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• 2.
  • BLS (BasicLife Support) refers to the immediate medical care given to a person experiencing life-threatening emergencies such as cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or airway obstruction, until advanced medical help is available. It focuses on maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation (the ABCs). • Definition: • An AED is an electronic device that automatically diagnoses life-threatening heart rhythms (like ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia) and delivers an electric shock (defibrillation) to restore a normal heart rhythm.
• 3.
  • Fundamental Aspectsof BLS: • Recognition of Emergency • Identify unresponsiveness. • Check for absence of normal breathing and pulse. • Activation of Emergency System • Call for help / activate EMS. • Get an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) if available. • Chest Compressions (Circulation) • Start high-quality chest compressions immediately. • Rate: 100–120 compressions per minute. • Depth: 5–6 cm (2–2.5 inches) in adults. • Allow full chest recoil. • Minimize interruptions.
• 4.
  • Airway • Openairway using head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust (if trauma suspected). • Breathing • Provide rescue breaths (mouth-to-mouth, bag-mask, or mouth-to-mask). • Ratio: 30 compressions : 2 breaths (for adults, single rescuer). • Ensure visible chest rise. • Defibrillation • Use AED as soon as available. • Follow voice prompts and deliver shock if advised. • Teamwork & Continuous Care • If multiple rescuers are available, coordinate roles (compressions, breaths, AED). • Continue BLS until advanced medical support arrives or the victim shows signs of life.
• 5.
  • Vital Signs •Vital signs are the basic clinical measurements that indicate a person’s essential body functions and overall physiological status. • The main vital signs are: • Heart Rate (Pulse): • Normal: 60–100 beats/min (adult) • Checked at carotid, radial, or femoral pulse points. • Respiratory Rate (RR): • Normal: 12–20 breaths/min (adult) • Blood Pressure (BP): • Normal: 120/80 mmHg (approx.) • Temperature: • Normal: 36.5°C – 37.5°C (98.6°F average) • Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂): • Normal: 95–100% (measured by pulse oximeter)
• 6.
  • Primary Assessment(Initial Assessment in Emergencies) • The primary assessment is the first, rapid check done in emergency situations (like in Basic Life Support or trauma care) to detect and treat life-threatening conditions immediately. • Steps of Primary Assessment (ABCDE Approach): • A – Airway: • Check if airway is open & clear. • Use head tilt–chin lift or jaw thrust (if trauma suspected). • B – Breathing: • Look, listen, and feel for breathing. • Provide rescue breaths if absent/inadequate.
• 7.
  • C –Circulation: • Check pulse (carotid in adults). • Start chest compressions if no pulse. • Control severe bleeding if present. • D – Disability (Neurological Status): • Assess responsiveness (AVPU: Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive). • Check pupil response. • E – Exposure/Environment: • Expose patient to check for hidden injuries. • Prevent hypothermia (cover with blanket if needed).
• 8.
  • 1. BasicEmergency Care (BEC) • Basic emergency care is the immediate care provided to someone who has a sudden illness or injury before advanced medical help is available. It includes: • Ensuring safety (scene safety for rescuer & victim). • Calling for help/EMS activation. • Primary assessment (ABCDE). • CPR and use of AED in cardiac arrest. • Bleeding control (direct pressure, bandages, tourniquet if severe). • Immobilization in suspected fractures or spinal injuries. • Basic airway support & rescue breathing if needed. • Monitoring vital signs until advanced care arrives.
• 9.
  • 2. FirstAid • First aid is the initial help or treatment given to an injured or suddenly ill person, using available materials, until full medical care is accessible. • Principles of First Aid (DRSABC): • D – Danger: Ensure safety of rescuer, victim, and bystanders. • R – Response: Check if the victim responds (consciousness). • S – Shout for help / Activate EMS. • A – Airway: Open and clear the airway. • B – Breathing: Check breathing; give rescue breaths if absent. • C – Circulation/CPR: Check pulse, start chest compressions if absent.
• 10.
  • Examples ofFirst Aid Situations: • Bleeding: Apply direct pressure, elevate, bandage. • Burns: Cool with running water, cover with clean cloth. • Fractures: Immobilize, avoid movement. • Choking: Perform Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts). • Shock: Lay patient flat, elevate legs (if no fracture), keep warm.
• 11.
  • Triage • Triage= The process of sorting and prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition when resources are limited (disasters, accidents, mass casualties). • Triage Categories (Simple Colour Coding): • Red (Immediate): • Life-threatening but treatable injuries (airway obstruction, severe bleeding, shock). • Need immediate intervention. • Yellow (Delayed): • Serious but not immediately life-threatening injuries (fractures, burns without airway compromise). • Treatment can be delayed.
• 12.
  • Green (Minor/ Walking wounded): • Minor injuries (cuts, abrasions, sprains). • Can wait or even self-treat. • Black (Expectant / Dead): • Dead or injuries so severe that survival is unlikely. • Comfort care only.
• 13.
  • Ventilations inBasic Life Support (BLS) • Ventilation = providing oxygen to the lungs of a person who is not breathing adequately or is in respiratory arrest. • Methods of Ventilation • Mouth-to-Mouth / Mouth-to-Nose • Rescuer exhales air directly into patient’s airway. • Used when no equipment is available. • Mouth-to-Mask Ventilation • Uses a pocket mask with a one-way valve. • Safer for both rescuer and patient (reduces infection risk). • Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM) Ventilation • Most effective basic equipment for assisted breathing. • Provides higher oxygen delivery (especially if connected to an oxygen source).
• 14.
  • Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM)Ventilation • A BVM is a handheld device used to provide positive pressure ventilation (PPV) to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately. • Components of a BVM: • Self-inflating bag (manual compression provides ventilation). • One-way valve (prevents exhaled air from going back). • Face mask (seals over nose and mouth). • Oxygen reservoir (optional) (delivers up to nearly 100% oxygen if connected).
• 15.
  • Advantages ofBVM: • Delivers higher oxygen concentration. • Can be used with supplemental oxygen. • Effective in both adults and children (with size-appropriate masks).
• 16.
  • Choking (AirwayObstruction) • Choking occurs when a foreign body blocks the airway, preventing normal breathing. It may be partial (still able to cough/speak) or complete (no sound, no effective cough, cannot breathe). • Choking Management (Adults & Children >1 year) • If the person is responsive but choking (complete obstruction): • Encourage cough if effective. • If unable to cough, speak, or breathe: • Perform 5 back blows (between shoulder blades). • If not relieved, perform 5 abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver): • Stand behind victim, wrap arms around waist. • Make a fist, place it just above navel. • Give quick, upward thrusts. • Alternate back blows and abdominal thrusts until obstruction clears or victim becomes unresponsive.
• 17.
  • Choking inInfants (<1 year): • Hold infant face-down on your forearm, head lower than chest. • Give 5 back slaps (between shoulder blades). • Turn infant face-up, give 5 chest thrusts (like compressions, but slower). • Repeat until object is expelled or infant becomes unresponsive. • If unresponsive → start CPR (with rescue breaths).
• 18.
  • Rescue Breathing(When No Breathing but Pulse Present) • Rescue breathing is given when the victim has a pulse but is not breathing adequately. • Steps: • Open airway (head tilt–chin lift, or jaw thrust if trauma). • Seal mouth (mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-nose, or use mask). • Give breaths: • Adults: 1 breath every 5–6 seconds (10–12/min). • Children/Infants: 1 breath every 3–5 seconds (12–20/min). • Each breath = ~1 second, enough to make chest rise. • Recheck pulse every 2 minutes. • If no pulse start → CPR.