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Carbon allotropes
- 1. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON PRESENTED BY- VINITHA V
- 2. KERALA UNIVERSITY COLLEGEOF TEACHER EDUCATION,KOLLAM
- 3. ALLOTROPE DEFINITION •Allotropyor allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element.
- 4. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON •Diamond •Graphite •“Bucky balls” or buckminsterfullerene •Carbon nanotube
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- 6. DIAMOND • Diamondword means “unbreakable“ in Greek, is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice.
- 7. DIAMOND • Eachcarbon atom is bonded to 4 others to form a giant covalent network or lattice • Is bond is of the same length and equally strong so the carbon atoms are sp3 hybridized • As all the electrons are localised (fixed in position), diamond is exceptionally hard and it does not conduct electricity
- 8. DIAMOND Each carbonatom is bonded to 4 others to form a giant covalent network or lattice
- 9. PROPERTIES OF DIAMOND • Very high melting point • Doesn’t conduct electricity • Good conductor of heat. • Very hard. • Fluorescence under UV light and X-ray.
- 10. GRAPHITE Graphite, meaning"writing stone“ in Greek is a semi metal, native element mineral. Graphite is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.
- 11. GRAPHITE • Eachcarbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to give layers of hexagonal rings • As each bond is the same, the carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised • The remaining p orbital electron is delocalised to form weak bonds between the layers • The covalent layer lattice has all sigma bonds
- 12. GRAPHITE Each carbonatom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to give layers of hexagonal rings
- 13. PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE • Because of the layers, graphite is an excellent lubricant as the layers can slide over each other • Graphite is also a good conductor of electricity because of the delocalised electrons e.g. carbon rods, lead pencils
- 14. BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE • Isone member of a family of spherical carbon molecules sometimes called “buckyballs” • Has the formula C60 • The C atoms are arranged in hexagons and pentagons to give a geodesic spherical structure similar to a football
- 15. BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE • Likein graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 others
- 16. BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE • Likein graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to 3 others • Each carbon atom is sp2 hybridized • There are also delocalized electrons, hence C60 can conduct electricity slightly
- 17. CARBON NANOTUBE •Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
- 18. CARBON NANOTUBE •They have a hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene. • The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composed entirely of sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite. • Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus.