Cardiac output & factors affecting it.

Cardiac output & factors affecting it.

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  CARDIAC OUTPUT & FACTORSAFFECTING IT. ZAIN ALI ID: 2020-dvmje-014
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  Learning outcomes: ▪ Whatis Cardiac Output? ▪ Stroke Volume? ▪ Components? ▪ Factors? ▪ Cardiac Output Formula? ▪ Cardiac Output measurement & Methods? ▪ Effect of low & high cardiac input? ▪ Summary?
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  What is CardiacOutput? “Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute.” Cardiac output is the function of heart rate and stroke volume. STROKE VOLUME: The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one compression is called the stroke volume.
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  ▪ Cardiac Outputis an excellent example to exhibit the efficiency of the human heart. ▪ It is related to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. A normal cardiac output would be about five liters of blood per minute in a healthy individual. ▪ The cardiac output comprises 2 vital components: ▪ Heart rate: It refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). ▪ Stroke volume: It refers to the quantity of blood pumped out of each ventricle with every heartbeat.
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  The following factorsdetermine the cardiac output of a human heart: ▪ Venous Return This is the amount of blood that enters the heart through the veins per minute. After a certain time interval, the venous return becomes equal to the cardiac output. ▪ Force of Contraction The stroke volume and the cardiac output increases with the increase in the force of contraction. ▪ Heart Rate The cardiac output increases with the increase in heart rate. Factors Determining Cardiac Output
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  Cardiac Output Formula: Theequation for cardiac output is: Cardiac Output (CO) = HR x SV ▪ Cardiac Output Calculation For example: If the heart rate is 70 bpm and stroke volume is 70 ml. Using the formula = HR X SV = 70 X 70 = 4900 ml/min or 4.9 liters per minute.
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  Cardiac Output Measurement ▪Different merits and demerits of measuring cardiac output using methods in an invasive and non-invasive manner ▪ No standard comparison system available for these methods using a reference measurement or standards. ▪ The invasive systems are well accepted. These systems are neither accurate nor effective in guiding therapy.
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  Methods to measurecardiac output Some of the methods to measure cardiac output are listed below: • Doppler ultrasound • Echocardiography • Transcutaneous • Transoesophageal
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  Effect of LOW& HIGH CARDIAC INPUT: • Low output results in heart failure, a severe infection or heart diseases. • The high output may be an indicator of blood infections.
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  Summary: LETS REVISE WHATWE HAVE STUDIED YET!!
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  Bibliography: • Guyton andHall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book (Guyton Physiology) • Ganongs Review Of Medical Physiology 25th Edition • Pictures from google.
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  Mam Shaista Abbas COURSE: VeterinaryPhysiology-I Presented to:
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