Carpenter "The Future of the Scholarly Record"

The Future of the
Scholarly Record
Todd A. Carpenter
Executive Director, NISO
@TAC_NISO
APE Annual Conference
January 11, 2022

“
”
You can’t connect the dots
looking forward;
you can only connect them
looking backwards.
- Steve Jobs

Scholars Have Always Shared Their Findings
Image: Walters Art Museum

This Moved from Books to Letters to Articles
Image: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

Scientists Also Shared Data
Ireland’s pre-1940 daily rainfall records, Geoscience Data Journal, Volume: 8, Issue: 1, Pages: 11-23, 16 August
2020, DOI: (10.1002/gdj3.103)

The Early Internet was Designed By
and For Researchers
Image: James L. Green, NASA

Realizing the 1980s Vision of HyperText
Screen shot of the HyperTIES authoring tool Screen shot of an Intermedia educational course

What Makes Someone a Digital Native?
Image: https://tbirdseyeview.wordpress.com/2015/01/18/who-just-said-digital-natives/ Terese Bird, University of Leicester

What about a
digital-native
scholarly record?

Realistically, It Needs to be Much More Than This

Multi-format and multimedia
Interoperable
Machine-readable formats
Adaptive design
Accessible
Transformable
Atomize-able
High quality metadata
Preservable
Linkable
Trackable

Multi-format and multimedia
Interoperable
Machine-readable formats
Adaptive design
Accessible
Transformable
Atomize-able
High quality metadata
Preservable
Linkable
Trackable
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards
← Standards

What is NISO and
what’s our role?

Photo: Minneapolis College of Art and Design Library

! Non-profit industry trade association accredited
by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
! Mission of developing and maintaining technical standards
related to information, documentation, discovery and
distribution of published materials and media
! Volunteer-driven organization: 500+ contributors spread
out across the world, roughly 25% based outside the US
! Responsible (directly and indirectly) for standards like
ISSN, DOI, Dublin Core metadata, DAISY digital talking
books, OpenURL, MARC records, and ISBN
About
16

Previously, the Scholarly
Record Didn’t Include
Much Data

Large Scale Data-Driven Science
18
“Increasingly, scientific
breakthroughs will be powered by
advanced computing capabilities
that help researchers manipulate
and explore massive datasets.”

NSF DataNET Program
DataNet projects funded by US National Science Foundation (NSF), launched in 2007
in support of NSF’s Cyberinfrastructure Vision for 21st Century Discovery
$100 million investment in five data networks over 10 years
DataONE
Data Conservancy
SEAD Sustainable Environment - Actionable Data
DataNet Federation Consortium
Terra Populus
Other data repository investments made outside of the US around this time:
! Australian National Data Service (Now ARDC)
! EU Open Data Portal
! UK JISC Repositories Support Project (RSP)
! DRIVER (Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research)

CODATA-ICSTI Data Citation Standards
and Practices
u Launched by International Council for Scientific and Technical
Information (ICSTI) and CODATA during the 27th General Assembly in
Cape Town in October 2010
TASKS
u Survey existing literature and existing data citation initiatives.
u Obtain input from stakeholders in library, academic, publishing, and research
communities.
u Hold at least one meeting and a workshop to help establish a solid foundation
of the state of the art and practices in this area.
u Work with the ISO and major regional and national standards organizations to
develop formal data citation standards and good practices.
u Hosted a dozen meetings worldwide, produced two reports Out of Cite Out Of
Mind: The Current State of Practice, Policy, and Technology for the Citation
of Data (2013) and NAS For Attribution
20

Beyond the PDF, San Diego, 2011

The Amsterdam Manifesto
on Data Citation
Drafted during a reception at the Future of
Research Communications (to become FORCE11)
conference in Amsterdam in March 2013
This led to the formation of a working group
within FORCE11 to develop the
JOINT DECLARATION OF DATA CITATION
PRINCIPLES published in 2014.
Endorsed by 125 organizations and nearly 300
individuals.

23
Slide: Sarah Jones
https://www.slideshare.net/sjDCC/fair-data

FAIR into the Future
Since 2016, FAIR has caught on
It has also spawned a variety of
related work that is focused on
the implementation of these
ideas.
(Many of which are focused
on standards.)

Photo: Minneapolis College of Art and Design Library
27

Photo: OSU Thompson Library Stacks” by Kristin Six
28

Today the Stacks of the Library Look Like This

30
This is how you browse bookBot ”stacks”

A key problem today is this:
31

A key problem today is this:
You can’t walk the stacks
in a digital library
or browse the shelves
in an online bookstore
32

33
Digitally,
all you can
browse or search
is metadata

34
How much are you
investing in the quality
of your metadata?

The Algorithms Decide What You Discover

Machines are Reading More Than Humans Are

Machines Don’t Communicate Like People Do
Image: Betsy Streeter. Available from CartoonStock. https://bit.ly/391dVyh

3
9
We Need to Create Content they Can Consume

Building the infrastructure
to support a transformed
scholarly record

u “All disciplines, whether or not data-
intensive, operate in a digital world
where all the elements of the
research process are connected or
connectable in ways that permit
them to be linked together as parts
of a research workstream, with the
possibility of digital interoperability
across the ‘research cycle’.”

u Launched in 2009
u Since grown to include
u 879 repositories
u 29 million DOIs registered
u +5.5 million in 2021 alone
u Just in September 2021:
u 13.9 million successful
resolutions
u On 3,769,169 objects

u Launched in 2012
u Since grown to include more
than 11 million id assignments
u 2,639,296 researchers
registered for new ORCID
identifiers just in 2020

u Managed by CrossRef
u Registry was donated to Crossref by
Elsevier after funding information
was added to its Content Registration
schema in 2012
u Initially included about 4,000 funders
u Now contains more than 21,536
funders
u Connects more than 2.5 million
published works with funding data
Source CrossRef: https://www.crossref.org/pdfs/about-funder-registry.pdf

u Research Organizations Registry
u Launched in 2019
u ROR launched with data from
Digital Science’s GRID database
u Now more than 97,000
institutions assigned

u Newly developing ISO standard
u Launched by Australian
Research Data Commons
(ARDC)
u Connects the various elements
of a research project, from
funding, to researchers, to
protocols, to papers, data sets
and other outputs.
RAiD Explained video

The Developing
Research Graph
PID Graph KPI: Number of resources and
links in the PID Graph available via
GraphQL API as of May 4, 2020.
Generated using (Fenner (2019a)).
RAiD
Projects

Investments in the
infrastructure allow
for tremendous
downstream applications

Yet all this infrastructure
is expensive.

Yet all this infrastructure
is expensive.
Is there a
long-term commitment
from key players
to support this infrastructure?

How scholarly
communications
culture (slowly)
changes
Using data sharing or discovery are
just two examples.
There are many, many more.

Format Transformations
Style 1992
Articles Print
Monographs Print
Research Data Astronomy,
maybe
Preprints ArXiv
Annotation Not
implemented
Discovery A/I Services
Authoring Word/Word
Perfect
Video TV
Presentations In-person
Distribution Agents
Identifiers ISBN/ISSN

Style 1992 2002
Articles Print PDF
Monographs Print Print
maybe
Astronomy,
Chemistry
Preprints ArXiv DSpace
Annotation Not
implemented
Coming soon
Discovery A/I Services Metasearch
Authoring Word/Word
Perfect
Word
Video TV Adobe Flash
Video Player
Presentations In-person In-person
Distribution Agents Online one-off
Identifiers ISBN/ISSN DOI

Style 1992 2002 2012
Articles Print PDF PDF/HTML
Monographs Print Print Print/EPUB?
maybe
Astronomy,
Chemistry
Explosion of
Data
Preprints ArXiv DSpace Ubiquitous
Repositories
Annotation Not
implemented
Coming soon Prototypes
(Annotea)
Discovery A/I Services Metasearch Google
Authoring Word/Word
Perfect
Word Word
Video Player
YouTube
Presentations In-person In-person In-person
Distribution Agents Online one-off Big Deal
Identifiers ISBN/ISSN DOI ORCID

Format Transformations To Date
Style 1992 2002 2012 2022
Articles Print PDF PDF/HTML HTML5
Monographs Print Print Print/EPUB? EPUB
maybe
Astronomy,
Chemistry
Explosion of
Data
Focus on Data
Management
Repositories
Subject
repositories
Annotation Not
implemented
(Annotea)
Hypothes.is
Discovery A/I Services Metasearch Google Google!
Authoring Word/Word
Perfect
Word Word G Docs
Video Player
YouTube Video
Platforms
Presentations In-person In-person In-person Zoom
Distribution Agents Online one-off Big Deal Open Access
Identifiers ISBN/ISSN DOI ORCID RoR

The Scholarly
Record of
the Future

Technology drives change, but
it doesn’t determine the
direction or eventual
destination.

High quality metadata is
the key to discovery and
interoperability online.

Whose responsibility is
the metadata creation
necessary for a
digitally-native scholarly record?

The open-science paradigm
allows for content to be
replicated, moved, analyzed
and republished
in different forms

In a distributed data ecosystem,
how do we build a notification system
to connect the disparate pieces?

The economics of creation of
the scholarly record and its
distribution are being
up-ended because of openness
and the shift away from
subscriptions.

Can publishers effectively manage
supporting dual systems
infrastructure (i.e., both subscription
and open) without more effective
workflows?

Scholarly publishers are
investing heavily in automated
processes to support the
increased pace of content
creation and to
maintain profitability

Can machine learning
and automated metadata creation
support the process of creating
a new scholarly record?

The pandemic has transformed
the nature of scholarly (all?)
interactions and virtuality will
remain a core component of
work moving forward

Can we create an
access control system that is
truly viable and adoptable,
world-wide across all institutions?

People will only change the
systems they use if they are
motivated to do so, either by
better benefit to them, or
because they are forced to.

Is the recognition system adapting to
incorporate these new scholarly
record creation tools such that it will
motivate its use in practice?

Format Transformations in the Future
Style 1992 2002 2012 2022 2032
Articles Print PDF PDF/HTML HTML5 Distributed
Monographs Print Print Print/EPUB? EPUB EPUB
maybe
Astronomy,
Chemistry
Explosion of
Data
Focus on Data
Management
FAIR-REST
ready
Repositories
Subject
repositories
Distributed
Web
Annotation Not
implemented
(Annotea)
Hypothes.is Native web
annotation
Discovery A/I Services Metasearch Google Google! AI-driven
Authoring Word/Word
Perfect
Word Word G Docs Cloud/AI
supported
Video Player
YouTube Video
Platforms
Embedded
everywhere
Presentations In-person In-person In-person Zoom AR/VR
Distribution Agents Online one-off Big Deal Open Access Open Science
Identifiers ISBN/ISSN DOI ORCID RoR RAiD

WE’RE IN THE VERY
EARLY DAYS OF THIS
TRANSFORMATION

Less Than 40 Years Into the Era of Digital Content
● It has been estimated that in the 1450s fewer than 10% of books
included page numbers.
● It wasn’t until the first decade of the 16th Century that scholars
started to use page numbers *
Technology changes far faster than the cultural
changes that are required to drive widespread
adoption
* Source: Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World by Naomi S. Baron

THANK YOU
Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
@TAC_NISO
tcarpenter@niso.org
www.niso.org

Carpenter "The Future of the Scholarly Record"

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