CASE Tools lab.ppt

CS6511 CASE TOOLS LABORATORY
• Each project must include 9 components:
• 1. To develop a problem statement.
• 2. Identify Use Cases and develop the Use Case
model.
• 3. Identify the conceptual classes and develop a
domain model with UML Class diagram.

• 4. Using the identified scenarios, find the
interaction between objects and represent
them using UML Sequence diagrams.
• 5. Draw relevant state charts and activity
diagrams.
• 6. Identify the User Interface, Domain
objects, and Technical services. Draw the
partial layered, logical architecture diagram
with UML package diagram notation.

• 7. Develop and test the Technical services
layer.
• 8. Develop and test the Domain objects layer.
• 9. Develop and test the User interface layer.

SUGGESTED DOMAINS FOR MINI-
PROJECT:
1. Passport automation system.
2. Book bank
3. Exam Registration
4. Stock maintenance system.
5. Online course reservation system
6. E-ticketing
7. Software personnel management system

8. Credit card processing
9. e-book management system
10. Recruitment system
11. Foreign trading system
12. Conference Management System
13. BPO Management System
14. Library Management System
15. Student Information System

Suggested Software Tools:
• Rational Suite (Licensed)
• (or) Argo UML (Open source)
• (or) equivalent, Eclipse IDE and Junit

Overview
• What is UML?
• A brief history of UML and its origins.
• Understanding the basics of UML.
• UML diagrams
• UML Modeling tools

UML: Unified Modeling Language
• An industry-standard graphical language for
specifying, visualizing, constructing, and
documenting the artifacts of software systems,
as well as for business modeling.
• The UML uses mostly graphical notations to
express the OO analysis and design of
software projects.
• Simplifies the complex process of software
design
What is UML?

Why UML for Modeling?
• A diagram/picture = thousands words
• Uses graphical notation to communicate more clearly
than natural language (imprecise) and code(too
detailed).
• Makes it easier for programmers and software architects
to communicate.
• Helps acquire an overall view of a system.
• UML is not dependent on any one language or
technology.
• UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.

History
Time
1997: UML 1.0, 1.1
1996: UML 0.9 & 0.91
1995: Unified Method 0.8
Other methods
Booch ‘91
Booch ‘93 OMT - 2
OMT - 1
Year Version
2003: UML 2.0
2001: UML 1.4
1999: UML 1.3

Use Case Diagram: capture requirements. Clarify exactly
what the system is supposed to do
Displays the relationship among actors and use
cases. Different from traditional flow chart.
Class Diagram: static relationships between classes.
Describe the types of objects in the system and various kinds
of static relationship that exist among them.
Sequence Diagram:
Displays the time sequence of the objects participating in the
interaction.
Types of UML Diagrams

Types of UML Diagrams (Cont.)
Collaboration Diagram
Displays an interaction organized around the objects
and their links to one another.
State Diagram
Displays the sequences of states that an object of an
interaction goes through during its life in response to
received stimuli, together with its responses and
actions.
Component Diagram
Illustrate the organizations and dependencies of the
physical components in a system. A higher level than
class diagrams.

Use Case Diagrams
Library System
Borrow
Order Title
Fine Remittance
Client
Employee
Supervisor
• A generalized description of how a system will be used.
• Provides an overview of the intended functionality of the system
Boundary
Actor
Use Case

Use Case Diagram(core components)
Actors: A role that a user plays with respect to the
system,including human users and other systems.
e.g.,inanimate physical objects (e.g. robot); an external
system that needs some information from the current system.
Use case: A set of scenarios that describing an interaction
between a user and a system.

Use Case Diagram (core components)
• A use case is a single unit of meaningful work. E.g. login,
register, place an order, etc.
• Each Use Case has a description which describes the
functionality that will be built in the proposed system.
E.g. for use case “order title” , a brief description: This
use case receives orders from employee or supervisor,
then return the ordered title.
System boundary: a rectangle diagram representing the
boundary between the actors and the system.

Use Case Diagram(core relationship)
Association: communication between an actor and a use
case; represented by a solid line.
Generalization: relationship between one general use
case and one specific use case.
Represented by a line with a triangular arrow head
toward the parent use case, the more general modeling
element.
employee
waitress

Use Case Diagram(core relationship)
<<uses>>
Include: a dotted line labeled <<include>> beginning at
base use case and ending with an arrows pointing to the
include use case. An “Include” relationship is used to indicate
that a particular Use Case must include another use case to
perform its function.
<<include>>
or in MS Visio
A Use Case may be included by one or more Use Cases, so it
reduces duplication of functionality.
Example: the <list orders> Use Case may be included
every time when the <modify order> Use Case is run.

Use Case Diagram (core relationship)
• Extend: a dotted line labeled <<extend>> with an arrow toward
the base case. The extending use case may add behavior to the base
use case. The base class declares “extension points”.
<<extend>>
Used when exceptional circumstances are encountered. For example,
the <get approval> Use Case may optionally extend the regular
<modify order> Use Case.
<<extends>>
<<uses>>
Note: other expressions. For example, in MS Visio

Use Case Diagrams(cont.)
(TogetherSoft, Inc)

Use Case Diagrams(cont.)
•Pay Bill is a parent use case and Bill Insurance is the
child use case. (generalization)
•Both Make Appointment and Request Medication
include Check Patient Record as a subtask.(include)
•The extension point is written inside the base case
Pay bill; the extending class Defer payment adds the
behavior of this extension point. (extend)

Class Diagram
• Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three
compartments
– Name
– Attributes
– Operations
• Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and
operations.
– ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
– ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and
derived)
– ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
• By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.
• The last two compartments may be omitted to simplify the class
diagrams

An example of Class
Account_Name
- Custom_Name
- Balance
+AddFunds( )
+WithDraw( )
+Transfer( )
Name
Attributes
Operations

C++ Class Example
class Checking {
private:
char Customer_name[20];
float Balance;
public:
AddFunds(float);
WithDraw(float);
Transfer(float);
set_name(string);
get_name();
set_balance(float);
get_balance();
};

Notation of Class Diagram: association
• Bi-directional association
Associations are assumed to be bi-directional
e.g. Flight and plane
notation:
• Uni-directional association
e.g. Order and item
notation:
Associations represent relationships between instances
of classes .
An association is a link connecting two classes.

Association: Multiplicity and Roles
University Person
1
0..1
*
*
Multiplicity
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one
0..1 Zero or one
M..N From M to N (natural language)
* From zero to any positive integer
0..* From zero to any positive integer
1..* From one to any positive integer
teacher
employer
Role
Role
“A given university groups many
people; some act as students, others
as teachers. A given student
belongs to a single university; a
given teacher may or may not be
working for the university at a
particular time.”
student

Subtype2
Supertype
Subtype1
Notation of Class Diagram: Generalization
Generalization expresses a
relationship among related
classes. It is a class that
includes its subclasses.
Regular
Customer
Loyalty
Customer
Customer
Example:
Regular
Customer
Loyalty
Customer
Customer
or:

Notation of Class Diagram: Composition
Class W
Class P1 Class P2
COMPOSITION Composition: expresses a relationship among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of Whole-Part
relationship.
It expresses a relationship where an instance of the
Whole-class has the responsibility to create and initialize
instances of each Part-class.
It may also be used to express a relationship where instances
of the Part-classes have privileged access or visibility to
certain attributes and/or behaviors defined by the
Whole-class.
Composition should also be used to express relationship where
instances of the Whole-class have exclusive access to and
control of instances of the Part-classes.
Composition should be used to express a relationship where
the behavior of Part instances is undefined without being
related to an instance of the Whole. And, conversely, the
behavior of the Whole is ill-defined or incomplete if one or
more of the Part instances are undefined.
Whole Class
Part Classes
Automobile
Engine Transmission
Example
[From Dr.David A. Workman]

Notation of Class Diagram: Aggregation
Class C
Class E1 Class E2
AGGREGATION
Aggregation: expresses a relationship among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of Container-
Containee relationship.
It expresses a relationship where an instance of the
Container-class has the responsibility to hold and
maintain instances of each Containee-class that have
been created
outside the auspices of the Container-class.
Aggregation should be used to express a more informal
relationship than composition expresses. That is, it is an
appropriate relationship where the Container and its
Containees can be manipulated independently.
Aggregation is appropriate when Container and
Containees have no special access privileges to each
other.
Container Class
Containee Classes
Bag
Apples Milk
Example
[From Dr.David A. Workman]

Composition is really a strong form of aggregation
•components have only one owner
•components cannot exist independent of their owner;
both have coincident lifetimes
•components live or die with their owner
e.g. (1)Each car has an engine that can not be shared
with other cars.
(2) If the polygon is destroyed, so are the points.
Aggregations may form "part of" the aggregate, but may not be
essential to it. They may also exist independent of the aggregate.
Less rigorous than a composition.
e.g. (1)Apples may exist independent of the bag.
(2)An order is made up of several products, but the
products are still there even if an order is
cancelled.
Aggregation vs. Composition

Class Diagram example
Order
-dateReceived
-isPrepaid
-number :String
-price : Money
+dispatch()
+close()
Customer
-name
-address
+creditRating() : String()
Corporate Customer
-contactName
-creditRating
-creditLimit
+remind()
+billForMonth(Integer)
Personal Customer
-creditCard#
OrderLine
-quantity: Integer
-price: Money
-isSatisfied: Boolean
Product
* 1
1
*
Employee
*
0..1
{if Order.customer.creditRating is
"poor", then Order.isPrepaid must
be true }
* 1
Constraint
(inside braces{}}
Operations
Attributes
Name
Association
Multiplicity: mandatory
Multiplicity:
Many value
Multiplicity:
optional
Generalization
[from UML Distilled Third Edition]
class

Sequence Diagram: Object interaction
Self-Call: A message that an
Object sends to itself.
Condition: indicates when a
message is sent. The message is
sent only if the condition is true.
Iteration
Condition
A B
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Transmission
delayed
Self-Call
[condition] remove()
*[for each] remove()

Sequence Diagrams – Object Life Spans
• Lifelines
The dotted line that extends down the
vertical axis from the base of each object.
• Messages
Labeled as arrows, with the arrowhead
indicating the direction of the call.
• Activation bar
The long, thin boxes on the lifelines are
method-invocation boxes indicting that
indicate processing is being performed by
the target object/class to fulfill a message.
• Rectangle also denotes when object is
deactivated.
• Deletion
– Placing an ‘X’ on lifeline
– Object’s life ends at that point
Activation bar
A
B
Create
X
Deletion
Return
Lifeline

Sequence Diagram
User Catalog Reservations
1: look up ()
2: title data ()
3: [not available] reserve title ()
4 : title returned ()
5: hold title ()
5 : title available ()
6 : borrow title ()
6 : remove reservation ()
•Sequence diagrams demonstrate the behavior of objects in a use case
by describing the objects and the messages they pass.
•The horizontal dimension shows the objects participating in the interaction.
•The vertical arrangement of messages indicates their order.
•The labels may contain the seq. # to indicate concurrency.
Message

Interaction Diagrams: Collaboration
diagrams
• Shows the relationship between objects and the order of messages passed
between them.
• The objects are listed as rectangles and arrows indicate the messages
being passed.
• The numbers next to the messages are called sequence numbers. They
show the sequence of the messages as they are passed between the
objects.
• Convey the same information as sequence diagrams, but focus on object
roles instead of the time sequence.

Interaction Diagrams: Collaboration
diagrams (cont.)
User
Catalog
Reservations
start
1: look up
2: title data
3 : [not available] reserve title
4 : title returned
5 : hold title
6 : borrow title
6: remove reservation
5: title available

Class
Reservations
Responsibility
• Keep list of reserved titles
• Handle reservation
Collaborators
• Catalog
• User session
CRC Card
•A collection of standard index cards, each of which is
divided into three sections; can be printed or hand-written.
•Benefits: It is easy to describe how classes work by
moving cards around; allows to quickly consider
alternatives.

How to create CRC cards?
• Find classes
Look for main classes first, then find relevant classes.
• Find responsibilities
Know what a class does; what information you wish to maintain about
it.
• Define collaborators
A class often needs to collaborate with other classes to get the job
done. Collaboration diagram is an example to show class relationship.
• Move cards around
Cards that collaborate with one another should be placed close
together, whereas cards that don’t collaborate should be placed far
apart.

State Diagrams
(Billing Example)
State Diagrams show the sequences of states
an object goes through during its life cycle
in response to stimuli, together with its
responses and actions; an abstraction of all
possible behaviors.
Unpaid
Start End
Paid
Invoice created paying Invoice destroying

Basic rules for State Diagrams
• Draw only one object's chart at a time.
• A state is drawn as a box with rounded corners.
• From each state draw an arrow to another state
if the object can change from one to the other in
one step.
• Label the arrow with the event that causes it.
• Show the initial state by drawing an arrow from a
black filled circle to the initial state.
• Show the end state by drawing an arrow to a
circle with a filled circle inside it.

State Diagrams
(Traffic light example)
Yellow
Red
Green
Traffic Light
State
Transition
Event
Start

Component Diagram
• Illustrate the organizations and dependencies of the
physical components in a system.
• Has a higher level of abstraction than a Class diagram -
usually implemented by one or more classes.
Symbols and Notations
Components
a large rectangle with two smaller rectangles on the side.

Component Diagram (cont.)
Interface
An interface describes a group of operations used or
created by components. It represents a declaration of a
set of coherent public features and obligations, similar to
a contract.
Dependencies
dashed arrows.

Component Diagram (cont.)
order
customer
account
Order provides a component interface, which is a collection of
one or more methods with or without attributes.
Account and customer components are dependent upon the
interface of the order.

UML Modeling Tools
• Rational Rose (www.rational.com) by IBM
• UML Studio 7.1 ( http://www.pragsoft.com/) by Pragsoft
Corporation
Capable of handling very large models (tens of
thousands of classes). Educational License US$ 125.00;
Freeware version.
• Microsoft Visio
• Dia: open source, much like visio.
(http://www.gnome.org/projects/dia/)
• ArgoUML (Open Source; written in java )
(http://www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/development_
tools/argouml.html )
• Others
(http://www.objectsbydesign.com/tools/umltools_byComp
any.html )

Poor Design, need more heuristics!
(Radu Marinescu[5])

A cleaner design
(Radu Marinescu[5])

Reference
1. UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language
Martin Fowler, Kendall Scott
2. Practical UML --- A Hands-On Introduction for Developers
http://www.togethersoft.com/services/practical_guides/umlonlinecourse/
3. OO Concepts in UML. Dr. David A. Workman, School of EE and CS. UCF.
4. Software Engineering Principles and Practice. Second Edition; Hans van
Vliet.
5. http://labs.cs.utt.ro/labs/acs/html/lectures/4/lecture4.pdf

CASE Tools lab.ppt

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CASE Tools lab.ppt