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Cell Transportation and The Cell Cycle
- 1. Chapter 8 NotesCellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle
- 2. Cell Transportation : 2 main types 1. Passive transport : Does not require energy from the cell Moves downhill, with the concentration gradient
- 3. Cellular Transportation Type 2 2 . Active Transport : Requires energy to occur. Moves uphill, against the concentration gradient.
- 4. Passive Transport (Noenergy required) 3-Types
- 5. 1 st Type Passive Transport Simple Diffusion : Movement of any substance from areas of higher to lower concentrations diffusion animation
- 6. 2 nd Type Passive Transport Osmosis: Movement of water from areas of higher to lower concentrations
- 7. 3 rd Type Passive Transport Facilitated diffusion : Movement of substances from higher to lower concentration with help from a protein molecule Animation: How Facilitated Diffusion Works
- 8. 2-Types of ActiveTransport (Energy Required) 1 . Exocytosis : The expulsion of particles from the cell. 2. Endocytosis : surrounding and engulfing particles. Pinocytosis : Cell drinking – the cell takes in liquids. Phagocytosis : Surrounding and taking in of large particles.
- 9. Phagocytosis Animation: Phagocytosis
- 10. Solute vs SolventSolute : The dissolved substance in a liquid. Solvent : The liquid that the solute is dissolved in: Usually water
- 11. Types of solutionsIsotonic solution Concentrations of solute are equal in the cell and the solution. (cell=solution) Water moves back and forth at the same rate. Water in =Water Out
- 12. Hyp-O-tonic solution (Hyp-Ohhno I’m swelling-tonic) Hyp O tonic : Concentrations of solute are higher in the cell than in the solution (cell-higher, solution-lower) Water moves into the cell. The cell swells and can burst.
- 13. Hypertonic Solution Concentrationsof solute are lower in the cell than in the solution (cell-lower, solution-higher) Water moves out of the cell . The cell shrinks .
- 14. Limits to cellsize A cells size is limited, so organisms grow by cellular division. The cells of a baby are the same size as the cells of an adult.
- 15. So… Why Can’tcells just grow larger???
- 16. Three factors thatlimit the growth of cells 1. Diffusion across cell surface. 2. Shortage of DNA. 3. Surface to volume ratio.
- 17. Diffusion Diffusion isefficient over short distances, but becomes inefficient and slow over large distances. So…cells that are large have a more difficult time getting nutrients into the cell and waste products out of the cell.
- 18. DNA A cellcannot survive without sufficient amounts of DNA to make necessary proteins Unusually large cells must have multiple nuclei in order to supply needed DNA
- 19. Surface Area toVolume Ratio As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases faster than its surface area
- 20. Cell Reproduction Mitosis: Asexual reproduction (Cell Cycle) The process by which one cell divides into two cells, both identical to the original parent cell
- 21. The Dreaded “C ” Words! Chromatin Chromosomes Chromatid Centromeres Centioles
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- 23. Chromosomes Condensed DNA.DNA that is preparing to undergo cellular division Can now be seen with a microscope.
- 24. Chromatids and CentromeresSister Chromatids: Halves of a duplicated parent chromosome. Centromeres: The structure that joins two sister chromatids.
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- 26. Centrioles- Produce thespindle and aid in replication
- 27. The Cell CycleThe process of asexua l reproduction (mitosis) of the cell Contains three major parts 1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis
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- 29. Part One ofthe Cell Cycle Interphase The cell spends the majority of its life in interphase. A time in which the cell is preparing for division.
- 30. Interphase 3-Parts G-1: Maturation. S-Phase : DNA replicates - makes a duplicate copy of itself. G-2 : Organelles replicate and final preparations for division.
- 31. Mitosis Division ofthe nucleus 4-phases P rophase M etaphase A naphase T elophase PMAT
- 32. Parts of MitosisProphase The chromatin condense to form visible chromosomes The nuclear envelope begins to dissolve The centrioles divide and begin to migrate to opposite sides of the cell
- 33. Parts of MitosisCont… Metaphase Centrioles have moved to opposite sides of the cell The spindle has formed Chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell across the equator
- 34. Parts of MitosisCont… Anaphase The centromeres split and the spindles pull the sister chromatids apart toward opposite sides of the cell
- 35. Parts of MitosisCont… Telophase The chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. The nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes at opposite sides of the cell.
- 36. Cytokinesis Division ofthe cytoplasm Begins to occur during telophase Different in plants and animal cells
- 37. Cytokinesis Cont… Animalcells : the plasma membrane pinches in to form two separate cells Plant cells : A rigid cell plate begins to form between the two new cells, dividing them and becoming a cell wall.
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- 40. Control of theCell Cycle The cell cycle is controlled by proteins and enzymes Contact with other cells causes cell to stop dividing. Cell stop dividing when they lose contact with other cells
- 41. Cancer Uncontrolled cellgrowth resulting in tumors Metastasis: Cells break lose and travel through the circulatory system spreading throughout the body.
- 42. Causes of CancerEnvironmental factors that damage genes. Ex: Cigarette smoke, UV rays from the sun, air and water pollution, viruses