Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination risk for the surrounding resident population

Alcindo Neckel et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2016, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 30 | P a g e
Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the
contamination risk for the surrounding resident population
Alcindo Neckel1
, Affonso Celso Gonçalves Junior2
, Lauro André Ribeiro3
,
Caliane Christie Oliveira de Almeida Silva4
, Grace Tibério Cardoso5
1.3.4.5.
(Stricto Sensu Post-Graduation Program in Architecture and Urbanism, Architecture and Urbanism -
Ppgarq-Imed, Nepmour, Meridional Faculty, Imed, Rs, Brazil.)
2.
(Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE. Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil.)
ABSTRACT
This research aims to quantify and analyze the levels of soil contamination by heavy metals in three cemeteries
located in the city of Carazinho-RS, Brazil. The decomposition of buried bodies in traditional cemeteries releases
high amounts of heavy metals into the ground, which compromises population settlements near the cemeterial
areas. In each of the three selected cemeteries (A, B and C), five sampling points were determined through the
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) method. The depths to collect the samples were 0-20cm and 20-40cm. Four
sample sites outside the cemeteries (for the same depths), 100m away from each other were also defined in order
to obtain a triangulation of up to 400m away from each analyzed cemetery. The results indicated that all
cemeteries in question had significantly higher heavy metal values when compared to Brazilian tolerated limits,
especially regarding to copper (Cu). Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) concentration analysis also
deserve attention due to the high values found. The results of this research warn for possible soil contamination
hazards by heavy metals to residents who live near cemeteries, in a 400m radius.
Keywords : Urban expansion, cemeteries, heavy metals, contamination.
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of the cemeteries in relation to their
roles and meanings within the cities permeates urban
analyzes that highlight the importance of developing
research to discuss its configuration, morphology
and urban, regional and environmental impacts [1, 2,
3].
Cemeteries consist of an important urban
equipment, employed since the Old Age by society
for the deposition of the dead [3]. However, few
actions are taken to mitigate the environmental
impacts generated by urban cemeteries. One of the
main consequences of the implementation of these
spaces in urban areas is soil contamination by heavy
metals released from bodies in decomposition that
may affect the surrounding population directly [1, 3,
4, 5, 6]. This contamination can occur more
intensely in a 400m radius, namely in the vicinity of
cemeterial areas [3, 5, 6].
This fact is directly linked to the urban land
expansion, which does not consider areas near
cemeteries as a risk for local people's health [5, 6].
Concerns regarding cemeteries location stood in the
background; which did not happen, for example, in
the Middle Ages, or even in Brazil during the
colonization period, when these sites were
considered unhealthy and were placed away from
cities. [2].
The lack of information regarding the
contamination risks caused by cemeteries made
urban planning disregard these spaces in the cities
expansion actions [2, 5, 6]. So it is quite common to
find cemeteries integrated to cities, even in the most
central areas [6, 7]. According the historiography of
this theme [3.8], construction of most cemeteries did
not take into account geological, hydrogeological
and sanitation studies, which would be important
data to prove high risk potential for soil and
groundwater contamination. This aspect was
confirmed by the absence of specific legislation in
Brazil until 2010. Only since this year it is required
environmental licensing for the implementation of
cemeteries in Brazil [3].
In this context, the Brazilian National
Environmental Council - CONAMA, through
Resolution n.420 of 2009 began to emphasize the
requirement of monitoring areas that exposed the
population to contaminants [9]. Therefore, the
resolution established Prevention Values for some of
the heavy metals studied in this paper (Table 1) [9].
Table 1–List of guiding values for soil in mg/Kg
dry weight.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Substances Prevention Values (PV)
Lead (Pb) 72
Copper (Cu) 60
Chrome (Cr) 75
Iron (Fe) *
Manganese (Mn) *
Zinc (Zn) 300
* It does not have prevention values set by CONAMA.
Source: Adapted from [9].
Despite the aforementioned CONAMA
resolution of 2009 establishing prevention values of
iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) for soil
contamination, the Brazilian Ministry of Health,
through the Federal Ordinance n.2.914 of 2011,
specified maximum allowable concentration values
of the cited metals in the water for human
consumption. In the case of iron (Fe), the maximum
value is 0.3 mg/L and manganese (Mn) is 0.1 mg/L
[10]. The concentration values of heavy metals
present in drinking water were determined due to
percolation of these materials in the soil reaching the
water table, which directly affect the population
using this water for consumption [3, 8, 10].
This situation causes great concern [3, 8, 9],
since the groundwater reserves can be contaminated
by nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals as well as
bacteria, fungi and viruses [4].
Toxicological processes can occur more
frequently in tropical countries, such as Brazil, as
hot and humid climates, favored by constant rainfall,
culminate in higher water percolation in soil,
favoring the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria [4].
Similarly, heavy metals in concentrations above
tolerable limits may become a public health problem
[6, 7, 8].
To identify contaminants and inform the
public about the risks that may suffer, especially
those who live in areas near the cemeteries, this
study aimed to demonstrate contamination levels of
heavy metals detected in the soil of the cemeteries
located in the city of Carazinho (RS-Brazil). In this
sense, the research is justified by the importance of
qualitative research about the subsurface physical
environment of cemeteries in the locality, to
recognize any changes in heavy metals contaminants
in environments with human density, as a result of
chaotic urban development.
The results of this research could be used to
improve legislation on the control and monitoring of
polluting elements, likewise to contribute to the
development of public policies that consider the
expansion of cities near cemeterial areas.
II. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
This work was based on theoretical studies of
impacts on the operation of cemeteries, particularly
of heavy metals in the soil of these locations.
For the evaluation of soil contamination
conditions, three cemeteries in the city of
Carazinho/RS, Brazil were selected, entitled as A, B
and C. In this experimental step, it was intended to
relate the location of cemeteries to the
environmental impacts that have been identified in
the literature, as well as to verify compliance with
laws, guidelines and parameters on the subject in
this area.
The aforementioned city is located in the
northwest middle region of the State of Rio Grande
do Sul, between the geographical coordinates of
latitude and longitude of 28º17' S and 52º47' W, and
currently comprises a land area of 676 square
kilometers [11].
The method of Triangular Irregular
Network (TIN) was used to define the collection
sites of soil samples, which requires at least three (3)
locations to form triangles [12]. For this reason, five
(5) sites on the perimeter of each of the selected
cemeteries were chosen, and four (4) triangular
locations set 100 meters apart from each other, in the
near surroundings, within 400 meters outside the
cemeteries. Therefore, a checkered geometric shape
was used in relation to the size of the sampled areas.
The analyzed amount of heavy metals were
interpolated with the land dimensions data, defined
from the geographical coordinates and adjusted
through the "Overlay Maps" command in Surfer 12
software.
All three evaluated cemeteries are
considered horizontal and traditional, where the
bodies are buried underground. The Municipal
Cemetery (A), built in the late nineteenth century,
has more than five thousand tombs. The
Catholic/Evangelical Cemetery “Jardim da Paz”
(B), established in 1966, has about a thousand
buried corpses and the Cemetery Martin Lutero (C),
installed in 1982, has about one thousand four
hundred tombs.
In the soil analysis of Carazinho/RS
cemeteries, the heavy metals considered for
contamination parameters were: copper (Cu), zinc
(Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and
chromium (Cr). Thus, the Separation Method (MRC)
was applied on three samples and three repetitions

were made. In this category it was included all
certified reference materials used in
chromatographic analysis such as liquid
chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC)
and gas chromatography (GC) with several types of
detectors. They are mainly produced for
chromatographs calibration developed for soil
environmental analysis, comprising three
replications in each of the three analyzed cemeteries.
Possible bacteria and viruses present in the samples
were not considered in this study.
In order to obtain soil samples to analyze
quantitative levels of heavy metals in the cemeteries
in question, two soil samples at each point were
collected, with the depths of 0-20cm and 20-40cm in
five (5) different sites inside the cemetery and other
four (4) soil samples 0-20cm and 20-40cm deep
spaced 100m apart up to a radius of 400 meters from
each sampled cemetery (A, B and C). The total
values of each sample locations were represented in
variation graphs with average results of the different
depths analyzed.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The soil heavy metals analysis results of the
three analyzed cemeteries are shown in Tables 2, 3
and 4. The amounts of heavy metals found in
cemeteries A, B and C, respectively, were compared
with the Brazilian parameters established by the
Brazilian National Environmental Council
(CONAMA), in accordance with Resolution No. 420
of 2009 (Tables 2, 3 and 4).
Table 2 - Heavy metal concentrations sampled in the
Municipal Cemetery (A) in mg/Kg.
Cemetery “Jardim da Paz” (B) in mg/Kg.
*<LD: Below detection level.
Cemetery Martin Lutero (C) in mg/Kg.
*<LD: Below detection level.
After the sampling results, comparisons
with soil toxicity parameters were made. Therefore,
alarming data was found regarding the heavy metals
contamination high levels in cemeterial soils in
Carazinho/RS - Brazil, when compared to tolerated
prevention values set by CONAMA [9].
The concentration values of copper (Cu),
for example, extrapolated acceptable CONAMA
prevention values in all samples, reaching 183.00
mg/Kg in Cemetery A, 144.00 mg/Kg in Cemetery B
and 139.00 mg/Kg in Cemetery C. Such high values
pose serious human health risks, especially if these
heavy metals contaminate the water table.
Similarly, the concentration values of lead
(Pb), highly polluting and harmful to human health,
exceeded toxicity prevention limits established in
several sites of the Cemetery A, reaching maximum
measurements of 127 mg/Kg. The maximum
prevention value set by CONAMA is 72 mg/Kg. By
comparing the values sampled outside the perimeter
of Cemetery A, concentrations of lead (Pb) in the
cemetery reached about 4 times the tolerable
standards, exceeding by 181.42% acceptable lead
levels. High concentrations like these may cause
direct contamination for the population living near
this urban equipment. According to [3, 7, 8, 9, 10],

for its high toxicity, lead when absorbed by the
human body may lead to death, directly affecting
brain functions, blood, digestive system, kidneys and
stimulating the emergence of cancer cells.
The collected samples of this element in
cemeteries B and C were within acceptable limits
established by CONAMA, although in some samples
of Cemetery B (61 and 66 mg/Kg) these values are
already close to the prevention value. In this case, if
the burial practices continue as business as usual, the
Pb concentrations may also extrapolate the
prevention limits in the coming years.
The amounts of zinc (Zn) in the analyzed
samples remained below prevention parameters
except for one sample of Cemetery A (A3: 328
mg/Kg). Despite this single sample that extrapolated
the prevention limits, currently measured values do
not present significant risks to the environment
and/or human health as they are within the limits set
by CONAMA. Likewise, measurements of the
existence of chromium (Cr) remained below
prevention parameters.
Due to insufficient legislation and control
parameters on the acceptable amount of the elements
iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) and the lack of
research related to soil pollution concentration
limits, it is not possible to establish a comparison of
their maximum allowable concentrations in the
ground.
Despite this fact, soil samples presented
high concentrations of iron and manganese, reaching
an average concentration of 297.82 mg/Kg of
manganese in the three cemeteries. The maximum
concentration value found was 636.90 mg/Kg in
Cemetery C. On the other hand, concentrations of
iron in soil samples exceeded 2000 mg/Kg in all
studied cemeteries, demonstrating an average of
2137.88 mg/Kg per collection site, noticeably high
levels to normal soil patterns.
Through a systemic projection, the
variation of contaminants is represented by Figure 1
(Cemetery A), Figure 2 (Cemetery B) and Figure 3
(Cemetery C), in which it was possible to show the
variations inside and outside the perimeter of each
cemetery, as determined by Triangular Irregular
Network (TIN) method [12].
Heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb
and Cr, represented by Figures 1, 2 and 3 vary with
greater intensity and concentration in the internal
boundaries of the cemeteries A, B and C. These
monitoring locations are hence specified: Cemetery
A (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5); B (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5)
and C (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5) and presented a higher
proportion of contamination by heavy metals
comparing to the conducted analysis outside
cemeterial areas in the three studied cemeteries (A,
B and C).
The investigation carried out in the vicinity
of cemeteries observed the spacing of 100 meters
between the collection sites, up to a limit of 400
meters from the cemetery boundaries (4 monitoring
locations assessed), in each of the three cemeteries.
When comparing the results of the internal
monitoring locations with the external samples in
Cemeteries A (AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4), B (BF1, BF2,
BF3, BF4) and C (CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4) a reduction
of contaminants (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr) is
observed as the monitoring sites move away from
the cemeteries analyzed.
These three analyzed cemeteries are
increasingly being incorporated to the urban built
mass due to urban expansion [13]. One of the
solutions to reduce the heavy metal contamination
generated by the decomposition of corpses in
cemeteries would be to consider these spaces in city
planning, and analyze the social and environmental
impacts of such equipment [14].
In this context, vertical cemeteries are
proposed as a future alternative to cities, in order to
mitigate environmental impacts and allow the
treatment of effluents and gas resulting from the
decomposition process. In addition, soil would not
be exposed to contamination by decomposition
fluids of corpses and coffins.

Figure 1 : Cemetery "A" perimeter representation in
relation to the environment with the existing levels
of heavy metal in the soil.
Figure 2 : Cemetery "B" perimeter representation in
Previous studies conducted in the state of
Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, in which the city of
Carazinho is established, present evidences that
environmental contamination by cemeteries began
around 1000 BC, with the utilization of structures
for indigenous burial ceremonials, being aggravated
later with the arrival of immigrants after the
discovery in the year 1500 AD [15]. Evidently, over
the centuries, there was an increase in population
and burials, worsening this scenario, in which the
urban population expanded horizontally to inhabit
the surrounding areas of cemeteries [16].
Currently, when assessed, most cemeterial
sites are in their third layer of dead deposition [3].
Naturally, number of deaths will increase in coming
years as a result of population growth; which
possibly will become a problem for public
administration [3, 17, 18].
Figure 3 : Cemetery "C" perimeter representation in
IV. CONCLUSION
Although it is recognized as an ancient
practice, several studies indicate the harmful impacts
to the environment and human health from the burial
processes and the consequent decomposition of
human bodies that occur within the cemeteries.
Previously installed in areas far from urban
centers, cemeteries began to be a part of the dense
areas of cities, mainly due to intense urbanization
and the lack and/or inefficiency of legislation and
related supervision. Today, cemeteries are
commonly found fully integrated to the cities.
Regarding the distance from the analyzed
cemeteries to the inhabitants‟ housing, it was
observed that Cemeteries A and B are located within
200 meters from the residences. At Cemetery C, the
situation is more critical, since there is no distance
between the cemetery and the houses. It is important
to remind that the establishment of most Brazilian
cemeteries did not take into account geological,

hydrogeological and/or sanitation, and in this
context, these facilities pose a high risk potential for
soil and groundwater contamination in several cities
of the country [3, 8], as in the case of the cemeteries
studied (A, B and C) in the city of Carazinho-RS.
Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)
concentration analysis also deserve attention due to
the high values found, although the legislation does
not propose maximum safe levels for human and
environmental health. In the other hand, the
measured amounts of zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr)
are below the tolerated levels by CONAMA [9].
Thanks to the analysis of these three
cemeteries, it is possible to confirm the high
concentration of heavy metals contaminants in the
cemeteries soils studied (A, B and C). This
contamination can reach a radius of up to 400m from
each cemetery.
Therefore, it is believed that this study is
the first that examines the environmental impacts of
cemeteries in the region, taking into account the
risks of increased housing expansions near
cemeteries. Furthermore, encourages other
researchers to conduct similar studies in other cities
of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and other countries, in
order to perform comparisons among the results
obtained.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Stricto
Sensu Post-Graduation Program – Mastering in
Architecture and Urbanism of Faculdade Meridional
(IMED), which provided the means to carry out this
research. Atlantic International University for their
support during the project. They also would like to
acknowledge CNPq (National Center for Scientific
and Technological Development) for the financial
support of the research project
MCTI/CNPQ/Universal - 14/2014 - 449541.
REFERENCES
[1]. P. D. C. Kemerich, J. L. S. da. Silva, W. F. de.
Borba, C. E. B. Flores, G. Barros, A. E.
Gerhardt, A. C. Rodrigues, R. F. da. Silva, B. A.
Flores, F. E. Ucker, Concentrations of metals in
soil for busy cemetery: use the technique of ray
fluorescence spectrometry-energy dispersive x –
EDXRF, Monografias Ambientais, 14(1), 2014,
2875-2889.
[2]. M. Lauwers, The birth of the cemetery: sacred
places and land of the dead in the medieval West
(Campinas: EdUnicamp, 2015).
[3]. F. R. Trindade, A. Neckel, Environment and
cemeteries (Passo Fundo: Goellner, 2015).
[4]. J. Zychowski, Impact of cemeteries on
groundwater chemistry: A review,
Catena, 93(1), 2012, 29-37.
[5]. S. A. Amuno, Potential Ecological Risk of
Heavy Metal Distribution in Cemetery
Soils, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(2),
2013, 1-12.
[6]. A. S. Aruomero, O. Afolabi, Comparative
assessment of trace metals in soils associated
with casket burials: Towards implementing
green burials, Eurasian Journal of Soil
Science, 3(1), 2014, 75-76.
[7]. G. Mcgowan, J. Prangnell, A method for
calculating soil pressure overlying human
burials, Journal of Archaeological Science,
53(1), 2015, 12-18.
[8]. M. M. Miniyan, F. M. Aminiyan, R. Mousavi,
H. Amin, Heavy metal pollution affected by
human activities and different land-use in urban
topsoil: A case study in Rafsanjan city, Kerman
province, Iran, Eurasian Journal of Soil Science,
5(2), 2016, 97-104.
[9]. National Council of Environment, CONAMA,
Brazil, Resolution 420 of 28 december of 2009
(Official Gazette of the Republic, Brasília: DF,
2009).
[10]. Ministry of Health (Brazil). Ordinance n. 2.914,
12 of december of 2011, Control procedures and
monitoring of water quality for human
consumption and its portability standards (Office
of the Minister, Brasilia: Official Gazette, 2011).
[11]. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,
IBGE, Demographics 2010 (Brasilia: IBGE,
2015).
[12]. H. Firkowski, Generalization Cartographic
Regular Rectangular Grids Based on
Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Doctoral in Geosciences, Federal University of
Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 2002.
[13]. A. Rubio, M. I. Bellocq, D. Vezzani,
Community structure of artificial container-
breeding flies (Insecta: Diptera) in relation to the
urbanization level, Landscape And Urban
Planning, 105(3), 2012, 288-295.
[14]. G. Bennett, P. J. Davies, Urban cemetery
planning and the conflicting role of local and
regional interests, Land Use Policy, 42(1), 2015,
450-459.
[15]. J. Iriarte, S. M. Copé, M. Fradley, J. J. Lockhart,
J. C. Gillam, Sacred landscapes of the southern
Brazilian highlands: Understanding southern
proto-Jê mound and enclosure
complexes, Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology, 32(1), 2013, 74-96.
[16]. T. Brown, The making of urban „healtheries‟:
the transformation of cemeteries and burial
grounds in late-Victorian East London, Journal
of Historical Geography, 42(2), 2013, 12-23.
[17]. N. Dimakis, Ancient Greek deathscapes, Journal
of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and
Heritage Studies, 3(1), 2015, 27-41.
[18]. E. Klaver, The Cemetery as Public Space: Spoon
River Anthology and Act 3 of Our Town, Genre,
48(1), 2015, 99-118.

Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination risk for the surrounding resident population

More Related Content

What's hot (19)

Similar to Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination risk for the surrounding resident population (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Cemeteries heavy metals concentration analysis of soils and the contamination risk for the surrounding resident population