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CARTOGRAPHY – yesterday, today and tomorrow
- 1. CARTOGRAPHY – yesterday, today and tomorrow Prof Ashis Sarkar Chandernagore College Chandernagore, West Bengal
- 2. Cartography: The Art and Science of Map Making 1. Depiction of Earth’s Surface 2. Convenient Reduction through Scale Factor 3. Mathematical Principles of transformation of 3D Surface onto a 2D Plane 4. Orientation through relatively fixed Reference Directions 5. Ground Surveying for — a) building the GCN: rMap or bMap b) generating the tBase: Elevation dBase c) geographical overlaying, GrO: Thematic Data Layers Reference Map Generation = Map Projection (Country / Continent / World) tBase Generation = Topographic Surveying and Geodetic Data Matching and Integration (Region) Geographical Overlaying = Thematic Mapping General Maps
- 3. GCN: Map Projections with innumerable probabilities and combinations of multiple deformations, requires knowledge base of — Algebra, Co-ordinate Geometry, Plane Trigonometry, Spherical Trigonometry, Geodesy, Field Astronomy, RS & GIS, Photogrammametry, and Cartography tBase: Ground Surveying with Instrumentation Chain, Compass, Plane Table, Theodolite, Total Station, GPS, Remote Imaging GrO: 7 Fundamental Principles of Cartography(Raisz, 1962)— 1)drawn on a predetermined scale 2)are selective 3)emphasize certain of the selective features 4)are symbolized 5)are generalised 6)are lettered, titled and labelled 7)are related to a system of parallels and meridians
- 4. Maps are flat, but the Earth is not! Producing a perfect map is like peeling an orange and flattening the peel without distorting a map drawn on its surface. A map projection is a mathematical model of a set of rules or for transforming locations from the 3D Earth onto a 2D display. This conversion necessarily distorts some aspect of the earth's surface, such as area, shape, distance, or direction.
- 5. Why use a projection? 1. A projection permits spatial data to be displayed in a Cartesian system. 2. Projections simplify the calculation of distances and areas, and other parameters of spatial analyses . P = Point on 3D Globe Geographical Co-ordinates = (λ, Ф) Spherical Co-ordinates = (θ, r) Ṕ´= Transformed point on 2D Plane Rectangular Co-ordinates = (x, y) Polar Co-ordinates = (ρ, z) Transformation Functions {X = f1 (λ, Ф), y = f2 (λ, Ф)} {ρ = f3 (θ, r), z = f4 (θ, r)} f1, f2, f3, f4 are real, single valued, continuous and differentiable functions
- 6. Hence, 1) no flat representation of the earth is entirely accurate. 2) Innumerable projections have been developed, each suited to a particular purpose. 3) they actually differ in the way they handle four properties: area, angles, distance and direction. Accordingly, they are called equal-area (authalic, homolographic or equivalent), orthomorphic (true-shape or conformal), equidistant, and azimuthal projections. Rules: 1. No projection can preserve all four simultaneously, although some combinations can be preserved, such as ‘area’ and ‘direction’. 2. No projection can preserve both ‘area’ and ‘angles’, however. The map- maker must decide which property is most important and choose a projection based on that.
- 7. Basics of Map Projection • Every projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. • There is no such thing as "best" projection. • Distortions in shape, scale, distance, direction, and area always occur. • Some projections minimize distortions in some of these properties at the expense of maximizing errors in others. • Some projection are attempts to only moderately distort all of these properties. The mapmaker must select the one best suited to the needs, reducing distortion of the most important features. They have devised almost limitless ways to project the image of the globe onto a flat surface (paper). “Every map user and maker should have a basic understanding of map projections” to — • Create spatial data (collecting GPS data) • Import into GIS and overlay with other layers • Acquire spatial data from other sources • Display the GPS data using maps
- 8. Classes of Map Projections Physical Models • Cylindrical Projections (cylinder) - Tangent case (Normal, Equatorial, Oblique) - Secant case • Conic Projections (cone) - Tangent case (Normal, Equatorial, Oblique) - Secant case • Azimuthal or Planar projections (plane) - Tangent case (Normal, Equatorial, Oblique) - Secant case Distortion Properties • Conformal (preserves local angles and shape) • Equal area or Equivalent (preserves area) • Equidistant (preserves scale along a center line) • Azimuthal (preserves directions)
- 10. Coordinate Systems ― 3D Earth Sphere : (Longitude, Latitude, Altitude) Spheroid / Ellipsoid: (Longitude, Latitude, Altitude) 2D Plane Cartesian: (u, v) Polar: (d, z) Rectangular: (x, y)
- 11. Planar Projections • Preserves Azimuth from the Center • Best for Polar Regions • Gnomonic Chart • Celestial Hemisphere • Conformality or Stereograms
- 12. Azimuthal Equidistant Equatorial Projection Azimuthal Equal Area Equatorial Projection Polar Zenithal Equal Area Projection
- 13. Conical Projections • Most accurate along “standard parallels”. • Meridians radiate out from vertex (often a pole). • Poor in polar regions – just omit those areas. Examples: Albers Equal Area. Used in most USGS topographic maps.
- 14. Conical Equidistant Projection Lambert’s Conical Equal Area Projection Alber’s Conical Equal Area Projection
- 15. Euler ProjectionLambert’s Conformal Conic Projection Braun’s Stereographic Conic Projection
- 16. American Polyconic Projection Rectangular Polyconic Projection
- 18. Cylindrical Projections • Meridians and Parallels intersect at 90o, • Often Conformal, • Least Distortion along Equator, • Examples: Plate Carree, Mercator, Galls, etc.
- 19. Plate Carree Projection Lambert’s Cylindrical Equal Area Projection Miller’s Projection
- 20. Gall’s Orthographic Projection Gall’s Stereographic Projection
- 21. Transverse Mercator Projection • Mercator is hopelessly distorted away from the equator towards high latitudes. • Fix: rotate 90° so that the line of contact is a central meridian Example: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Works well for narrow strips (N-S) of the globe. CM: central meridian AB: standard meridian DE: standard meridian -105 -108 -102
- 22. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System 1. UTM system is transverse-secant cylindrical projection 2. It divides the surface of the Earth into 6° zones with a CM in the center of each zone. 3. Each one of it is a different Transverse Mercator projection 4. UTM zone numbers designate 6° longitudinal strips extending from 80° S to 84° N. 1. It is a conformal projection, so small features appear with the correct shape and scale and is the same in all directions. 2. UTM coordinates are in meters, making it easy to make accurate calculations of short distances between points (error is less than 0.04%) 3. Used in USGS topographic map, and digital elevation models (DEMs)
- 23. Zone 1 International Date Line - 180 Equator Zone 18 o Universal Transverse Mercator- Grid
- 24. UTM Zone Numbers
- 25. Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) Coordinate System • The UPS is defined above 84⁰N latitude and south of 80⁰ S latitude. • The eastings and northings are computed using a polar aspect stereographic projection. • Zones are computed using a different character set for south and north Polar regions.
- 27. Compromise Projections 1. Robinson’s World Projection based on a set of co-ordinates rather than a mathematical formula. 2. Shape, Area, and Distance OK near Origin and along Equator. 3. Neither conformal nor equivalent (equal area). Useful only for World Maps.
- 28. “But wait: there’s more …” Buckminster Fuller’s “Dymaxion”
- 29. Cassini’s Projection Braun’s Stereographic Cylindrical Projection Sinusoidal Projection Mollweide’s Projection
- 30. Collignon Diamond Projection Quartic Authalic Projection McBride–Thomas IV Projection Eckert – IV Projection
- 31. Robinson Projection Goode’s Homolosine Projection Boggs Eumorphic Projection Winkel II Projection
- 32. Wiechel’s Projection Aitoff Projection Hammer’s Projection
- 33. Wagner IX Projection Eckert – Greifendroff Projection Winkel Tripple Projection Lagrange Projection
- 34. Eisenlohr Projection August Projection Peirce’s Quincuncial Projection
- 35. Guyou Projection Adam’s Projection Xarax’s World Projection
- 36. Van der Grinten’s III Projection Van der Grinten’s IV Projection Maurar Globular Projection Orthoapsidal Projection
- 37. Arden - Close Projection Oblique Hammer Projection Briesemeister’s Projection
- 38. Interrupted Sinusoidal Projection Jager’s Projection Petermann’s Projection
- 40. Conoalactic Projection Maurer’s S231 Projection Maurer’s S233 Projection
- 41. Interrupted Mollweide’s Projection Interrupted Goode’s Homolosine Projection Interrupted Bogg’s Eumorphic Projection
- 42. Kent – Halstead’s Projection Halstead’s Composite World Projection
- 43. Tetrahedral Globe Cubic Globe Tetrahedral Projection
- 47. Gnomonic Projection on a Cuboctahedron Gnomonic Projection on a Icosahedron
- 48. Snyder’s Polyhedral Projection Gnomonic Projection on a Dodecahedron Rhombicuboctahedral Projection
- 49. Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Dodecahedron Icosahedron Cuboctahedron Rhombicuboctahedron Map Fold Out
- 50. Trapezoidal Projection Ortelius’s Projection Apian Projection
- 51. Mercator Projection Oblique Mercator Projection Octant Projection Nicolosi Projection
- 52. tBase: Ground Surveying with Instrumentation Chain, Compass, Plane Table, Theodolite, Total Station, GPS, Remote Imaging Principles: 1) Always work from the whole to the part. This implies ‘precise control surveying’ as the first consideration, followed by ‘subsidiary detail surveying’. 2) The position of a point is then fixed geometrically by ground measurements (linear, angular, or both). It involves first, the precise measurement of a reference line, called the baseline, and second, a point P on a plane is then fixed relative to the baseline, AB, in one of the following ways : a) traversing, b) triangulation, and c) trilateration to be plotted either by i) polar coordinates or ii) rectangular coordinates.
- 54. A map is simply a 2D scale model of the earth’s surface and is the most spectacular medium of cartographic communication through sets of graphic languages to the full satisfaction of geographers and cartographers (Monmonier and Schnell 1988). It has 3 intrinsic and fundamental aspects while presenting a multiplex of information — 1) location, 2) attributes at locations and 3) their spatial relations. Therefore, they serve as useful devices of spatial analysis and function as scientific tools or aids to the development of geographical hypothesis. Maps are tangible graphic representations of the cultural and physical environment of the earth’s surface (Dent 1985).
- 55. Based on the attributes of visual and tangible reality, Moellering (1980) proposes 4 Classes of Maps: 1) A Real Map: any cartographic product that is directly viewable and permanent (e.g., conventional sheet map, globe, orthophoto map, machine-drawn map, plastic relief map and block diagrams), 2) A Virtual Map (VM-I): directly viewable as a cartographic image but has only a transient tangible reality; e.g., CRT map image: refresh, storage tube, plasma panel, cognitive map or 2D image), 3) A Virtual Map (VM-II): has a permanent reality but cannot be directly viewed as a cartographic object. Spatial data recorded on a hard copy medium like paper e.g., gazetteer, anaglyph, traditional field data, stored hologram, stored fourier transform and laser disk data), and 4) A Virtual Map (VM-III): has neither visual nor tangible reality, e.g., digital memory data, magnetic disk or tape data, video animation, digital terrain model, and cognitive map with relational geographic data).
- 56. 1) To be valid, a map must communicate information to the user of the map. 2) While producing a map, the cartographer must sort the available data or pieces of facts in order to glean information from redundant facts. Thus maps are certainly the cartographic abstractions attained through the processes of - i) selection (based on the objectivity or the purpose) ii) classification (objects with identical or similar attributes are placed in groups) iii) simplification (elimination of unnecessary details) and iv) symbolisation (replaces the form of real world objects with a cartographic representation) of the information about the environment (Dent 1985). It all started during the Greek Civilization (2100 B.C. - 15th C A.D.) with 4 distinct periods: 1. the Archaic and Classical Period (upto 4th C B.C.), 2. the Hellenistic Period (4th - 3rd C B.C.), 3. the Greco-Roman Period (2nd C B.C. - 2nd C A.D.), 4. the Age of Ptolemy (2nd C A.D.)
- 57. Anaximander: Circular and Flat Earth (6th Century B.C.); Pythagoras, Herodotus, Democritus: New Theories and Applications (6th – 4th Century B.C.). Since then developed the Disciplines of Geodesy (Size and Shape of Earth), Map Projection (2D Transformation) and Cartography…… The quest is still on even now for a flawless 2D Map of the 3D Earth Surface. Nystuen (1963) has identified 5 fundamental spatial concepts that are properties of spatial distributions intrinsic to a map: 1) direction, or the orientation w.r.t. a reference point or line, 2) distance, or the physical separation between points in space (important because spatial interaction is an inverse function of distance from source), 3) connectiveness, or relative location /contiguity/ adjacency that exists among cartographic objects, 4) a neighbourhood that exists around any object containing other elements that are in some way connected to it (important because events at one object often influence events at neighbouring objects), and 5) absolute location (defined by a metric irrespective of the location of any other point).
- 58. Understanding the User Needs This is absolutely vital to the success of any map! An effectively designed map clearly communicates the required info to the map user. This is only possible by fully understanding what that message is and how the map is intended to be used. Consideration of Display Format There are numerous output formats for maps and various types of media on which they can be disseminated. Each has its own merits and its own limitations so there needs to be sound consideration and a valid reason for the choice that is made. A Clear Visual Hierarchy The aim here is to draw attention to certain elements of the map and push those of less importance further down the visual plane. This helps the user differentiate between map features and helps them comprehend the map's message effectively.
- 59. Simplicity Cartography aims to portray spatial information in an appropriate way in order to transform information into knowledge. One should always assess that information’s value to the user against map clutter and confusion. Legibility All map elements need to be legible, readable, understandable and recognisable. All need to be large enough and clear enough relative to the viewing scale and the media on which the final map will be displayed. Consistency It provides a map with balance, thereby, enabling features to be perceived as being organised into groups and it allows maps themselves to belong to a family of products through a shared identity.
- 60. Accessibility Making maps and making geographic data and accompanying style sheets easily obtainable and usable, depending on distribution formats, user disabilities, cost and intuitiveness in use. Good Composition It concerns the arrangement of all the different visual elements. It is both how the map is structured and positioned, and how the map works alongside any additional information. All elements should work together to provide a clear and complete understanding to the user. Their style should also be harmonious or complementary. Ethics in Cartography (Dent, 2010) 1. Always have a straightforward agenda, and have a defining purpose or goal for each map. 2. Do not intentionally lie with data. 3. Data should not be discarded simply because they are contrary to a position held by those creating a map. 4. Strive for an accurate portrayal of the data. 5. Avoid plagiarizing; report all data sources. 6. Symbolization should not be selected to bias the interpretation of the map.
- 65. Ecumene: 1482 Rock Art 4 Millennium BCBedolina Map: 6th – 4th C BC World: 1472 Europe: 1570 Nautical Chart: 1580 GPS Map: 2000s
- 66. 1960s onward: a new field has emerged: geographical information systems (GIS), blending the study and expression of geographic information. Cartography and Geography have overlapped and spawned innumerable subspecialties and applications. Modern Geographers and Cartographers are involved in diverse projects: 1. tracking fleets of vehicles or products, 2. helping customers locate a particular ‘place’, 3. modeling environmental scenarios, and 4. studying the spread of disease. S. Spielman J. White T. Wallace
- 67. Postmodern Cartography: 1980s – Crampton, 2001; Crampton and Krygier, 2006; Kitchin, et al , 2009 Cartography and Mapping is seen from different points of view and perspectives, being influenced by: 1) Postmodern Style in Architecture, Art and Literature 2) Postmodern Social Theory 3) Political Economy of late Capitalism 4) Poststructural Philosophy Jean-Marc Besse (2010): cartographic problematisation of cultural phenomena, of artistic activities, philosophical reflections and science history. Cartography should be counted not only with respect to ‘territorial relation’ but also to the ‘graphic instruments’ of various types that permit human spirit and society in general to classify and represent information, data, new findings and ideas in spatial form. It is a tool for analysis, a classification system, a collection of cognitive practices which operates using means of localisation and spatialisation.
- 68. Rogofff (2000): It is an epistemic category, a form of thinking and of historical discovery. Harley, 2001; Jacob, 2005; Besse, 2008: Maps are indispensible tools to ‘shape’ the world knowledge and also to define the Geographer’s reflections about the world. Huffman (1996) asked what would a stylistically postmodern map look like? The aim is to read deeper into the map and the mapping process, and to challenge the issue ‘map as the mirror of the world’. Critical Cartography: 1990s - Edney, 2007: Maps as Social Issues and Expressions of Power and Knowledge.
- 69. Cosgrove, 2007: Critical Cartography Cartography is capable of contributing a social dimension, with two Issues – 1) Social relevance of mapping, its ethics and power relations 2) Development of open source and pervasive mapping capabilities that raised the the question of ‘relevance of cartography’ in the 21st century. Crampton (2010) named this movement ‘theoretical critique’ and ‘critical mapping practices’. The trends are – a) Cartography as ‘social construction’ b) ‘New Practices in Cartography’ Mercator – a critique of Ptolemaic Conical Projection; Lambert, 1772; Gall, 1885; Peters, 1974 : critiques of Mercator
- 73. Eckert, 1921; Robinson, 1953; Amberger, 1966: transforming cartography into a science. Perkins, 2008: map use is best interpreted by applying methodologies from the social sciences employing a mixture of ethnographic and textual methods. New Performances by Map Artists - Counter-mapping, Ethnocartography, Ecomapping, Bioregional Mapping, Locative Media, Participatory 3D Modelling, Collaborative Mapping, Community Mapping, Public Participation GIS, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Green Mapping, Parish Mapping. Thus Art Mapping is nothing less than remarking the world. Kitchin, et al (2009): critical cartography is avowedly political in its analysis of mapping praxis. Liu and Palen (2010): ‘map mashups’ are becoming neocartography because of new tools used by non-professional cartographers in the context of emergence of neo-geographic practices.
- 78. Current Experiences— The 1984 ICA MEET at Perth: A New Cartography emerged with the dramatic impact of IT on Traditional Cartography, known variously as — Computer Cartography, Computer Assisted Cartography, Digital Cartography, e-Cartography, GIS, Geomatics, Geovisualisation, GIScience, Geoinformation, Visual Analytics, Geospatial Information Management, etc The 1990s witnessed the dramatic impact of Digital Technologies on Cartography. It played a great Role in Gulf War. Its use exploded in GIS Applications since then.
- 79. It helped the — extraction, manipulation and visualization of real time spatial data relating to GCN, tBase and GrO with a mouse click. Precise Algorithms developed for rMap / bMap using WGS 1984 Datum and UTM Grids with Minimal Deformation. Satellite Surveying made mapping the previously inaccessible areas easy and precise. Accurate Ground Surveying on Micro Scale is replaced by TS and DGPS. Corporate Control (Geopolitics?) 1) Bias in representing Size, Shape and Boundary of a Country / Nation (e.g., India). 2) Bias in choosing Map Projection to represent our World (OL Atlas). 3) The Style Galleries of Scale, Symbols and Cartographic Abstraction varies from one GIS House to another; These can’t be customized; you have to follow them only….
- 80. The Greek Prof. A. Pallikaris (April 2014) compared a number of currently used Map Projections in “Choosing Suitable Map Projections for Worldwide Depiction of Electronic Charts in ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems)” in terms of — A. Qualitative Criteria— (1) ability to portray the whole globe in a familiar and pleasant view, (2) visual perception of the relative geographical location between any two points, (3) visual perception of the spherical / ellipsoidal shape of the earth B. Quantitative Criteria— (1) amount and distribution of angle distortion (2) amount and distribution of area distortion (3) orthodromicity factor or loxodromicity factor The best choice for Global Depiction of ENCs on the ECDIS Screen is Loximuthal Projection and not Mercator’s, or Robinson’s, or Miller’s Projection. But, till now Loximuthal is missing in the “Projection” gallery in the GIS Softwares…..I am sure very few of us here has any knowledge of LP.
- 81. Areal Deformation Loximuthal Angle Distortion: LoximuthalAngle Distortion: Robinson Areal Deformation Mercator
- 83. Today, the term “cartography” seems to be ― 1. old-fashioned and out-dated, 2. does not earn the same respect, appreciation and recognition as the Modern Day Map Makers. The role of Map has changed. Formerly, they used to be artifacts; they had to look beautiful and well designed; they had to store information for a long time because it needed to be used for a long period of time. Now, they have become multi-functional― 1. an artifact, 2. an interface that gives users access to information stored in the map and beyond it in databases. 3. a Table of Structured Information through spatial attributes. 4. a medium of ‘Efficient Communication of Geospatial Information’
- 84. Hence, a Modern Cartographer needs to be an interdisciplinary skilled professional with expertise in ― Map Projection, Surveying, Geodesy, RS, GIS, Photogrammetry, Computer Science, Design and Layout, Symbolisation and Abstraction, Art and Modelling, Analytical Techniques and Upcoming Technologies. Naturally, a Cartographer stands in the heart of the triangle with Technology, Art and Research at its vertices. Unfortunately, Cartographers with such skills are few and rare. But, Experts of Geo-data handling (lacking design skills) and programmers (lacking a profound understanding of ‘geo’) are increasing exponentially in number. Cartographer Technology Art Research
- 85. It seems as if the term ‘cartography’ is seen differently, often by those who are the experts, the specialists and closely related to the domain. May be because – it needs a different name to describe the job of a “modern cartographer”. As the popularity of ― GIS increased in map making, RS increased for updated spatial information, GPS increased for navigation, Satellite-enabled topographic surveying increased, Everybody wanted to cut a niche, forgetting about the real domain of Cartography and became proud to rechristen its parts and combinations as― Geomatics, Geoinformatics, GIScience, Geoinformation, Geospatial Information Management, eCartography, Digital Cartography and so on
- 86. Some says, the new ‘term’ should reflect exactly 1) what an industry is doing? 2) what an expert in a discipline is doing? ) even, which methods and technologies are being used? “I can name what I am doing as something most modern, complex, contemporary as this will earn me due respect, appreciation and recognition?” The INCA has failed to take the initiative to clarify that all these semantics are nothing but the components of Cartography, that can well be renamed, if anybody wishes, as Modern Cartography and none else. Reasons include: “Lack of dedicated and structured education in Cartography”
- 87. Today, Smart Phones / iPhones have made our life more geography-friendly, using Location-based Services / Apps like— GPS, Google Map, iPhone Map, Flipkart, Amazon, GoogleEarth, AccuWeather, Hop Stop, etc Yes. That’s Geography in Action, all over the Globe. Thus, it requires a formalized knowledge to understand the “core principles of geography” related to the ‘habitat, economy and society’ of mankind living in a particular setting that varies with time and space. In all practicabilty, Geography is the “Science of Location” at all Scale and at all Levels. To solve the ‘Location Problem’ all required are to overlay and judge ‘sets of Spatial Information’ in a form we know and call “MAPS”, a product of Cartography.
- 89. The purpose of IMY is to — 1) Make maps more visible to citizens and school children in a global context 2) Show how maps and atlases can be used in society 3) Show how IT can be used in getting geographic information and how to produce one’s own map 4) Display and show different types of maps and map production 5) Show the technical development of mapping and atlas production 6) Show the necessity of a sustainable development of GI infrastructure 7) Increase the recruitment of students to cartography and cartography-related disciplines 8) IMY shall become a trade mark for mapping and boost the identity of the ICA and highlight its mission in the international arena The Target groups for IMY are — 1) General public 2) School children 3) Professionals 4) Government employees International Map Year: August 2015 – December 2016 declared by the ICA endorsed by UN – GGIM (United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management) To be officially opened at the ICA Conference in Rio de Janeiro in August 2015 to be continued till December 2016
- 90. Vision 2030 1) information is available anytime and anywhere 2) in its provision and delivery, it is tailored to the user’s context and needs 3) in this, the location is a key selector for which and how information is provided 4) cartographic services are thus widespread and of daily use in a truly ubiquitous manner 5) persons would feel spatially blind without using their map, which enable them to see (1) who or what is near them, get supported and (2) do searches based on the current location (3) collect data on-site accurately and timely The current mobile technologies have demonstrated their huge potential and changed ― how we work how we live and how we interact
- 91. Prof Georg Gartner (August 2014): “Starting as a geographer and cartographer dealing with details on how to deal with signs, graphic variables and basically modelling the syntax of cartographic language, I have evolved into becoming interested in the meaning of this form from a more semantical perspective and finally end up in being interested in the enormous power and potential of the pragmatic dimension of cartography, thus understanding maps not only as a collection of signs and graphics, but that those signs carry a specific meaning for a particular human being orcommunity in a particular situation,thereby leading to an immersive way of human communication.”
- 92. Cartography and Geography in Everyday Life Reginald Golledge, 2015: Today geographers teach and research as — 1. to understand the things we do on a daily or other episodic basis, and 2. how everyday actions affect the world around us (e.g. auto pollution leading to global warming). This kind of emphasis — 1. puts everyday activities in a larger context (spatial), 2. aims at increasing awareness of our personal lives and activities, 3. their socio-political contexts at scales ranging from neighborhood to global. Certainly, we do all practice “Cartography” and “Geography” since our childhood and can easily go for a Cartography Skill Test (CST) with a set of “Statements” (related to location and neighbourhood). Examples: 1. I am very good at drawing a map so guests can find my home. 2. After visiting a shop in a large mall, I have no trouble telling my
- 93. 1. I use a map when driving to a new destination. 2. After travelling in a new city, I can always point to the direction of my place of stay. 3. When leaving a building, I always know which way to turn. 4. When travelling, I take shortcuts as frequently as possible. 5. I have no difficulty in naming the states of India or countries of the World. 6. I am very good at remembering the distances between major cities. 7. I have a very good "mental map" of my neighbourhood. 8. I have no difficulty in remembering where I parked my car in a parking lot. 9. I know the location of all the major landmarks in my city. 10.When listening to international news reports I often find myself thinking of the location of the country being mentioned. 11.When planning a trip, I have a good idea of the relative geographic locations of home and destination cities. 12.I am very good at identifying familiar objects on an aerial photograph, 13.I am very good at recognizing landmarks from an aeroplane window. 14.I never get lost when walking in a new place.
- 94. 1. I have no difficulty in estimating the distance between cities on a highway map. 2. I always select the stores closest to my home. 3. I always take the same route when taking my children to school. 4. I have no difficulty in remembering the layout of shops in a shopping center. Score: Strongly Agree +2.0 Somewhat Agree +1.0 Neutral 0 Somewhat Disagree -1.0 Strongly Disagree -2.0 Very High >30 High 20 – 30 Average 10 – 20 Poor 0 – 10 Very Poor < 0 Find your “CST Score” honestly. Don’t worry! It varies from person to person depending on a lot of factors. The naï ve or common sense cartography and geography is practiced more widely by us. Be a cartographer-geographer today just as humans have been from the dawn of his existence.
- 95. Thank You ALL for Your Great Patience [email protected] [email protected] +919836552173