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Cardiovascular system
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, detailing its components including the heart, blood vessels, and their functions in nutrient transport and waste removal. It explains the structure and operation of the heart, including the cardiac cycle, conduction system, and major blood circulation pathways. Additionally, it outlines common cardiovascular diseases and disorders, heart sounds, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram readings.
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Cardiovascular system
- 1. The Cardiovascular System Prepared by Ms. NishaS. Mhaske M.Pharm (Q.A.T) Lecturer, PRES’s COPD, Chincholi. Email : [email protected]
- 2. Contents • Introduction toCVS • Heart • Blood vessels • Circulation • Heart sound • Conduction system of heart • Cardiac cycle of heart • ECG • Blood pressure • Diseases & disorders related to heart • References
- 3. Introduction to CVS The cardiovascular system is transport system of body It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels. The system supplies nutrients and remove waste products from various tissue of body.
- 4. Functions of CVS Transport nutrients, hormones Remove waste products Gaseous exchange Immunity Blood vessels transport blood ◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
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- 6. Heart • Heart isa four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist • Four chambers – Left & Right Ventricles Left & Right Atria • Made up of cardiac Tissue. • Endocardium- lines the heart chambers • Myocardium- muscle layer • Pericardium- membranous outer covering • Location: – Superior surface of diaphragm – Left of the midline – Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
- 7. The Heart Wall:3 layers • Epicardium • Outside layer • This layer is the parietal pericardium • Connective tissue layer • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium • Inner layer • Endothelium
- 9. Atria • Right Atrium(RA)- right upper chamber- receives blood from body- deoxygenated blood • Left atrium (LA)- left upper heart.- receives oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it to the left ventricle
- 10. Ventricles • Right ventricle(RV)- right lower chamber- receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs through pulmonary artery • Left Ventricle (LV)- lower left chamber- receives blood from left atrium and sends it through the aorta to the body.
- 11. • Aorta: Themain trunk of the systemic arteries, carrying blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs. • Pulmonary Artery: carries blood to lungs Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta pulmonary artery
- 12. The Heart: Valves •Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Four valves – Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles • Bicuspid valve (left) • Tricuspid valve (right) – Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve
- 13. • Tricuspid valve controlsblood flow between the right atrium and ventricle. • Mitral valve / Bicuspid valve controls blood movement between the left atrium and ventricle Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Tricuspid Valve Mitral Valve
- 14. • Pulmonary valve controlsblood movement from right ventricle into pulmonary artery • The aortic valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Tricuspid Valve Pulmonar y valve Mitral Valve Aortic valve
- 15. Operation of HeartValves
- 16. Blood vessels Arteries(Distributing channel) •Thick walled tubes • Elastic Fibers • Circular Smooth Muscle Capillaries (microscopic vessels) • One cell thick • Serves the Respiratory System Veins (draining channel)
- 17. Arteries • Arteries- tubesthat carry blood away from the heart. • Muscular elastic walls • Form arterioles which form capillaries • Carry blood and oxygen to the body cells
- 18. Coronary Arteries • Supplyblood to the heart muscle. • The heart needs a large amount of blood and 5-7% of blood flows through the coronary arteries.
- 19. Difference between Artery& Vein Points Artery vein Direction of flow Blood Away from Heart Blood to Heart Pressure Higher Lower Walls THICKER: Tunica media thicker than tunica externa THINNER: Tunica externa thicker than tunica media Lumen Smaller Larger Valves No valves Valves
- 21. Blood vessels • Threelayers (tunics) – Tunic intima: • Endothelium – Tunic media • Smooth muscle • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system – Tunic externa • Mostly fibrous connective tissue
- 22. Capillaries • Capillaries- tubesthat connect arteries and veins • Walls only one cell thick • Site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen from blood cells and carbon dioxide and wastes to the blood Veins • Veins- tubes that carry blood toward the heart • Thinner muscular walls • Carry blood back to heart • Cuplike valves to help move blood
- 23. Circulation Coronary circulation– the circulation of blood within the heart. Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. Fetal Circulation
- 24. SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARYCIRCULATION Pulmonary circulation The flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation The flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.
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- 27. Portal Circulation Portal circulation- the flow of blood between two set of capillaries before draining in systemic veins.
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- 29. Heart Sounds • Heartsounds (lub-dup) are associated with closing of heart valves – First sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole (contraction) – Second sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation)
- 30. The Heart: ConductionSystem • Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart • Sino-atrial node (SA node) – Wall of right atrium – Generates impulse – Natural pacemaker – Sends impulse to AV node • Atrio-ventricular node (AV node) – Between atria just above ventricles – Atria contract – Sends impulse to the bundle of His • Bundle of His – Between ventricles – Two branches – Sends impulse to Purkinje fibers • Purkinje fibers – Lateral walls of ventricles – Ventricles contract
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- 32. The Heart’s CardiacCycle • Cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart – Systole – contraction of heart muscle – Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle • One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle Atria contract and relax Ventricles contract and relax • Right atrium contracts – Tricuspid valve opens – Blood fills right ventricle • Right ventricle contracts – Tricuspid valve closes – Pulmonary semilunar valve opens – Blood flows into pulmonary artery • Left atrium contracts – Bicuspid valve opens – Blood fills left ventricle • Left ventricle contracts – Bicuspid valve closes – Aortic semilunar valve opens – Blood pushed into aorta
- 33. Phases of theCardiac Cycle
- 34. The Heart: CardiacOutput • Cardiac output (CO) or Minute volume – Amount of blood ejected each minute. CO=(Stroke volume) X (Heart rate) Cardiac output-5040 ml per minute. • Stroke volume – It is the amount of blood ejected from the heart at each contraction of the ventricles. – Stroke volume- 70 ml
- 35. Electrocardiogram • In general,when muscles contract, there is change in the electrical potential across the membrane of muscle fiber, similarly in cardiac muscle happens same. • As the body fluids and tissues are good conductors of electricity, the electrical changes occurring in the contracting myocardium can be detected by attaching electrodes to the surface of the body. • The pattern of electrical activity may be displayed on the oscilloscope screen or printed out on paper. This tracing is called as Electrocardiogram. • The normal ECG shows 5 waves which are named as, P,Q,R,S & T Wave.
- 36. • P-Wave– impulseof contraction within the atria. • Q,R,S Wave– spread of the impulse of contraction through the conducting tissue to the ventricular muscle. • T Wave– relaxation of the ventricular muscle. • Examination of ECG gives information about state of myocardium and the conducting system within the heart. • ECG has diagnostic value, as variation in graph indicates heart diseases. • The instrument used in recording the ECG is called electrocardiograph.
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- 38. Major Arteries ofSystemic Circulation
- 39. Major Veins ofSystemic Circulation
- 40. Heart rate • Heartsound- during contraction & relaxation heart produces sound mainly due to closing of valves (Lubb/dup) • Heart rate is recorded by using Stethoscope. • Normal heart rate- 60-80 per minute. Heart rate Normal Abnormal More than Normal Less than Normal Tachycardia Bradycardia
- 41. Blood pressure • Itis the force called radial pressure, exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. • Two types of pressures 1. Systolic BP –the pressure exerted during systole (Contraction of muscles) is called systolic blood pressure. Normal systolic BP is 120 mm of Hg. Systolic BP may vary from 100-150 mm of Hg. 1. Diastolic BP –the pressure exerted during diastole (relaxation of muscles) is called diastolic blood pressure. Normal diastolic BP is from 80 mm of Hg. Diastolic BP may vary from 60-90 mm of Hg. • Pulse pressure –the difference between systolic & diastolic blood pressure is called pulse pressure.
- 42. • Factors maintainingBlood Pressure 1. Contractile force of heart 2. Cardiac output 3. Elasticity of wall of blood vessels 4. Volume of blood circulated in the circulatory system 5. Peripheral resistance • Factors affecting BP 1. Physiological condition –exercise 2. Emotional conditions 3. Age of the individual 4. Body weight • Blood pressure is measured with the help of an instrument called “Sphygmomanometer”.
- 43. Measuring Arterial BloodPressure Baroreceptors Also help regulate blood pressure Located in the aorta and carotid arteries
- 44. Pulse • Pulse –pressure wave of blood • Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated. • Normal Pulse rate- 70-80per minute.
- 45. Arrhythmias Abnormal heartrhythms Carditis Inflammation of the heart Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium) Congestive heart failure Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs Coronary artery disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
- 46. Thrombophlebitis Blood clotsand inflammation develop in a vein Varicose veins Twisted, dilated veins Myocardial infarction Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds Angina Pectoris It means chest pain. Severe pain beneath the breast bone, and in many cases in the left shoulder and arm. It s due to the heart muscle being inadequately supplied with oxygen. The commonest cause is disease (arteriosclerosis) of the coronary arteries. Stenosis Narrowing of valve Hemorrhoids Rectum veins are dilated Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arterial walls, due to deposition of cholesterol in blood arteries. It results in partial loss of elasticity of the arteries. It usually results in hypertension.
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- 48. Percutaneous Transluminal CoronaryAngioplasty
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- 50. References • Human Anatomy& Physiology, by Rahul Phate, Career publications, First edition-Jan 2004, Page no:72-95. • Human Anatomy & Physiology, by S.B.Bhise & A.V.Yadav, Nirali Prakashan, 25th edition-July 2013, Page no:7.1-7.14
- 51. Your work isto discover your world and then with all your heart give yourself to it. ~ Buddha