Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behavior
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This document provides an overview of genetics and evolutionary psychology. It discusses key concepts such as: 1. Genes and heredity, including DNA, chromosomes, genetic transmission, and genetic influences on behavior. 2. Natural selection and evolution, including evolutionary causes of behavior and criticisms of evolutionary psychology. 3. The genetics and evolution of behavior, including heritability estimates, twin studies, and how evolutionary psychologists study the impact of genetics on traits and behaviors. It explores topics like intelligence, sexuality, parenting, and more from an evolutionary perspective. The document aims to explain genetic and evolutionary roots and influences on human behavior.
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Ch 2 genetics & evolutionary roots of behavior
- 1. Genetic Roots of Behavior Meghan Fraley, PhD Skyline College, Summer 2015
- 3. If you could wave a magic wand that would eliminate your ability to forget, would you do it?
- 4. Should we allow eyewitness testimony? Why or why not?
- 6. Overview of Genetic and Evolutionary Roots of Behavior Genetics • Parts of Cell • Gene Transmission Natural Selection • Naturalistic Fallacy The Genetics and Evolution of Behavior • Heritability Estimate
- 8. I. Genetics
- 9. Genes
- 10. Genes & DNA- Parts of a Cell
- 11. Genetic and Environmental Influences Heredity: Inborn genetic endowment Genetic and environmental variables transact continually over time Weight of genetic/environment changes over time (personality/IQ) Environment more significant in early years. As people age, more diverse in their patterns Penetrance is a term used in genetics that describes the extent to which the properties controlled by a gene, its phenotype, will be expressed. Penetrance is the percentage of individuals given a specific genotype which actually express an associated phenotype. More…
- 12. The Secrets of Genes Genes - are the basic units of heredity located on chromosomes which contain threadlike strands of DNA. Egg and Sperm contain 23 chromosomes each.
- 13. What are chromosomes? Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each parent. The chromosomes are coiled up DNA. Under normal conditions all of the chromosomes are inherited in tact.
- 14. How Genes Interact! Mendel’s Little Peas Gregor Mendel- Basic laws of genetic inheritance Mendel's Laws are as follows: • 1. the Law of Dominance • 2. the Law of Segregation • 3. the Law of Independent Assortment
- 16. Chromosomal Disorders Chromosomal deletion: • when cells go through meiosis, portions of the chromosome are lost. Chromosomal inversion: • when cells go through meiosis, parts of the chromosome are flipped. Chromosomal translocation: • when cells go through meiosis, parts of the chromosomes stick together and switch. Chromosomal non-disjunction: • when cells go through meiosis the chromosomes don’t separate correctly and either too many or not enough are passed on.
- 17. Heredity Genotype and Phenotype
- 18. Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Klinefelter’s Syndrome Turner’s Syndrome Down’s Syndrome PKU Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia
- 19. Influences on Development Genotype versus Phenotype Genotype: Set of genes Phenotype: What is observable Polygenic (many-genes): most traits are influenced by multiple genes RNA has significant role in memory Chromosomal Defects Down syndrome More susceptible to alzheimer’s, leukemia, and heart disease Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) Turner syndrome (X): short, drooping eyelids, webbed neck
- 20. II. Evolution by Natural Selection
- 21. Focus: Proximate to Ultimate Causes Proximate: Within the lifetime Ultimate: Why change has occurred over years
- 22. What is Evolution? Changes that occur in a population over time
- 24. The Principles of Natural Selection Natural Selection Natural variations Less beneficial characteristics don’t survive Next generation has more people with the beneficial, and less with the detrimental characteristics Evolution: Changes that occur in a population over time
- 25. Myths & Misconceptions about Evolution
- 26. Evolution Misconceptions Naturalistic Fallacy The idea that anything “natural” is “good” or the more recent traits are “better” The process of evolution has no foresight Discuss: Where do you see the naturalistic fallacy referenced? “Survival of the Fittest” Why is this not entirely accurate?
- 27. III. The Genetics & Evolution of Behavior
- 28. The Genetics of Behavior Both genes and environment interact to shape human behavior. The fundamental issue is how much a role genetics do play in shaping human behaviors. Examples: psychological disorders, weight gain, personality, sexual orientation?
- 29. The Genetics of Behavior Both genes and environment interact to shape human behavior. The fundamental issue is how much a role genetics do play in shaping human behaviors. • Examples: psychological disorders, weight gain, personality, sexual orientation?
- 30. Heritability The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. It is a mathematical formula. Heritability: Determining the Impact of Genes Behaviors have a genetic component Behaviors have an environmental component.
- 31. Heritability Estimate The contribution to an observed characteristic is expressed in terms of a heritability estimate. Indicates the extent to which the phenotype varies within a group of people We use twin studies to examine the genetic influence Penetrance describes the extent to the phenotype will be expressed.
- 32. Determining Heritability Sibling Studies! •Twin Studies •Adopted Children & their Bio Sibs How do Evolutionary Psychologists Attempt to Determine the Impact of Genetics? Compare monozygotic and fraternal twins to infer how much of a genetic component exists for a particular behavior. Study adopted children and their resemblance to their biological parents to infer the influence of heredity.
- 33. Twin Studies
- 34. Twin Studies: The results To summarize the countless amount of studies: twins (especially identical), whether or not they are raised in the same environment are very much alike in many ways.
- 35. What is Evolutionary Psychology? Goal: Understand how human behavior as impacted by the passing on of genes by… Reconstructing problems of ancestors Establishing common roots of behavior and how they manifest today
- 36. Evolutionary Psychology: A Brief Overview
- 37. Think like an Evolutionary Psychologist Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile? Why are most parents devoted to their children? Why do we divide people into categories? Why do we have more phobias about spiders and snakes than electricity and nuclear weapons?
- 38. Break: Discuss ideas you have about how our behavior now is influenced by our ancestors
- 39. Genetics & Evolutionary Psychology Applied Intelligence and Sexuality
- 40. Think like an Evolutionary Psychologist, Revisited Why do infants fear strangers when they become mobile? Why are most parents devoted to their children? Why do we divide people into categories? Why do we have more phobias about spiders and snakes than electricity and nuclear weapons?
- 41. Evolutionary Psychology, What do you think? Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary psychologists take a behavior and work backward to explain it in terms of natural selection. Evolutionary psychology proposes genetic determinism and undercuts morality in establishing society. Where genders are unequal, gender preferences are wide, but closely equal, preferences narrow down. Evolutionary Psychologists Reply Evolutionary psychologists argue that we need to test behaviors that expound evolutionary principles. Evolutionary psychologists remind us how we have adapted, but does not dictate how we ought to be. Males and females are more alike than different, if we study these differences we can establish their causes.
- 42. Discussion the Impact of Low SES on Intelligence Genes have a weaker effect on intelligence without adequate health care, stimulation, and nourishment. Potential may not ever be realized
- 43. Love & Lust: Sexuality, the Brain, & Evolutionary Psychology Types of Mating Systems Attitudes toward Mating Humans & Other Mammals Jealousy between the Genders & Evolutionary Perspective Describe the Differences in the way human males and females view paternity
- 44. Why are genes not everything? Not all traits are equally heritable or unaffected by shared environments Some studies may underestimate the impact of the environment Even traits that are highly heritable are not rigidly fixed and can be modified by experience.
- 45. Genetics & Evolution Review: Concepts to Know Structure of DNA Natural Selection • Ultimate & Proximal Cause The scientific study of evolution Intelligence & Genetics Genes, Sex, and Mating Behavior
- 46. Genetic Assignments • Main Concepts in Genetic & Biological Psychology Review: • Can Your Genes Predict Whether You’ll be a Conservative or a Liberal? –The Atlantic Read: • What are characteristics you think you learned from your family? What are personality characteristics that you think might in the genetic makeup? Journal: Forum: Post on forum on at least one critical thinking question