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Ch. 2 Minerals
The document discusses the properties of minerals that can be used for identification. It describes several key properties including color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness based on the Mohs scale, cleavage, fracture, density, and other distinctive properties. Minerals are naturally occurring solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline structures. They can be classified based on their chemical composition into groups such as silicates and sulfides.
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Presentation Introduction to Earth Science by Prentice Hall, includes general overview.
Overview of chapter goals: atom theory, ions, isotopes, states of matter, chemical bonds.
Discusses properties of gas, liquid, and solid states of matter; references external resources.
Elements are basic building blocks of minerals; over 100 known elements discussed.
Atoms consist of neutrons, protons, and electrons; describes the nucleus and atomic structure.
Details on atomic energy levels and importance of atomic number in identifying elements.
Visual representation of the model of an atom.
Radioactive isotopes, protons, and neutrons defined; mass number explained.
Definition of compounds, chemical bonds, ions, and their interactions.
Details on ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds between atoms.
Illustrating ionic and covalent bonds with Bohr's model.
Information on the structure and significance of a carbon atom.
Agenda for the day focusing on vocabulary, homework, and minerals study.
Quiz covering atomic particles, charges, and basic atomic structure overview.
Key vocabulary related to minerals and their characteristics.
Creative activity encouraging reflection on study of atoms and minerals.
Agenda for reviewing properties of minerals and preparing for lab activities.
5 key characteristics defining a mineral: naturally occurring, solid, crystalline, and more.
Process of mineral formation discussed: from magma, precipitation, and more.
Illustration of minerals formed through crystallization from magma.
Classification of minerals based on composition; focus on silicates.
Description and illustration of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, crucial in silicates.
Explains chains, sheets, and 3D networks of silicon-oxygen in mineral formations.
Information and examples of sulfide minerals.
Description of native copper as a mineral type.
Instructions for mineral lab activity, identifying specific minerals.
Description of how mineral properties like color vary based on elemental composition.
Explanation of mineral streak tests and their importance.
Discussion on luster as an important property for identifying minerals.
Example of Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) demonstrating metallic luster.
Crystal form detailed as a representation of internal atomic arrangement.
Example of quartz, highlighting its well-defined crystal form.
Definition of mineral hardness and introduction to Mohs hardness scale.
Visual representation of Mohs scale showing hardness of minerals.
Definition of cleavage, its significance, and direction in minerals.
Description of mica's cleavage properties, showcasing its directional cleavage.
Definitions and explanations on how minerals can fracture and its significance.
Checklist on identifying minerals based on properties like color and hardness.
Description of conchoidal fracture and its identification in minerals.
Introduction to density and its role as a property of minerals.
Discusses unique properties of minerals beyond basics.
Resource link for students to practice mineral identification online.
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Ch. 2 Minerals
- 1. Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens
- 2. Chapter 2 Goals for today: 1. Describe the atom model theory. 2. Explain Ions and Isotopes 3. Compare and contrast states of matter 4. Describe how chemical bonds form. 5. Learn to love jawbreakers. Minerals
- 3. 2.1 Matter Gas properties… Liquid Solid Youtube States of Matter
- 4. 2.1 Matter Elements are the b asic building blocks of minerals. Over 100 elements are known. Elements and the Periodic Table
- 5. 2.1 Matter Smallest particles of matter (or an element) n eutrons , which have neutral electrical charges The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains protons , which have positive electrical charges Atoms
- 6. 2.1 Matter Energy levels , or shells surround the nucleus (hecka fast) contain electrons —negatively charged particles The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Atoms
- 7. Model of anAtom
- 8. 2.1 Matter Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons. Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. Isotopes
- 9. 2.1 MatterA compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions. When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms. An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons. Why Atoms Bond
- 10. 2.1 Matter1. Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions. 2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. 3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons. Types of Chemical Bonds
- 11. Bohr’s Model Ionic and Covalent bonds
- 12.
- 13. Agenda for today(8-19-10) Starter Vocabulary quiz (to be turned in) Homework discussion Homework Vocabulary 2.2 2.2 Minerals Read Lab #1: Examining the properties of Minerals
- 14. Quiz 2.1(to be turned in) complete sentences not necessary What particles make up an atom? What are the electrical charge of each of those particles (from #1)? What is a substance composed of 2 or more elements combined? Draw a model of an atom, and label it’s 4 parts. What is the nucleus of an atom made up of?
- 15. Vocabulary 2.2 (Cornell)Mineral Silicate Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron 5 characteristics of minerals (pg. 45)
- 16. Journal #9 (Date)1. We have studied atoms, elements, minerals,…what do you think is the next larger THING we will be studying? 2. Every little grain or sand has a story, imagine you are a grain of sand. Describe (short) how you (that grain of sand) got between the toes of a CHS freshman. :0)
- 17. Agenda for today(date) Review properties of minerals Prepare for mineral lab Desribe the unique properties of some minerals. General review (quiz on Wednesday).
- 18. 2.2 Minerals 1. Naturally occurring 2. Solid substance 3. Orderly crystalline structure 4. Definite chemical composition 5. Generally considered inorganic Characteristics of a Mineral
- 19. 2.2 Minerals1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. Pressure and temperature 4. Hydrothermal solutions How Minerals Form
- 20. Minerals Formed asa Result of Crystallization of Magma
- 21. 2.2 Minerals Can be classified based on their composition 1. Silicates Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral. Mineral Groups
- 22.
- 23. Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks
- 24.
- 25.
- 26. Mineral Lab ActivityA number Ex: #23
- 27. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Color
- 28. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. Streak
- 29. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Luster
- 30. Pyrite (Fool’s Gold)Displays Metallic Luster.
- 31. 2.3 Propertiesof Minerals Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. Crystal Form
- 32. Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.
- 33. 2.3 Propertiesof Minerals Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest). Hardness
- 34. Mohs Scale ofHardness
- 35. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces. Cleavage
- 36. Mica Has Cleavagein One Direction
- 37. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture. Fracture — the uneven breakage of a mineral Fracture
- 38. 2.3 Check forunderstanding (Can you answer these?) Describe what properties can be used to identify minerals. Explain how density can be used to identify minerals. Use color, luster, cleavage/fracture, and Mohs scale (hardness) to classify minerals. List other distinctive properties of minerals.
- 39.
- 40. 2.3 Propertiesof Minerals Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. Density
- 41. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties. Distinctive Properties of Minerals
- 42. Mineral Lab ActivityA number Ex: #23
- 43. On line MineralIdentification Lab http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/geol101/labs/minerals/Min01.htm