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Cellular respiration
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
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Cellular respiration
- 1. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 11 CellularRespirationCellular Respiration
- 2. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 22 SB 3SB 3 Students will derive the relationshipStudents will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celledbetween single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasingorganisms and the increasing complexity of systems.complexity of systems. a. Explain the cycling of energya. Explain the cycling of energy through the process ofthrough the process of photosynthesis and respiration.photosynthesis and respiration.
- 3. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 33 Today’s ObjectiveToday’s Objective Given information and/orGiven information and/or diagrams on cellulardiagrams on cellular respiration, write and/orrespiration, write and/or identify the cellularidentify the cellular respiration equation, rawrespiration equation, raw materials, products, andmaterials, products, and sites.sites.
- 4. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 44 Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is the processCellular Respiration is the process that releases energy by breakingthat releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presencedown food molecules in the presence of oxygen.of oxygen. Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria 6O6O22 + C+ C66HH1212OO66 6CO6CO22 + 6H+ 6H22O +O + EnergyEnergy Oxygen + GlucoseOxygen + Glucose Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide + Water + Energy+ Water + Energy
- 5. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 55 Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration Also called FermentationAlso called Fermentation No oxygen is presentNo oxygen is present 1 Glucose only partially broken down1 Glucose only partially broken down to form waste products and 2 ATP’sto form waste products and 2 ATP’s
- 6. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 66 Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration Has to have oxygenHas to have oxygen VERY EFFICIENTVERY EFFICIENT Most organisms on earth are aerobicMost organisms on earth are aerobic 1 glucose1 glucose completelycompletely broken down tobroken down to carbon dioxide and watercarbon dioxide and water CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O+ 6 O22 6 CO6 CO22 + 6 H+ 6 H22O + EO + E
- 7. THINK CRITICALLYTHINK CRITICALLY Tofunction properly, heart muscle CellsTo function properly, heart muscle Cells require a steady supply of Oxygen. After arequire a steady supply of Oxygen. After a heart attack, small amounts of lactic acidheart attack, small amounts of lactic acid are present. What does this evidenceare present. What does this evidence suggest about the nature of a heart attack?suggest about the nature of a heart attack? Certain types of bacteria thrive in conditionsCertain types of bacteria thrive in conditions that lack oxygen. What does that factthat lack oxygen. What does that fact indicate about the way they obtain energy?indicate about the way they obtain energy? 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 77
- 8. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 88 GlycolysisGlycolysis Glycolysis is the process in which oneGlycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half,molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvicproducing two molecules of pyruvic acid.acid. 2 ATP needed to start reaction, 42 ATP needed to start reaction, 4 ATP are produced thus the net gainATP are produced thus the net gain is 2 ATP.is 2 ATP. Anaerobic ProcessAnaerobic Process Occurs in the cytoplasmOccurs in the cytoplasm
- 9. Think CriticallyThink Critically Howdoes glycolysis depend onHow does glycolysis depend on aerobic and anaerobicaerobic and anaerobic processes?processes? 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 99
- 10. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1010 FermentationFermentation Releases energy from glucose without theReleases energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen.presence of oxygen. There are two types of fermentation:There are two types of fermentation: alcoholic and lactic acid.alcoholic and lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation is done by yeastsAlcoholic fermentation is done by yeasts and some microorganisms. It producesand some microorganisms. It produces alcohol & Carbon Dioxidealcohol & Carbon Dioxide – PyruvatePyruvate 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 Ethanol + 2 CO22 + 2 NAD+ 2 NAD++ Lactic Acid is produced by muscles duringLactic Acid is produced by muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannotrapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.supply enough oxygen. – PyruvatePyruvate 2 Lactic Acid + 2 NAD2 Lactic Acid + 2 NAD++ Anaerobic ProcessAnaerobic Process
- 11. THINK CRITICALLYTHINK CRITICALLY Yeastcells can carry out bothYeast cells can carry out both fermentation and cellularfermentation and cellular respiration, depending on whetherrespiration, depending on whether oxygen is present. In which caseoxygen is present. In which case would you expect yeast cells towould you expect yeast cells to grow more rapidly? Explain.grow more rapidly? Explain. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 1111
- 12. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1212 The Krebs CycleThe Krebs Cycle During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acidDuring the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide inis broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extractinga series of energy-extracting reactions.reactions. – Carbon dioxide enters the Calvin CycleCarbon dioxide enters the Calvin Cycle Citric Acid is created in this cycleCitric Acid is created in this cycle thus giving it the nickname Citricthus giving it the nickname Citric Acid cycle.Acid cycle. Net ATP Production is 2 ATP.Net ATP Production is 2 ATP. Aerobic ProcessAerobic Process Occurs in the matrix of mitochondriaOccurs in the matrix of mitochondria
- 13. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1313 Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain The electron transport chain uses theThe electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebshigh-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP.Cycle to convert ADP to ATP. Oxygen combines with HOxygen combines with H++ to formto form water which is sent to light reactionwater which is sent to light reaction Occurs in the inner membrane of theOccurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondriamitochondria Total ATP 32.Total ATP 32.
- 14. THINK CRITICALLYTHINK CRITICALLY Carbonmonoxide (CO) moleculesCarbon monoxide (CO) molecules bring the electron transport chain in abring the electron transport chain in a mitochondrion to a stop by binding tomitochondrion to a stop by binding to an electron carrier. Use thisan electron carrier. Use this Information to explain why carbonInformation to explain why carbon monoxide gas kills organismsmonoxide gas kills organisms 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 1414
- 15. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1515 TotalsTotals Glycolysis 2 ATPGlycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATPKrebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 32 ATPElectron Transport Chain 32 ATP Total = 36 ATPTotal = 36 ATP
- 16. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1616 Energy & ExerciseEnergy & Exercise Quick energyQuick energy – Lactic Acid– Lactic Acid fermentation is used to get quickfermentation is used to get quick energy and gives off lactic acid as aenergy and gives off lactic acid as a by product, thus the muscle pain.by product, thus the muscle pain. Long-Term EnergyLong-Term Energy – Use cellular– Use cellular respiration to produce energy.respiration to produce energy. Exercising or activities that last for atExercising or activities that last for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Best form forleast 15 to 20 minutes. Best form for weight control.weight control.
- 17. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1717 Comparing Photosynthesis &Comparing Photosynthesis & RespirationRespiration PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis CellularCellular RespirationRespiration FunctionFunction Energy StorageEnergy Storage EnergyEnergy ReleaseRelease LocationLocation ChloroplastsChloroplasts MitochondriaMitochondria ReactantsReactants COCO22 and Hand H22OO CC66HH1212OO66 andand OO22 ProductsProducts CC66HH1212OO66 and Oand O22 COCO22 and Hand H22OO EquationEquation 6CO6CO22 + 6H+ 6H22OO CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O+ 6O22 CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O+ 6O22 6CO6CO22 + 6H+ 6H22OO
- 18. 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB3a 1818 Comparing Aerobic and AnaerobicComparing Aerobic and Anaerobic RespirationRespiration AerobicAerobic (needs(needs oxygen)oxygen) AnaerobicAnaerobic (no oxygen)(no oxygen) Occurs in:Occurs in: MostMost organismsorganisms Mostly yeastMostly yeast and bacteriaand bacteria 1 glucose1 glucose makes:makes: 6 CO6 CO22 + 6+ 6 HH22OO Ethanol + COEthanol + CO22 or lactic acidor lactic acid Net ATPNet ATP production:production: 3636 22
- 19. Think CriticallyThink Critically Humanbrain cells do not useHuman brain cells do not use fermentation. Explain why a lack offermentation. Explain why a lack of oxygen for even a short period ofoxygen for even a short period of time might result in the death oftime might result in the death of brain cells.brain cells. How do photosynthesis and cellularHow do photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energyrespiration form a cycle of energy storage and use?storage and use? 01/30/1601/30/16 SB 3aSB 3a 1919