Care of patients with elImination deviation.pptx
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Care of patients with elImination deviation.pptx
- 1. CARE OF PATIENTS WITH BODY ELIMINATION PRSESENTED BY ……. MS. ANEETA SHARMA MSC TUTOR
- 2. URINARY ELIMINATION MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Body elimination refers to the process by which the body removes waste products, mainly through urination (urinary elimination) and defecation (bowel elimination). • Disorders or alterations in elimination can affect a patient's physical, emotional, and social well-being, so proper nursing care is essential. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 4. TYPES OF BODY ELIMINATION 1. Urinary Eliminati on 2. Bowel Eliminati on MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 5. 1. URINARY ELIMINATION • Urinary elimination is the process by which the body excretes waste products and excess fluid through the urinary system. • It plays a key role in fluid and electrolyte balance and the removal of toxins.
- 6. ORGANS INVOLVED IN URINARY ELIMINATION • Kidneys (filter blood, form urine) • Ureters (transport urine to bladder) • Bladder (stores urine) • Urethra (excretes urine out of the body) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 7. ASSESSMENT OF URINARY ELIMINATION Parameter Normal Findings • Urine colour Amber/straw, clear • Odor Aromatic • Output 1,000–2,000 mL/day • Frequency 4–8 times/day • PH 4.6-8 average
- 8. COMMON PROBLEMS IN URINARY ELIMINATION Urinary Incontinence-Involuntary leakage of urine. Urinary Retention-Inability to empty bladder fully UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)-Infection in the urinary system Oliguria-Low urine output (<400 mL/day) Anuria-No urine output (<100 mL/day) Polyuria-Excessive urination (>2,500 mL/day) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 9. CONTI.. Nocturia-Frequent urination at night Dysuria-Painful or difficult urination Haematuria-Presence of blood in the urine Pyuria-pus in urine Enuresis – involuntary passage of urine Glycosuria- presence of sugar in urine Proteinuria- presence of protein in urine MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 10. CAUSES Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Obstruction of Urine Flow Neurological Disorders Muscle Dysfunction Hormonal Changes Congenital Abnormalities Aging Lifestyle Factors MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 11. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) • Bacterial infection in the urinary tract (bladder, urethra, or kidneys). MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 12. Obstruction of Urine Flow •Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) – enlarged prostate in men •Kidney stones •Tumors (bladder, urethra, or surrounding organs)
- 13. Neurological Disorders • Spinal cord injury MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 14. Muscle Dysfunction • Detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder wall) may be: • Overactive → urge incontinence • Underactive → retention or overflow incontinence MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 15. Hormonal Changes •Menopause (decreased estrogen changes in → bladder/vaginal tissues) •May contribute to incontinence or urgency MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 16. Congenital Abnormalities • Structural defects in the urinary tract (e.g., vesicoureteral reflux, spina bifida)
- 17. Aging • Reduced bladder capacity • Decreased bladder elasticity • Weak pelvic floor muscles (especially in women) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 18. Lifestyle Factors •Low fluid intake → concentrated urine irritation → •Caffeine/alcohol → bladder stimulation •Immobility → incomplete voiding MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 19. • Monitor intake and output (I&O) • Assess urine colour, Odor, clarity, volume • Palpate bladder for distention • Use bladder scanner if retention is suspected. • Ask about pain, burning, or urgency. • Monitor for UTI signs: burning, urgency, cloudy/foul-smelling urine, fever. ASSESSMENT & MONITORING MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 20. NURSING CARE • Increase the physical activity • Arrange for toilet or bedpans • Bladder training program • Managing urinary retention • Encourage regular toileting schedule. • Encourage fluid intake (1.5–2.5 L/day unless contraindicated) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 21. Medications Commonly Used • Anticholinergics:- (e.g., oxybutynin), mirabegron control of urinary incontinence, • Alpha-blockers:- (e.g., tamsulosin) used in men to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia • Antibiotics:-- As prescribed (e.g., Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin) for infection • Analgesics: e.g., Phenazopyridine (for burning/pain) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 22. •Patient Teaching • Drink enough fluids daily • Do not delay urination • Report signs of infection or changes in urine • Perform pelvic exercises if prone to incontinence • Teach proper perineal hygiene (front to back for females) MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 23. 2. Bowel Elimination •Bowel elimination is the process of removing solid waste (feces) from the body through the rectum and anus. • It is a normal function of the digestive system that helps the body prevent toxin buildupand remove waste products. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 24. Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination •Diet: High fiber promotes regularity. •Hydration: Adequate fluid intake softens stool. •Physical activity: Stimulates intestinal motility. •Medications: Laxatives, opioids, and antibiotics can alter bowel patterns. •Age: Infants, elderly, and those with certain conditions may experience changes in elimination. •Illness or surgery: Conditions like IBS, Crohn’s, or surgery can impact bowel habits. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 25. Common Alterations in Bowel Elimination: Constipation- • Infrequent or difficult passage of hard, dry stool. • Can be caused by poor diet, lack of fluids, inactivity, or medications. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 26. Diarrhea- • Frequent, loose, or watery stools. • Often caused by infections, food intolerance, or certain medications. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 27. Fecal Incontinence- • Inability to control bowel movements, leading to accidental stool leakage. • May be due to nerve damage, aging, or chronic illness. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 28. Impaction (Fecal Impaction)- •A hard mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed. •Often a result of chronic constipation. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 29. Hemorrhoids- •Swollen veins in the rectum or anus, often due to straining during bowel movements. •Can cause pain, itching, and bleeding. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 30. Bowel Obstruction- •A blockage in the intestines that prevents stool or gas from passing. •May require emergency treatment. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 31. Assessment of Bowel Elimination •Health History •Usual bowel pattern, recent changes, diet, fluid intake, medications, and any discomfort or pain. •Physical Assessment •Inspect and palpate the abdomen, listen for bowel sounds. •Stool Characteristics •Note color, consistency, shape, frequency, and presence of blood or mucus. •Diagnostic Tests (if needed) •Stool tests, X-rays, colonoscopy, or occult blood test. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 32. Nurse's Responsibilities in Bowel Elimination •Dietary Management •Increase fiber intake (fruits, vegetables, whole grains). •Encourage adequate fluid intake (6–8 glasses/day). •Physical Activity •Encourage regular movement or walking to stimulate bowel function. •Toileting Routines •Establish regular times for bowel movements, especially after meals. •Ensure privacy and comfort during toileting. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 33. CONTIII •Medications •Use stool softeners, laxatives, antidiarrheals, or enemas as prescribed. •Monitor for side effects or dependency on laxatives. • Bowel Training Programs • Scheduled toileting, especially for patients with incontinence or neurological impairment. • Patient Education • Teach about healthy bowel habits, recognizing signs of problems, and when to seek help. • Monitoring & Documentation • Observe and record bowel patterns and stool characteristics. • Report any abnormal findings to the healthcare provider. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)
- 34. MS. ANEETA SHARMA NURSING LECTURER (CHILD HEALTH NURSING)