Can an Enterprise Model Help in Mapping Capabilities?
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1. The document discusses using enterprise modeling techniques to map an organization's capabilities, including those not well known by management. 2. It defines capabilities as recurrent activities that use resources under the organization's control to achieve success or failure. 3. Requirements for modeling techniques are proposed: represent activities, resources, resource management; have discovery power to find all activities. 4. IDEF0, Fractal Enterprise Modeling, and ArchiMate are evaluated against the requirements, with FEM found to best fulfill them.
Can an Enterprise Model Help in Mapping Capabilities?
- 1. Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT and Erik Perjons DSV SU Can an Enterprise Model Help in Mapping Capabilities? 1 FACETE 2023 Workshop Attached to PoEM 2023 Vienna, Austria, 29 Nov 2023
- 2. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU From: Hoverstadt, P.: The Fractal Organization: Creating Sustainable Organizations with the Viable System Model. John Wiley & Son (2008) 1. Company in crises. Hires a management consultant to find out a solution 2. The consultant investigates the company – can’t find a solution 3. Until he reaches the top flour and finds a 3 people engaged in business activity that can save the company – capability not much known by the management 2 Example
- 3. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 1. Can an enterprise model help in finding all capabilities of an organization (including those under radar of Management)? 2. Can it help to evaluate the quality/uniqueness of all the capabilities found? 3. What kind of modeling technique should be employed to have the model that is useful for the above? 3 The questions
- 4. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 1. Main goal – suggest a set of requirements on a modeling technique regarding its appropriateness for the task of finding and evaluating, if not all, the major part of an organization’s capabilities. 2. Secondary goal – Test this set on some techniques, namely IDEF0, Fractal Enterprise Model (FEM), and ArchiMate 4 The Goal
- 5. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU Adjusted definition from Tell, A. W.: What Capability Is Not.” BIR 2014 and to our purpose A capability is something that an organization can do based on: 1. It already did the same thing in the past on the recurrent basis 2. Using resources under its own control, and 3. Achieving success in some cases, but may be failing in other cases, and 4. Resources used in the past to complete actions are still available for the deployment 5 Definition of Capability
- 6. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 1. The technique should be able to represent the recurrent activities 2. The technique should be able to represent resources used in the recurrent activities 3. The technique should be able to represent actions aimed at having resources used in the activities in a good shape 4. Optional. The technique should possess enough discovery power in order to ensure that the enterprise model covers all organization’s activities, and can be built (relatively) quickly Discovery power = Degree of help provided by the structure of enterprise modeling language to expand a partly built model or fill gaps in it. 6 Requirements on the Technique
- 7. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 7 Evaluating IDEF0 Example was taken from Wierda, G.: Mastering ArchiMate Edition 3.1. P&A (2022) and adjusted for other techniques
- 8. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 8 Evaluating IDEF0 Requirement Fulfillment Explanation #1 Activities Full Recurrent activities are represented as functional nodes. #2 Resources Full Resources are shown as arrows coming into a functional node from the left, to the top, or to the bottom. #3 Resource management Partial It can represent functional modules that add new elements to resources, but it is not clear how to represent maintenance, for example, service or reparation of equipment in a total model. #4 Discovery power Full As soon a as functional module is added to the model and resources that it uses are shown as arrows coming into the node, and the outputs are determined, the bunch of question arises naturally, e.g.: “From where are inputs coming, and to where are the outputs going?”.
- 9. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 9 Evaluating FEM
- 10. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 10 Evaluating FEM Requirement Fulfillment Explanation #1 Activities Full Recurrent activities are presented as processes. #2 Resources Full Assets represent resources used in and produced by processes. They are connected to a process by arrows, and labels on the arrow shows the nature of the resource and how it is used. #3 Resource management Full Management process can be attached to any resource (asset) to show how new elements are acquired, and existing elements are maintained and retired. #4 Discovery power Full As soon as an asset is introduced in the model, one can use the archetype from Figure 3 to start looking for management processes. As soon as a process is introduced in the model, one can use one of the process-assets archetypes to start looking for assets used in it.
- 11. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 11 Evaluating ArchiMate
- 12. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 12 Evaluating ArchiMate Requirement Fulfillment Explanation #1 Activities Full (but cumbersome) Recurrent activities are presented as action nodes. There is a possibility that one action from the capabilities point of view is presented by several nodes where one node realizes or serves the other node. In this situation, there might be a need to merge the nodes, see the next row. #2 Resources Full (but cumbersome) Active and passive nodes represent resources used in and produced by an action node. They are connected to action nodes by arrows, and the type of an arrow shows in which way they are used in the action. An arrow can be supplied with a label that gives an additional explanation. The drawback here is that resources may not be directly connected to the action node; they can also be split between different action nodes that represent the same action from the capabilities point of view. #3 Resource management Partial (and cumbersome) There are difficulties in attaching management processes to the active nodes. This is due to a node being active in one action is not allowed to become passive in another action. A workaround is to create a passive copy of an active node and connect it to the active node by an association, which makes a model difficult to understand. This is a known drawback of ArchiMate. #4 Discovery power Partial ArchiMate has substantial discovery power to find out what IT application are used in an action, and who is participating in the action. It has much less discovery power to find other things that are engaged in an action, and find management processes.
- 13. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU Limitations: Testing was done in an ad-hoc manner – based on the experience. To Do List: 1. The requirements definition should be extended and detailed 2. A procedure for evaluation should be designed and properly documented 3. Expert opinions should be obtained and incorporated into the above 4. Documentation with good examples should be made available for the wider audience 13 Limitations & Plans for the Future
- 14. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU 1. How to represent capabilities 2. How to access whether a capability is substantial enough so that a new business can be started based on it. Expert opinions should be obtained and incorporated into the above 3. How to build a model of a new business activity based on a promising capability and how to define/depict the transformation that needs to be performed? Invitation: anybody who want to join the direction – contact us 14 Additional Topics to Discuss
- 15. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU FEM Toolkit Version 1.1 and FEM Viewer – What is New? Tools & Demos 29/11 – Session 3 (16:00- 17:30). More on FEM Everybody is Welcome 15 Related presentations
- 16. 12/4/2023 Ilia Bider DSV SU/CS UT, Erik Perjons DSV SU Contact: [email protected] [email protected] Q & A Thank you for your time and patience Questions and comments