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Cerebellum by prc (1)
- 1. CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations -located in- located in posterior cranial fossaposterior cranial fossa - tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum), 4th ventricle (brain stem)- tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum), 4th ventricle (brain stem) - communicate with other structure via- communicate with other structure via superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar pedunclesuperior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle -- longitudinal divisionlongitudinal division Vermis, Paravermal Region, Cerebellar HemisphereVermis, Paravermal Region, Cerebellar Hemisphere -- transverse divisiontransverse division Anterior LobeAnterior Lobe ------------------------ primary fissureprimary fissure Posterior LobePosterior Lobe ------------------------ posterolateral fissureposterolateral fissure Flocculonodular LobeFlocculonodular Lobe
- 2. Subdivision ofSubdivision ofFlocculonodular LobeFlocculonodular Lobe Nodulus FlocculusNodulus Flocculus Subdivision ofSubdivision of Anterior LobeAnterior Lobe Vermis HemisphereVermis Hemisphere LingulaLingula Central LobuleCentral Lobule Ala Central LobuleAla Central Lobule postcentral fissurepostcentral fissure CulmenCulmen Quadriangular LobuleQuadriangular Lobule CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 3. Subdivision ofSubdivision ofPosterior LobePosterior Lobe Vermis HemisphereVermis Hemisphere DecliveDeclive Simple LobuleSimple Lobule postcentral fissurepostcentral fissure FoliumFolium Superior Semilunar LobuleSuperior Semilunar Lobule horizontal fissurehorizontal fissure Inferior Semilunar LobuleInferior Semilunar Lobule TuberTuber Gracile LobuleGracile Lobule prepyramidal fissureprepyramidal fissure PyramisPyramis Biventer LobuleBiventer Lobule secondary fissuresecondary fissure UvulaUvula TonsilTonsil CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum ExternalExternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 5. Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex MolecularLayerMolecular Layer Purkinje Cell LayerPurkinje Cell Layer Granular LayerGranular Layer Corpus Medullare (Medullary Center)Corpus Medullare (Medullary Center) Deep Cerebellar NucleiDeep Cerebellar Nuclei Fastigial NucleiFastigial Nuclei Nucleus InterpositusNucleus Interpositus Emboliform NucleusEmboliform Nucleus Globose NucleusGlobose Nucleus Dentate NucleusDentate Nucleus CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 6. 1. fastigial1. fastigial nucleusnucleus 2.globose2. globose nucleusnucleus 3. emboliform3. emboliform nucleusnucleus 4. dentate4. dentate nucleusnucleus Deep NucleiDeep Nuclei
- 7. Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex I.Molecular LayerI. Molecular Layer Stellate CellStellate Cell --- taurine (inhibitory)--- taurine (inhibitory) afferent:afferent: parallel fiberparallel fiber efferent: Purkinje cell dendriteefferent: Purkinje cell dendrite Basket CellBasket Cell ---- GABA (inhibitory)---- GABA (inhibitory) afferent:afferent: parallel fiberparallel fiber efferent: Purkinje cell somaefferent: Purkinje cell soma Parallel FiberParallel Fiber granule cell axongranule cell axon Purkinje Cell DendritePurkinje Cell Dendrite CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 8. Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex II.Purkinje Cell LayerII. Purkinje Cell Layer Purkinje CellPurkinje Cell -- 15,000,000 in number-- 15,000,000 in number -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory) afferent:afferent: parallel fiberparallel fiber climbing fiberclimbing fiber stellate cellstellate cell basket cellbasket cell efferent:efferent: deep cortical nucleideep cortical nuclei Bergman’s glial cellBergman’s glial cell CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 9. Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex III.Granular LayerIII. Granular Layer Granular CellGranular Cell -- 50,000,000,000 in number-- 50,000,000,000 in number -- glutamic acid (excitatory)-- glutamic acid (excitatory) afferent:afferent: mossy fibermossy fiber efferent:efferent: Purkinje cell dendritePurkinje cell dendrite basket cell, stellate cellbasket cell, stellate cell Golgi cellGolgi cell Golgi CellGolgi Cell -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory) afferent: parallel fiber, mossy fiber rosetteafferent: parallel fiber, mossy fiber rosette efferent: granule cell dendriteefferent: granule cell dendrite CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
- 10. 1. Purkinje cell 2.granule cell 3. basket cell 4. Golgi cell 5. stellate cell 6. climbing fiber 7. mossy fiber 8. parallel fiber 9. inferior olivary nucleus 10. deep cerebellar nuclei
- 12. Synaptic GlomerulusSynaptic Glomerulus Afferentterminals on granular layerAfferent terminals on granular layer Mossy Fiber RosetteMossy Fiber Rosette -- afferent fibers except-- afferent fibers except inferior olivary inputinferior olivary input -- 2/3 of medullary center-- 2/3 of medullary center Granular Cell DendriteGranular Cell Dendrite -- main afferent input-- main afferent input Golgi Cell AxonGolgi Cell Axon -- synapse on granule cell dendrite-- synapse on granule cell dendrite -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory) -- Surrounded bySurrounded by AstrocyteAstrocyte Foot ProcessFoot Process CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations CerebellumCerebellum InternalInternal ConfigurationsConfigurations
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- 14. Classification by Phylogeneticand Ontogenic DevelopmentClassification by Phylogenetic and Ontogenic Development ArchicerebellumArchicerebellum PaleocerebllumPaleocerebllum NeocerebellumNeocerebellum Classification by Afferent ConnectionClassification by Afferent Connection VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum PontocerebellumPontocerebellum Classification by Efferent ConnectionClassification by Efferent Connection VermisVermis Paravermal RegionParavermal Region Cerebellar HemisphereCerebellar Hemisphere CerebellumCerebellum ClassificationsClassifications CerebellumCerebellum ClassificationsClassifications
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- 17. Afferent ConnectionsAfferent Connections(1):(1): 1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle Restiform BodyRestiform Body Posterior Spinocerebellar TractPosterior Spinocerebellar Tract Olivocerebellar tractOlivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar TractCuneocerebellar Tract Reticulocerebellar TractReticulocerebellar Tract Juxtarestiform BodyJuxtarestiform Body Vestibulocerebellar TractVestibulocerebellar Tract Primary Vestyibular FiberPrimary Vestyibular Fiber CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections
- 18. Afferent ConnectionsAfferent Connections(2):(2): 2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Pontocerebellar fiberPontocerebellar fiber Corticopontocerebellar FiberCorticopontocerebellar Fiber Reticulocerebellar FiberReticulocerebellar Fiber 3. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle3. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Anterior Spinocerebellar TractAnterior Spinocerebellar Tract Cerulocerebellar fiberCerulocerebellar fiber Raphecerebellar fiberRaphecerebellar fiber Rubrocerebellar fiberRubrocerebellar fiber Hypothalamocerebellar fiberHypothalamocerebellar fiber CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections
- 19. Efferent ConnectionsEfferent Connections:: 1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Cerebellothalamic fiberCerebellothalamic fiber - from 3 deep nuclei to VPLo, VLc, CL- from 3 deep nuclei to VPLo, VLc, CL Cerebellorubral fiberCerebellorubral fiber - from nucleus interpositus- from nucleus interpositus and dentate nucleusand dentate nucleus ascending portion ofascending portion of uncinate fasciculus of Russelluncinate fasciculus of Russell 2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle Fastigiovestibular fiberFastigiovestibular fiber descending portion ofdescending portion of uncinate fasciculus of Russelluncinate fasciculus of Russell CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections
- 20. MLFMLF Main Connections ofthe VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the Vestibulocerebellum lower motor neuronlower motor neuron LMNLMN vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract FASTIGIALFASTIGIAL NUCLEUSNUCLEUS VestibularVestibular OrganOrgan FloculonodularFloculonodular LobeLobe VermisVermis ARCHICEREBELLUMARCHICEREBELLUM VESTIBULAR NUCLEUSVESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
- 21. Main Connections ofthe PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the Paleocerebellum lower motor neuronlower motor neuron SPINAL CORDSPINAL CORD rubrospinalrubrospinal tracttract NUCLEUSNUCLEUS INTERPOSITUSINTERPOSITUS InferiorInferior OlivryOlivry NucleusNucleus ANTERIORANTERIOR LOBELOBE PARAVERMALPARAVERMAL ZONEZONE PALEOCEREBELLUMPALEOCEREBELLUM REDRED NUCLEUSNUCLEUS spinocerebellarspinocerebellar tracttract
- 22. CEREBRALCEREBRAL CORTEXCORTEX CEREBRALCEREBRAL CORTEXCORTEX DENTATEDENTATE NUCLEUSNUCLEUS DENTATEDENTATE NUCLEUSNUCLEUS Main Connections ofthe NeocerebellumMain Connections of the NeocerebellumMain Connections of the NeocerebellumMain Connections of the Neocerebellum lower motor neuronlower motor neuron LMNLMN pyramidalpyramidal tracttract POSTERIORPOSTERIOR LOBELOBE CEREBELLARCEREBELLAR HEMISPHEREHEMISPHERE POSTERIORPOSTERIOR LOBELOBE CEREBELLARCEREBELLAR HEMISPHEREHEMISPHERE THALAMUSTHALAMUSTHALAMUSTHALAMUS NEOCEREBELLUMNEOCEREBELLUM PontinePontine NucleusNucleus PontinePontine NucleusNucleus
- 23. upper motor neuronuppermotor neuron UMNUMN upper motor neuronupper motor neuron UMNUMN BASALBASAL GANGLIAGANGLIA BASALBASAL GANGLIAGANGLIA Pyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated Circuits lower motor neuronlower motor neuron UMNUMN lower motor neuronlower motor neuron UMNUMN pyramidal tractpyramidal tract CerebellumCerebellumCerebellumCerebellum
- 24. Reticular Formation Reticular Formation CEREBELLUMCEREBELLUM Cerebellum and AutomaticMotor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor Control Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Motor CortexMotor Cortex Red NucleusRed Nucleus Vestibular Nucleus Vestibular Nucleus ProprioceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptors
- 25. Corticonuclear ConnectionsCorticonuclear Connections Azone ---------- fastigial nucleusA zone ---------- fastigial nucleus medial vestibular nucleusmedial vestibular nucleus B zone ---------- lateral vestibular nucleusB zone ---------- lateral vestibular nucleus CC11, C, C33 zone --- emboliform nucleuszone --- emboliform nucleus CC22 ---------------- globose nucleus---------------- globose nucleus DD11 ---------------- parvocellular portion of dentate nucleus---------------- parvocellular portion of dentate nucleus DD22 ---------------- magnocellular portion of dentate nucleus---------------- magnocellular portion of dentate nucleus CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections
- 26. 1. vermis1. vermis 2.paravermal2. paravermal regionregion 3. cerebella hemisphere3. cerebella hemisphere 4. nodulus4. nodulus 5. flocculus5. flocculus 6. fastigial6. fastigial nucleusnucleus 7. globose7. globose nucleusnucleus 8. emboliform8. emboliform nucleusnucleus 9. dentate9. dentate nucleusnucleus 10. medial vestibular10. medial vestibular nucleusnucleus 11. lateral vestibular11. lateral vestibular nucleusnucleus
- 27. Olivocerebellar ConnectionsOlivocerebellar Connections Caudalportion ofCaudal portion of medial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus ----------------- vermis of cerebellar cortex (A and B)----------------- vermis of cerebellar cortex (A and B) fastigial nucleusfastigial nucleus vestibular nucleusvestibular nucleus Rostral portion ofRostral portion of medial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus ----------------- paravermal region (C----------------- paravermal region (C11, C, C22, C, C33)) nucleus interpositusnucleus interpositus Principal Inferior Olivary NucleusPrincipal Inferior Olivary Nucleus ----------------- cerebellar hemisphere (D----------------- cerebellar hemisphere (D11, D, D22)) dentate nucleusdentate nucleus CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections CerebellumCerebellum ConnectionsConnections
- 28. medial and dorsalaccessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus caudal portioncaudal portion rostral portionrostral portion PrincipalPrincipal Inferior OlivaryInferior Olivary NucleusNucleus
- 29. CerebellumCerebellum FunctionFunction CerebellumCerebellum FunctionFunction Maintenance ofEquilibriumMaintenance of Equilibrium - balance, posture, eye movement- balance, posture, eye movement Coordination of half-automatic movement ofCoordination of half-automatic movement of walking and posture maintenacewalking and posture maintenace - posture, gait- posture, gait Adjustment of Muscle ToneAdjustment of Muscle Tone Motor Leaning – Motor SkillsMotor Leaning – Motor Skills Cognitive FunctionCognitive Function
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- 31. Motor SkillMotor Skill PabloCasalsPablo Casals
- 32. CerebellumCerebellum ClinicalClinical SyndromesSyndromes CerebellumCerebellum ClinicalClinical SyndromesSyndromes AtaxiaAtaxia:incoordination of movement: incoordination of movement - decomposition of movement- decomposition of movement - dysmetria, past-pointing- dysmetria, past-pointing - dysdiadochokinesia- dysdiadochokinesia - rebound phenomenon of Holmes- rebound phenomenon of Holmes - gait ataxia, truncal ataxia, titubation- gait ataxia, truncal ataxia, titubation IntentionIntention TremorTremor Hypotonia,Hypotonia, NystagmusNystagmus Archicerebellar LesionArchicerebellar Lesion: medulloblastoma: medulloblastoma Paleocerebellar LesionPaleocerebellar Lesion: gait disturbance: gait disturbance Neocerebellar LesionNeocerebellar Lesion: hypotonia, ataxia, tremor: hypotonia, ataxia, tremor
- 33. PosturePosture Gait – AtaxiaGait– Ataxia TremorTremor
- 34. CerebellarCerebellar AtaxiaAtaxia Ataxic gait andAtaxicgait and position:position: Left cerebellar tumorLeft cerebellar tumor a. Sways to the right ina. Sways to the right in standing positionstanding position b. Steady on theb. Steady on the right legright leg c. Unsteady on thec. Unsteady on the left legleft leg d. ataxic gaitd. ataxic gait a b c d
- 35. Cerebellar tumors onCerebellartumors on vermisvermis - Truncal Ataxia- Truncal Ataxia - Frequent Falling- Frequent Falling The child in this picture:The child in this picture: - would not try to stand- would not try to stand unsupportedunsupported - would not let go of the bed rail- would not let go of the bed rail if she was stood on the floor.if she was stood on the floor. CerebellarCerebellar MedulloblastomaMedulloblastoma