Carmon_Remote Sensing GIS by Mahesh kumar

Remote Sensing & GIS
Remote Sensing & GIS
Michael Carmon
Michael Carmon

Abstract
Abstract
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a new and blossoming concept, and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are a new and blossoming concept, and
continue to grow in complexity and utility thanks in large part to the
continue to grow in complexity and utility thanks in large part to the
proceeding and continual development of Remote Sensing. Remote
proceeding and continual development of Remote Sensing. Remote
Sensing plays a large role in the enhancement of any GIS, and in most
Sensing plays a large role in the enhancement of any GIS, and in most
cases, allows data to become much more relatable and useful for anyone. A
cases, allows data to become much more relatable and useful for anyone. A
GIS receives much of the data for its built-in layers from Remote Sensing
GIS receives much of the data for its built-in layers from Remote Sensing
platforms such as satellites, radars and airplanes. Passive sensors
platforms such as satellites, radars and airplanes. Passive sensors
contribute to imagery and data for land cover mapping, change detection,
contribute to imagery and data for land cover mapping, change detection,
snow monitoring, thermal changes and terrain modeling. Active sensors
snow monitoring, thermal changes and terrain modeling. Active sensors
contribute heavily to data for extremely accurate terrain models known as
contribute heavily to data for extremely accurate terrain models known as
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). These large quantities of data can be geo-
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). These large quantities of data can be geo-
referenced and integrated into one large GIS, allowing a user to access a
referenced and integrated into one large GIS, allowing a user to access a
powerful amount of information at one time with relative ease. And as
powerful amount of information at one time with relative ease. And as
remote sensing technology continues to increase in resolution and power,
remote sensing technology continues to increase in resolution and power,
the data base will enlarge and increase the potential power of users of a
the data base will enlarge and increase the potential power of users of a
Geographic Information System.
Geographic Information System.

Overview
Overview
 What is a GIS?
What is a GIS?
 The Importance of Remote Sensing in
The Importance of Remote Sensing in
GIScience
GIScience
 RS Methods Used in GIS Data Acquisition
RS Methods Used in GIS Data Acquisition
 Digital Orthophotos & Satellite Imagery
Digital Orthophotos & Satellite Imagery
 Radar Data: DEMs
Radar Data: DEMs
 The Future of GIS and Remote Sensing
The Future of GIS and Remote Sensing

GIS Basics
GIS Basics
 Geographic Information System
Geographic Information System
 Allows the viewing and analysis of
Allows the viewing and analysis of
multiple layers of spatially related
multiple layers of spatially related
information associated with a
information associated with a
geographic region/location
geographic region/location
 Both spatial and attribute (tabular)
Both spatial and attribute (tabular)
data are integrated
data are integrated
 The widespread collection and
The widespread collection and
integration of imagery into GIS has
integration of imagery into GIS has
been made possible through remote
been made possible through remote
sensing
sensing
 With the increasing technological
With the increasing technological
development of remote sensing, the
development of remote sensing, the
development of GIS has
development of GIS has
simultaneously accelerated
simultaneously accelerated

The Importance of RS
The Importance of RS
 Large amounts of data needed, and Remote Sensing can provide it
Large amounts of data needed, and Remote Sensing can provide it
 Reduces manual field work dramatically
Reduces manual field work dramatically
 Allows retrieval of data for regions difficult or impossible to reach:
Allows retrieval of data for regions difficult or impossible to reach:
 Open ocean
Open ocean
 Hazardous terrain (high mountains, extreme weather areas, etc.)
Hazardous terrain (high mountains, extreme weather areas, etc.)
 Ocean depths
Ocean depths
 Atmosphere
Atmosphere
 Allows for the collection of much more data in a shorter amount of
Allows for the collection of much more data in a shorter amount of
time
time
 Leads to increased land coverage AND
Leads to increased land coverage AND
 Increase ground resolution of a GIS
Increase ground resolution of a GIS
 Digital Imagery greatly enhances a GIS
Digital Imagery greatly enhances a GIS
 DIRECTLY: Imagery can serve as a visual aid
DIRECTLY: Imagery can serve as a visual aid
 INDIRECTLY: Can serves as a source to derive information such as…
INDIRECTLY: Can serves as a source to derive information such as…
 Land use/land cover
Land use/land cover
 Atmospheric emissions
Atmospheric emissions
 Vegetation
Vegetation
 Water bodies
Water bodies
 Cloud cover
Cloud cover
 Change detection (including sea ice, coastlines, sea levels, etc.)
Change detection (including sea ice, coastlines, sea levels, etc.)

RS Methods in GIS
RS Methods in GIS
 Passive Sensors:
Passive Sensors:
 Landsat TM
 AVHRR
 Spot
 MODIS
 IKONOS
IKONOS
 Quickbird
Quickbird
 Passive Systems: Air Photography (DOs)
Passive Systems: Air Photography (DOs)
 Active Sensors: Radar
Active Sensors: Radar
 DEMs
DEMs

Coarser Resolution Satellite Sensors Used
Coarser Resolution Satellite Sensors Used
LANDSAT Thematic Mapper
Good for regional coverage
30m MS resolution
15 m panchromatic resolution
Most Common Use:
Land Cover/Land Use Mapping
MODIS
36 spectral bands
Most Common Uses:
Cloud/Aerosol Properties
Ocean Color
Atmospheric Water Vapor
Sea/Atmospheric Temperatures

Higher Resolution Satellite Sensors Used
Higher Resolution Satellite Sensors Used
Quickbird
2.5 m multispectral resolution
61 cm (~2 ft.) panchromatic
resolution
IKONOS
4 m visible/infrared resolution
1 m panchromatic resolution
MOST COMMON USES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION:
Accurate Base Maps
Infrastructure Mapping
Disaster Assessment (Smaller Scale)

How data is extracted:
How data is extracted:
 Layers such as roads (yellow) and rivers (blue) can be easily seen
Layers such as roads (yellow) and rivers (blue) can be easily seen
from air/satellite photos
from air/satellite photos
 This information is digitized (see next slide), separated into layers,
This information is digitized (see next slide), separated into layers,
and integrated into a GIS
and integrated into a GIS

Digitizing Data
Digitizing Data
 MANUAL
MANUAL
 Map is fixed to digitizer table
Map is fixed to digitizer table
 Control Points are digitized
Control Points are digitized
 Feature Boundaries are digitized in stream or point mode
Feature Boundaries are digitized in stream or point mode
 The layer is proofed and edited
The layer is proofed and edited
 The layer is transformed/registered to a known system
The layer is transformed/registered to a known system
 AUTOMATED SCANNERS
AUTOMATED SCANNERS
 Digitizing done automatically by a scanner
Digitizing done automatically by a scanner
 There is a range of scanner qualities
There is a range of scanner qualities
 Most utilize the reflection/transmission of light to record data
Most utilize the reflection/transmission of light to record data
 “
“Thresholding” allows for the determination of both line and point features from a hardcopy
Thresholding” allows for the determination of both line and point features from a hardcopy
map
map
 Editing still required
Editing still required
 DIRECT DATA ENTRY
DIRECT DATA ENTRY
 Coordinate Geometry is used, with GPS playing a vital role
Coordinate Geometry is used, with GPS playing a vital role
 This involves directly entering in coordinates measured in the field
This involves directly entering in coordinates measured in the field
 These coordinates can then be tagged with attribute data
These coordinates can then be tagged with attribute data
 This data this then downloaded to a computer and incorporated into a GIS
This data this then downloaded to a computer and incorporated into a GIS

Air Photos: DOs
Air Photos: DOs
 An
An orthophotograph
orthophotograph is an aerial photograph that has been corrected to remove distortions
is an aerial photograph that has been corrected to remove distortions
caused by:
caused by:
 Camera optics
Camera optics
 Tilt
Tilt
 Elevation differences
Elevation differences
 Digital Conversion (“Registration”)
Digital Conversion (“Registration”)
 Must be converted to digital format before integration into a GIS
Must be converted to digital format before integration into a GIS
 Photograph is split into many pixels
Photograph is split into many pixels
 Distortion at each point must be calculated
Distortion at each point must be calculated
 A photograph is considered registered when each pixel has its exact position (geographically) placed
A photograph is considered registered when each pixel has its exact position (geographically) placed
with the above distortions having been taken into account
with the above distortions having been taken into account
 These registered air photos can then be used to extract data or as a base map for a GIS (or
These registered air photos can then be used to extract data or as a base map for a GIS (or
both)
both)

Radar Data: DEMs
Radar Data: DEMs
 Active sensors provide the
Active sensors provide the
most thorough, accurate and
most thorough, accurate and
intricate model of topography
intricate model of topography
 Radar can reach places nearly
Radar can reach places nearly
impossible to survey manually
impossible to survey manually
 Interferometric Synthetic
Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar
Aperture Radar
 Two passes of a radar satellite
Two passes of a radar satellite
are used
are used
 Any phase difference of
Any phase difference of
returned echoes yields
returned echoes yields
information about the angle
information about the angle
from which the echo was
from which the echo was
returned
returned
 Allows for topographic
Allows for topographic
information to be derived
information to be derived
]
cos
sin
[
2




 y
x B
B 

)
(cos


H
h
h is pixel height and phi is phase
difference:

This image was created by overlaying a 1m resolution DO on a
This image was created by overlaying a 1m resolution DO on a
DEM of the same area (both utilize the same projection)
DEM of the same area (both utilize the same projection)
Source: http://www.sco.wisc.edu/maps/digitalelevation.php#GIS
Source: http://www.sco.wisc.edu/maps/digitalelevation.php#GIS

Applications
Applications
 Change Detection
Change Detection
 Disaster Assessment
Disaster Assessment
 Hurricane Katrina & Rita
Hurricane Katrina & Rita
 2004 Tsunami
2004 Tsunami
 Atmospheric Modeling
Atmospheric Modeling
 aerosols
aerosols
 air pollution
air pollution
 climate change
climate change
 Ocean
Ocean
 topography
topography
 currents
currents

Future of GIS & RS: Worldview I
Future of GIS & RS: Worldview I
 Launched in September 2007
Launched in September 2007
 Provides ½ m resolution images (Houston, TX above)
Provides ½ m resolution images (Houston, TX above)
 Images such as the one above will become increasingly common and will provide more
Images such as the one above will become increasingly common and will provide more
accurate data for a GIS
accurate data for a GIS
Altitude
Altitude: 496 km
: 496 km
Orbit Type
Orbit Type: Sun-Synchronous
: Sun-Synchronous
Swath width at nadir
Swath width at nadir: 17.6 km
: 17.6 km
Orbit Time
Orbit Time: 94.6 minutes
: 94.6 minutes
Panchromatic Imagery
Panchromatic Imagery
More Worldview I Images

Issues of Remote Sensing & GIS
Issues of Remote Sensing & GIS
in the Future
in the Future
 User interfaces continue to become more standardized
User interfaces continue to become more standardized
 An increased number of RS platforms is leading to more accurate and
An increased number of RS platforms is leading to more accurate and
more easily acquirable data
more easily acquirable data
 Geospatial Law & Privacy Issues
Geospatial Law & Privacy Issues
 becoming more of an issue as resolution increases
becoming more of an issue as resolution increases
 who has a right to be looking at pictures of one’s home in ½ m resolution?
who has a right to be looking at pictures of one’s home in ½ m resolution?
 GIS is becoming more globally accepted
GIS is becoming more globally accepted
 Increasing resolutions of RS platforms has lead to increasing amounts
Increasing resolutions of RS platforms has lead to increasing amounts
of data
of data
 can the large amount of data be handled and stored efficiently?
can the large amount of data be handled and stored efficiently?
 can this data be incorporated into a GIS that is not overwhelmingly large?
can this data be incorporated into a GIS that is not overwhelmingly large?
 The current era (and times to come, most likely) continues to
The current era (and times to come, most likely) continues to
emphasize visualization of information
emphasize visualization of information
 Remote Sensing images are
Remote Sensing images are key
key to this aspect
to this aspect

Sources
Sources
 Allen, C. “An Interferometric Technique for Synthetic
Allen, C. “An Interferometric Technique for Synthetic
Aperture Ground-Penetrating Radar.”
Aperture Ground-Penetrating Radar.” Geoscience and
Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium.
Remote Sensing Symposium. 4 (1996): 2033-2035.
4 (1996): 2033-2035.
 Bolstad, Paul.
Bolstad, Paul. Fundamentals of GIS, 2
Fundamentals of GIS, 2nd
nd
ed.
ed. Atlas Books,
Atlas Books,
2005.
2005.
 Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI):
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI):
http://www.esri.com
http://www.esri.com
 Lillesand, Thomas M., Ralph W. Kiefer and Jonathan W.
Lillesand, Thomas M., Ralph W. Kiefer and Jonathan W.
Chipman.
Chipman. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 5
Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 5th
th
ed.
ed. Wiley, New York, 2004.
Wiley, New York, 2004.
 NASA: http://www.nasa.gov
NASA: http://www.nasa.gov
 http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php?
http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php?
id=3054
id=3054
 Sattellite Imaging Corps: http://www.satimagingcorp.com
Sattellite Imaging Corps: http://www.satimagingcorp.com
 United States Geological Survey: http://www.usgs.gov
United States Geological Survey: http://www.usgs.gov

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