, and occasionally braciate • Notice arms longer than legs, long curved fingers and shortened thumb, lower back is short and stabilized • Characteristic of gibbons and siamangs Brachiating Primate Senses
- 10. • Increased reliance on sight in comparison to other mammals • Primates have a decreased reliance on the sense of smell. Vision • Stereoscopic Vision • Visual images are superimposed on one another providing depth perception (three dimensions). • Stereoscopic vision is partly a function of structures in the brain, visual input is shared with both hemispheres of the brain. • Binocular Vision • Vision characterized by overlapping visual fields provided for by forward- facing eyes. • Binocular vision is essential to depth perception • Color • Color vision is a characteristic of diurnal primates. • Nocturnal primates lack color vision.
- 11. Binocular Vision in Primates Comparison of Primate Skulls • The skull of a male baboon compared with that of a red wolf. • Note the forward-facing eyes above the snout in the baboon, and the lateral position of the eyes of the wolf. • The baboon’s large muzzle doesn’t reflect a heavy reliance on smell. Comparison of Primate Skulls • The skull of a gibbon (left) compared with that of a red wolf (right). • The absolute size of the braincase in the gibbon is
- 12. slightly larger than that of the wolf, even though the wolf is six times the size of the gibbon. Primate Classification Survey of Living Primates • Prosimians • Lemurs and Lorises • Tarsiers • Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Humans • New World Monkeys (Platyrrihini) • Old World Monkeys (Catarrhini) • Hominoids: Apes and Humans Lemurs and Lorises • The most primitive of the primates.
- 13. • Characteristics: • Reliance on olfaction, presence of rhinarium • Laterally placed eyes • Shorter gestation and maturation • Dental specialization called the "dental comb” Lemur Dental Comb • Formed by forward- projecting incisors and canines. • This is a derived characteristic Rhinarium • The moist, fleshy pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammals. • The rhinarium enhances an animal’s ability to smell. • This is a primitive (ancestral) characteristic
- 14. Lemurs • Found on the island of Madagascar and other islands off the coast of Africa. • Extinct elsewhere in the world. • Characteristics: • Vertical clingers and leapers with quadrepedialism • Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetable foods: fruit, leaves, buds, and bark. • Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous (insect -feeding). Geographical Distribution of Living Lemurs Lemurs Ring-tailed Lemur Sifakas Aye Aye Lorises
- 15. • Found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa. • Characteristics: • Nocturnal • Lorises use a climbing quadrupedalism. • Galagos use clinging and leaping • Some are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. • Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. Slow Loris Slender Loris Galago or “Bush Baby” Lorises Tarsiers • Small nocturnal primates found on the islands of southeast Asia. • Characteristics
- 16. • Eat insects and small vertebrates which they catch by leaping from branches (only extant carnivore among the primates). • Large immobile eyes, 180 degree head rotation • Basic social pattern appears to be a family unit consisting of a mated pair and their offspring. Geographical Distribution of Tarsiers Philippine Tarsier Dian’s Tarsier Tarsiers Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes and Humans) • Common traits: • Larger brain and body size • Reduced reliance on the sense of smell • Greater degree of color vision • Bony plate at the back of the eye socket • Longer gestation and maturation periods
- 17. • Fused mandible Monkeys • Represent about 85% of all primate species. • Divided into two groups separated by geography and several million years of evolutionary history: • New World monkeys • Old World monkeys New World Monkeys • 70 species almost exclusively arboreal. • Found in southern Mexico and Central and South America. • Two • Characteristics: • Huge variation from tiny marmosets to large howler monkeys • Almost all are exclusively arboreal
- 18. • All but one are diurnal Geographical Distribution of Living New World Monkeys Marmosets and tamarins • Eat fruit, leaf buds, insects, and tree sap • Marmosets and tamarins are unique in that: • they have claws instead of nails • bear twins • live in mated pairs • males extensively care for their offspring Golden Lion Tamarin Pygmy Marmoset Cebid Monkeys • Howlers, muiquis, spider monkeys have prehensile tail
- 19. used for locomotion and food gathering • Live in social groups of both sexes and of all ages Old World Monkeys • Habitats range from tropical forests to semiarid desert to snow-covered areas in Japan and china. • Characteristics: • Most quadrupedal and arboreal • All belong to the Cercopithecidae family. • Divided into subfamilies, the cercopithecines and the colobines. Geographical Distribution of Living Old World Monkeys Sexual Dimorphism
- 20. • Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. • Many old world monkeys and apes display pronounced sexual dimorphism, this is linked to reproduction strategies • This will be discussed next week Orangutan Gelada Baboon Lowland Gorilla Cercopithecines • The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes baboons, macaques, and guenons. • Omnivorous: eat fruit, plant matter, insects, small animals and eggs • Baboons and guenons are found in Africa • Macaques are found in southern Asia and India • Both baboons and macaques live in large social groups of adults and offspring Hamadryas Baboon Schmidt’s Guenon
- 21. Japanese Macaque Colobines • The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes the African colobus monkeys and Asian langurs. • Primarily leaf eaters • Live in small groups with one or two adult males Red Colobus Black and White Colobus Francois' langur Hominoids (Apes and Humans) • Characteristics distinguishing hominoids from monkeys: • Larger body size • Absence of a tail • Shortened trunk • More complex behavior • More complex brain
- 22. • Increased period of infant development Geographical Distribution of Living Asian Apes Gibbons and Siamangs • Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia. • Characteristics: • Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches. • Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects. • Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring with males helping to care for offspring • Males and females delineate their territories with whoops and “songs”. White-handed gibbon • Note the long curved fingers, long arms, and heavily muscled shoulders. Siamang • Whooping to mark territory
- 23. Orangutans (Pogo pygmaeus) • Found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra. • Characteristics: • Almost completely arboreal. • Quadrepedal both on the ground and in the trees • Pronounced sexual dimorphism. • males = 200 lbs, females = 100 lbs • Solitary social lives, except mothers with offspring • Principally frugivorous (fruit-eating). Orangutans Female Infant Male Geographical Distribution of Living African Apes
- 24. Gorillas • Lowland gorillas are confined to forested areas of western and eastern equatorial Africa • Mountain gorillas live in the mountains of central Africa • Characteristics: • Largest of the living primates. • Males can weigh up to 400 pounds, females 200 pounds. • Primarily terrestrial, use knuckle –walking. • Groups consist of one or two large silverback male, a few adult females, and their sub-adult offspring. • Vegetarian with some fruit Western Lowland Gorillas Male (left) and female with infant (right). Mountain Gorillas Female and infant (left) and male (right).
- 25. Chimpanzees • Found in equatorial Africa. • Characteristics: • Anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in limb proportions and upper-body shape. • Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and brachiation in the trees. • Slightly sexually dimorphic • Eat a variety of plant and animal foods. • Large communities of as many as 100 individuals. • Usually formed around bonded males , but some groups form around bonded females Chimpanzees Male (left) and female and infant (right). Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
- 26. • Only found in an area south of the Zaire River. • Population is believed to only number a few thousand individuals. • Characteristics: • Less stocky with longer limbs, and less aggressive and more arboreal than chimpanzees and born with dark face • Exploit the same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals. • Male-female bonds constitute the societal core. • Sexuality includes frequent copulations throughout the female's estrous cycle. Female Bonobos With Young Humans (Homo sapiens) • The only living species in the family Hominidae. • Human teeth are typical primate teeth. (2.1.2.3) • Dependence on vision for orientation to the world
- 27. • Flexible limbs and grasping hands • Omnivorous diet • Cognitive abilities are the result of dramatic increases in brain size. • Habitually bipedal Intelligence • Mental capacity; ability to learn, reason, or comprehend and interpret information, facts, relationships, and meanings. • The other great apes have been found to have varying levels • The capacity to solve problems, whether through the application of previously acquired knowledge or through insight. • The other great apes have also shown the ability to problem solve Endangered Primates • Over half of all living primates are endangered, many face
- 28. immediate extinction. • Three reasons: • Habitat destruction • Hunting for food • Live capture for export or local trade Hunting of Primates • In West Africa the most serious problem is hunting to feed the growing human population. • Estimated that thousands of primates, are killed and sold for meat every year. • Primates are also killed for commercial products.