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This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.

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Course Introduction
What is a Network?
What is a Network?
What is a Network?
What is a Network?
What is a Network? • A system of lines/channels that are interconnected with each other. • What is a Computer Network?
What is a Computer Network?
What is a Computer Network? • A set of computers which are connected together. • This can mean two computers cabled together on the same desk, or thousands of computers across the world. • The connections can be cables or wireless.
Advantages of Computer Networks • Enables users to share hardware like scanners and printers. This reduces costs by reducing the number of hardware items bought. • Allows users access to data stored on others' computers. This keeps everyone up-to-date on the latest data • Can share access to the Internet.
Advantages of Computer Networks • Can even let users run programs that are not installed on their own computers but are installed elsewhere in the network.  reduces the effort for networks administrators to keep programs configured correctly and saves a lot of storage space.
Local Area Networks • A LAN is a Local Area Network. This would include networks where the computers are relatively close together. So LANs would be within the same office, a single building, or several buildings close together.
Local Area Network Example 1 • Two buildings with 4 departments connected as a LAN that uses 3 servers.
Data Centers • Enterprise/ University Network.
Local Area Network Example 2
Local Area Networks
Wide Area Network • A WAN is a Wide Area Network, which would be all networks too large to be LANs. • A WAN would be most useful for large companies with offices or factories in widely separated areas, like Microsoft, IBM, Ford, AT&T, etc.
Wide Area Network Example 1
Wide Area Network Example 2
Home Computer Networks
Home Computer Networks
NET 331: Computer Networks Fundementals • Objective: Covering the necessary concepts in communication networks, topics include: network architicture, layering concepts, packet and circuit switching, internetworing, TCP/IP protocol suite and network applications. • Prerequisites: CS302 (Operating Systems) OR NET321 (Computers Operating Systems).
Course’s TextBook • Data Communication and Networking, Behrouz Forouzan, McGrawHill, 2006. • Available at the library, get your copy soon!
Chapter 1 Introduction • Data Communication • Networks • Protocols and Standards • Standard Organizations WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
1.1 Data Communication
Definitions • Data: information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. • Data Communication: exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium (wire cable / link). • Data Communication System: Made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs) to facilitate for effective communication of data.
5 Components of a Data Communication System Figure 1-1 Protocol: is a set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol two devices may be connected but not communicating.
Characteristics of a Data Communication System Delivery : System must deliver data to correct destination. Data must be received by only intended device or user. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately Timeliness: the system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered later are useless. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
Data Flow • Path taken by data within a device, network, or organization, as it moves from its source to its destination (a data repository or a data user). • Categorized by direction of flow: Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
Simplex • Communication is unidirectional, one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive (one-way street). • Ex: keyboard (input), monitors (output)
Half-duplex Each station can both transmit and receive , but not at the same time. When one device is sending the other can receive and vice versa. (one-lane road with two direction).
Full-duplex • Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. (two way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time). • Ex: telephone network. Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link in two ways: Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths one for sending and other for receiving. Capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both direction
1.2 Networks
Definitions • A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. • A node can be a host (such as a computer, a laptop, a smart phone etc.) or a network device (such as a switch, a router, etc.). • A link is a communication pathway that transfer data from one device to another.
Network Criteria • A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
Figure 1-2 WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Performance • Can be measured in many ways! – Transmit time: the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. – Response time: the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. • Often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and delay.
Throughput • Throughput is an important network metric which is also known as bandwidth. • The bandwidth of a network is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time. • Depends on the network technology (hardware capabilities) and therefore is constant.
Throughput Example • A network might have a bandwidth of 10 million bits/second (Mbps), meaning that it is able to deliver 10 million bits every second.
Delay • Also known as latency. • corresponds to how long it takes a message to travel from one end of a network to the other. • Latency is measured strictly in terms of time. • Effected by number of users and hence may change from time to time.
Delay Example • A transcontinental network might have a latency of 24 milliseconds (ms); that is, it takes a message 24 ms to travel from one end of North America to the other.
Factors Affecting Performance Type of transmission media, Capabilities of connected H.W and the efficiency of software. Number of user
Network Criteria • A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
Reliability • Accuracy of delivery. • Measured by: – Frequency of failures – Time it takes to recover from a failure – The network’s robustness in a catastrophe.
Network Criteria • A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
Security • Many issues at the different layers! • Examples: – Protecting data from unauthorized access. – Protecting data from damage. – Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.
Network Configuration • There are a number of ways that computers can be connected together to form networks. • Physical attributes of a network include: Type of connection Physical topology
Type of Connection • For communication to occure, two devices must be connected in someway to the same link at the same time. • Two possible connections: – Point-to-point – Multipoint
Physical Structures: Type of connection 1. Point –to-point Dedicated link between two devices. Most of them uses an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends but other options ,such as microwave satellite are possible.
Physical Structures: Type of connection 2. Multipoint Is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link
1/18/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 50 Links (a) (b) point-to-point multiple-access Geographical coverage and scalability are limited. Each node needs one interface for each link.
Network Configuration • Physical attributes of a network include: Type of connection Physical topology
Physical Topology • Two or more links for a topology. – The topology of a network refers to the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another. • The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.
• The way in which a network is laid out physically. Physical Topology
Mesh Topology • Every device has a dedicated point-to- point link with every other device on the network. link carries traffic only between the two devices. • How many links do we need in a network with N nodes? – Half duplex - Full duplex
Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices) • Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other devices • Fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical connection to link n devices. • Every device on the network must have n-1 input/output (I/O) ports
Advantages of a Mesh topology • Privacy or security (every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical boundaries prevents other user from gaining access the message • eliminating the traffic problems The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load; that can occur when links must be shared by multiple devices.
Advantages of a Mesh topology • A mesh is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. • Fault identification and fault isolation easy. This enables the network manager to discover the precise location of fault and aids in finding its cause and solution.
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology Related to the amount of cabling devices and the amount of I/O ports required: – Every device must be connected to every other device, installation and reconnection are difficult – The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate. – The H.W required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable) expensive.
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology So a mesh topology is usually implemented in a limited fashion( as a backbone connecting the main computers of a hybrid network that can include several other topology
Star topology Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller (hub) Unlike a mesh , a star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices, if one device want to send data to another , it send it to the hub, which send it to other device
• The star pattern connects everything to a host computer, a network switch, or a network hub, which handles the network tasks. • All communications between computers go through the host/switch/hub.
Advantages of a Star topology 1.Easy to install and reconfigure and less expensive – each device need only one link and I/O port to connect it to any other devices.) 2.Robustness: – if one link fails, only that link affected and other links remain active. 3.identification and fault isolation
Disadvantages of a Star topology • The dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
Tree topology : Is a variation of star - Not every device plugs directly into the central hub. The majority of devices connect to secondary hub that in turn is connected to the central hub.
Tree topology : Is a variation of star The advantages and disadvantages of tree topology are generally the same as those of star . - The addition of secondary hubs bring more advantage: allows for more devices to be attached to a single central hub, therefore increase the distance a signal can travel between devices.
Bus topology •Multipoint connection. Acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
• The bus pattern connects the computer to the same communications line. Communications goes both directions along the line. All the computers can communicate with each other without having to go through the server.
Bus topology There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps • As a signal travels along the backbone, it becomes weaker
Advantages of a Bus topology Ease of instulation, use less cabling than mesh or star. -
Disadvantages of a Bus topology 1. A fault in bus cable (break) stops all transmissions even between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged area reflects signals back the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions 2. Reconnection It can difficult to add new devices (adding more require modification or replacement of the backbone).
Ring Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection only with the two devices on either side of it • A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device until it reaches its destination.
• The ring pattern connects the computers and other devices one to the other in a circle. • There is no central host computer that holds all the data. • Communication flows in one direction around the ring.
Ring Topology Each device in the ring incorporate as repeater Repeater :regenerates the signal  it receives a weakened signal, creates a copy, bit for bit, at the original strength
Ring Topology Advantages: • Easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or delete a device requires hanging only 2 connections • Fault isolation is simplified : A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not receive a signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location Disadvantages • Unidirectional traffic. A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire network. This can be solved by use dual ring
Advantages of a Ring Topology • Easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or delete a device requires hanging only 2 connections • Fault isolation is simplified : A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not receive a signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location
Disadvantages of a Ring Topology • Unidirectional traffic. A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire network. This can be solved by use dual ring
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
Networks Models • Computer networks are created by different entities. • Standards are needed so that these heterogeneous networks can communicate. • The two most know standards: – OSI model: defines a seven layer network. – Internet model: defines a five layer network.
Network category is determined by its size, ownership, the distance it cover and its physical architecture. Network Categories
Single-Building LAN Used in business environments, links a workgroup of task-related computer.
Multiple-building LAN
LAN ( Local Area Network) • Privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus • LANs designed to allow resources to be shared between PCs or workstations. The resources may be H.W (e.g. printer) or S.W (applications program) or data. • In LANs one of the computers has a large capacity drive and becomes a server to other clients.
LAN ( Local Area Network) • S/W stored on server and used as needed by the whole group. • LAN size determined by licensing restrictions (no of users per copy of S/W) • LAN use only one type of transmission medium. • The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.
LAN ( Local Area Network) • Traditionally LAN have data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps. Today Speed can reach to 100Mbps or 1000MBps(1G).
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • Owned by private company or it may be a service provided by public company ( such as local tel.-company) • Extended over an entire city. • May be single network such as a cable television network, or it may be connected number of LANs into a large network so that resources may be shared LAN-TO- LAN.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • Examples:  Company can use MAN to connect the LANs in all its offices throughout the city.  A part of the telephone line network that can provide DSL line to the customer
MAN
WAN (Wide Area Network) • Provides long distance transmission of data, voice , image and video information over large areas ( country or whole world) • In contrast to LAN, WAN may utilize public or private communication equipments or combination.
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork An internet (small i) is two or more networks that can communicate with each other.
1/18/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 90 Internetworking To interconnect two or more networks, one needs a gateway or router. Host-to-host connectivity is only possible if there’s a uniform addressing scheme and a routing mechanism. Messages can be sent to a single destination (unicast), to multiple destinations (multicast), or to all possible destinations (broadcast).
1.3 The Internet
Internet • a collaboration of more than 100 of 1000 interconnected network. • Brief History ( self-reading) • In mid of 1960: • The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the department of defense was interested in finding a way to connect computers so that the researchers they funded could share their findings, to reduce costs and eliminating duplication of effort.
Brief History • 1n1967 – ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, small network of connected computers (mainframe). • 1n 1969, – ARPANET was reality. Four nodes at the UNV. Of California,(at los angles and Santa Barba), univ. of utah and SRI (Stand ford Research Institute connected via IMPs computers to form a network. Software called Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
Brief History • In 1972, – Protocol to achieve end -to-end delivery of packets, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). – Authorities made decision to split TCP into two protocols: – IP: Internetworking protocol to handle datagram routing and – TCP: responsible for higher-level-functions such as error detection, segmentation and reassembly. • Internet today – Made up of many wide and local area networks joined by connecting devices and switching stations. Today most end users use the services of internet service providers (ISPs).
internet service providers (ISPs) • Hierarchical organization of the Internet includes: – International Internet Service Providers – National Internet Service Providers – Regional Internet Service Providers – Local Internet Service Providers
internet service providers (ISPs)
1.4 Protocols and Standards
Protocols and Standards • Protocols • Standards • Standards Organization
Protocols • Set of rules that governs data communications. • Protocol defines : – What is communicated? – How it communicated? – When it is communicated?
What’s a protocol? human protocols: • “what’s the time?” • “I have a question” • introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: • machines rather than humans • all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission and/or receipt of a msg.
Protocols • Key elements of a protocol: Syntax, semantics and timing • Syntax: Structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are presented. Example: A simple protocol might expect the first byte of data to be the address of the sender, the second byte to be the address of the receiver and the reset of the stream to be the message itself.
Protocols • Semantics: Refers to the meaning of each section of bits. • Example: does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the message.
Protocols • Timing: When data to should be sent? •How fast they can be sent? Example: If a sender produces data at 100Mpbs but the receiver can process data at only 1Mpbs, transmission will overload the receiver and data will be largely lost.
Standards • Provide guidelines to manufactures, vendors, government agencies and other service provides to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and international communication.
Standards • Two categories: 1.De fact: Have been adopted as standers through widespread use. Established by manufacturers that define the functionality of a new product or technology 2.De jure: officially recognized body.
Figure 1-3 WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Standers Organization 1.International Organization for Standardization (ISO) •Multinational body •OSI
Standers Organization 2. International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication standard sector ( ITU-T) – devoted to the research of standards for telecommunication in general and for phone and data system in particular – Data transmission over telephone line Modems standards :V- series( V32, V34,V90) – X-series: data transmission over public digital network (e- mail)
Standers Organization 3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – completely private, nonprofit corporation
Standers Organization 4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – International in scoop – In the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and all related branches of engineering – International standards for computing and communications LAN (project 802): IEEE Ethernet 802.3 5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA) – Field of Information Technology (SONET)

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ch01.ppt

  • 1.
  • 2.
    What is aNetwork?
  • 3.
    What is aNetwork?
  • 4.
    What is aNetwork?
  • 5.
    What is aNetwork?
  • 6.
    What is aNetwork? • A system of lines/channels that are interconnected with each other. • What is a Computer Network?
  • 7.
    What is aComputer Network?
  • 8.
    What is aComputer Network? • A set of computers which are connected together. • This can mean two computers cabled together on the same desk, or thousands of computers across the world. • The connections can be cables or wireless.
  • 9.
    Advantages of ComputerNetworks • Enables users to share hardware like scanners and printers. This reduces costs by reducing the number of hardware items bought. • Allows users access to data stored on others' computers. This keeps everyone up-to-date on the latest data • Can share access to the Internet.
  • 10.
    Advantages of ComputerNetworks • Can even let users run programs that are not installed on their own computers but are installed elsewhere in the network.  reduces the effort for networks administrators to keep programs configured correctly and saves a lot of storage space.
  • 11.
    Local Area Networks •A LAN is a Local Area Network. This would include networks where the computers are relatively close together. So LANs would be within the same office, a single building, or several buildings close together.
  • 12.
    Local Area NetworkExample 1 • Two buildings with 4 departments connected as a LAN that uses 3 servers.
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  • 16.
    Wide Area Network •A WAN is a Wide Area Network, which would be all networks too large to be LANs. • A WAN would be most useful for large companies with offices or factories in widely separated areas, like Microsoft, IBM, Ford, AT&T, etc.
  • 17.
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  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
    NET 331: ComputerNetworks Fundementals • Objective: Covering the necessary concepts in communication networks, topics include: network architicture, layering concepts, packet and circuit switching, internetworing, TCP/IP protocol suite and network applications. • Prerequisites: CS302 (Operating Systems) OR NET321 (Computers Operating Systems).
  • 22.
    Course’s TextBook • DataCommunication and Networking, Behrouz Forouzan, McGrawHill, 2006. • Available at the library, get your copy soon!
  • 23.
    Chapter 1 Introduction • DataCommunication • Networks • Protocols and Standards • Standard Organizations WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Definitions • Data: informationpresented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. • Data Communication: exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium (wire cable / link). • Data Communication System: Made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs) to facilitate for effective communication of data.
  • 26.
    5 Components ofa Data Communication System Figure 1-1 Protocol: is a set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol two devices may be connected but not communicating.
  • 27.
    Characteristics of aData Communication System Delivery : System must deliver data to correct destination. Data must be received by only intended device or user. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately Timeliness: the system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered later are useless. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
  • 28.
    Data Flow • Pathtaken by data within a device, network, or organization, as it moves from its source to its destination (a data repository or a data user). • Categorized by direction of flow: Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
  • 29.
    Simplex • Communication isunidirectional, one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive (one-way street). • Ex: keyboard (input), monitors (output)
  • 30.
    Half-duplex Each station canboth transmit and receive , but not at the same time. When one device is sending the other can receive and vice versa. (one-lane road with two direction).
  • 31.
    Full-duplex • Both stationscan transmit and receive simultaneously. (two way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time). • Ex: telephone network. Signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link in two ways: Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths one for sending and other for receiving. Capacity of the channel is divided between signals traveling in both direction
  • 32.
  • 33.
    Definitions • A networkis a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. • A node can be a host (such as a computer, a laptop, a smart phone etc.) or a network device (such as a switch, a router, etc.). • A link is a communication pathway that transfer data from one device to another.
  • 34.
    Network Criteria • Anetwork must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
  • 35.
    Figure 1-2 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 36.
    Performance • Can bemeasured in many ways! – Transmit time: the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. – Response time: the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. • Often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and delay.
  • 37.
    Throughput • Throughput isan important network metric which is also known as bandwidth. • The bandwidth of a network is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time. • Depends on the network technology (hardware capabilities) and therefore is constant.
  • 38.
    Throughput Example • Anetwork might have a bandwidth of 10 million bits/second (Mbps), meaning that it is able to deliver 10 million bits every second.
  • 39.
    Delay • Also knownas latency. • corresponds to how long it takes a message to travel from one end of a network to the other. • Latency is measured strictly in terms of time. • Effected by number of users and hence may change from time to time.
  • 40.
    Delay Example • Atranscontinental network might have a latency of 24 milliseconds (ms); that is, it takes a message 24 ms to travel from one end of North America to the other.
  • 41.
    Factors Affecting Performance Typeof transmission media, Capabilities of connected H.W and the efficiency of software. Number of user
  • 42.
    Network Criteria • Anetwork must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
  • 43.
    Reliability • Accuracy ofdelivery. • Measured by: – Frequency of failures – Time it takes to recover from a failure – The network’s robustness in a catastrophe.
  • 44.
    Network Criteria • Anetwork must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.  Performance Reliability Security
  • 45.
    Security • Many issuesat the different layers! • Examples: – Protecting data from unauthorized access. – Protecting data from damage. – Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.
  • 46.
    Network Configuration • Thereare a number of ways that computers can be connected together to form networks. • Physical attributes of a network include: Type of connection Physical topology
  • 47.
    Type of Connection •For communication to occure, two devices must be connected in someway to the same link at the same time. • Two possible connections: – Point-to-point – Multipoint
  • 48.
    Physical Structures: Typeof connection 1. Point –to-point Dedicated link between two devices. Most of them uses an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends but other options ,such as microwave satellite are possible.
  • 49.
    Physical Structures: Typeof connection 2. Multipoint Is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link
  • 50.
    1/18/2006 CSCI 363Computer Networks 50 Links (a) (b) point-to-point multiple-access Geographical coverage and scalability are limited. Each node needs one interface for each link.
  • 51.
    Network Configuration • Physicalattributes of a network include: Type of connection Physical topology
  • 52.
    Physical Topology • Twoor more links for a topology. – The topology of a network refers to the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another. • The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically.
  • 53.
    • The wayin which a network is laid out physically. Physical Topology
  • 54.
    Mesh Topology • Everydevice has a dedicated point-to- point link with every other device on the network. link carries traffic only between the two devices. • How many links do we need in a network with N nodes? – Half duplex - Full duplex
  • 55.
    Fully connected meshtopology (for five devices) • Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other devices • Fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical connection to link n devices. • Every device on the network must have n-1 input/output (I/O) ports
  • 56.
    Advantages of aMesh topology • Privacy or security (every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical boundaries prevents other user from gaining access the message • eliminating the traffic problems The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load; that can occur when links must be shared by multiple devices.
  • 57.
    Advantages of aMesh topology • A mesh is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. • Fault identification and fault isolation easy. This enables the network manager to discover the precise location of fault and aids in finding its cause and solution.
  • 58.
    Disadvantages of aMesh topology Related to the amount of cabling devices and the amount of I/O ports required: – Every device must be connected to every other device, installation and reconnection are difficult – The sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate. – The H.W required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable) expensive.
  • 59.
    Disadvantages of aMesh topology So a mesh topology is usually implemented in a limited fashion( as a backbone connecting the main computers of a hybrid network that can include several other topology
  • 60.
    Star topology Each devicehas a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller (hub) Unlike a mesh , a star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices, if one device want to send data to another , it send it to the hub, which send it to other device
  • 61.
    • The starpattern connects everything to a host computer, a network switch, or a network hub, which handles the network tasks. • All communications between computers go through the host/switch/hub.
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    Advantages of aStar topology 1.Easy to install and reconfigure and less expensive – each device need only one link and I/O port to connect it to any other devices.) 2.Robustness: – if one link fails, only that link affected and other links remain active. 3.identification and fault isolation
  • 63.
    Disadvantages of aStar topology • The dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
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    Tree topology :Is a variation of star - Not every device plugs directly into the central hub. The majority of devices connect to secondary hub that in turn is connected to the central hub.
  • 65.
    Tree topology :Is a variation of star The advantages and disadvantages of tree topology are generally the same as those of star . - The addition of secondary hubs bring more advantage: allows for more devices to be attached to a single central hub, therefore increase the distance a signal can travel between devices.
  • 66.
    Bus topology •Multipoint connection.Acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
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    • The buspattern connects the computer to the same communications line. Communications goes both directions along the line. All the computers can communicate with each other without having to go through the server.
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    Bus topology There isa limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps • As a signal travels along the backbone, it becomes weaker
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    Advantages of aBus topology Ease of instulation, use less cabling than mesh or star. -
  • 70.
    Disadvantages of aBus topology 1. A fault in bus cable (break) stops all transmissions even between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged area reflects signals back the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions 2. Reconnection It can difficult to add new devices (adding more require modification or replacement of the backbone).
  • 71.
    Ring Topology • Eachdevice has a dedicated point-to-point connection only with the two devices on either side of it • A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device until it reaches its destination.
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    • The ringpattern connects the computers and other devices one to the other in a circle. • There is no central host computer that holds all the data. • Communication flows in one direction around the ring.
  • 73.
    Ring Topology Each devicein the ring incorporate as repeater Repeater :regenerates the signal  it receives a weakened signal, creates a copy, bit for bit, at the original strength
  • 74.
    Ring Topology Advantages: • Easyto install and reconfigure. Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or delete a device requires hanging only 2 connections • Fault isolation is simplified : A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not receive a signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location Disadvantages • Unidirectional traffic. A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire network. This can be solved by use dual ring
  • 75.
    Advantages of aRing Topology • Easy to install and reconfigure. Each device is linked only to its immediate neighbors. To add or delete a device requires hanging only 2 connections • Fault isolation is simplified : A signal is circulating at all times (token) if one device does not receive a signal within specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location
  • 76.
    Disadvantages of aRing Topology • Unidirectional traffic. A break in the ring (such as disabled station) can disable the entire network. This can be solved by use dual ring
  • 77.
    A hybrid topology:a star backbone with three bus networks
  • 78.
    Networks Models • Computernetworks are created by different entities. • Standards are needed so that these heterogeneous networks can communicate. • The two most know standards: – OSI model: defines a seven layer network. – Internet model: defines a five layer network.
  • 79.
    Network category isdetermined by its size, ownership, the distance it cover and its physical architecture. Network Categories
  • 80.
    Single-Building LAN Used inbusiness environments, links a workgroup of task-related computer.
  • 81.
  • 82.
    LAN ( LocalArea Network) • Privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus • LANs designed to allow resources to be shared between PCs or workstations. The resources may be H.W (e.g. printer) or S.W (applications program) or data. • In LANs one of the computers has a large capacity drive and becomes a server to other clients.
  • 83.
    LAN ( LocalArea Network) • S/W stored on server and used as needed by the whole group. • LAN size determined by licensing restrictions (no of users per copy of S/W) • LAN use only one type of transmission medium. • The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.
  • 84.
    LAN ( LocalArea Network) • Traditionally LAN have data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps. Today Speed can reach to 100Mbps or 1000MBps(1G).
  • 85.
    MAN (Metropolitan AreaNetwork) • Owned by private company or it may be a service provided by public company ( such as local tel.-company) • Extended over an entire city. • May be single network such as a cable television network, or it may be connected number of LANs into a large network so that resources may be shared LAN-TO- LAN.
  • 86.
    MAN (Metropolitan AreaNetwork) • Examples:  Company can use MAN to connect the LANs in all its offices throughout the city.  A part of the telephone line network that can provide DSL line to the customer
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    WAN (Wide AreaNetwork) • Provides long distance transmission of data, voice , image and video information over large areas ( country or whole world) • In contrast to LAN, WAN may utilize public or private communication equipments or combination.
  • 89.
    Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork Aninternet (small i) is two or more networks that can communicate with each other.
  • 90.
    1/18/2006 CSCI 363Computer Networks 90 Internetworking To interconnect two or more networks, one needs a gateway or router. Host-to-host connectivity is only possible if there’s a uniform addressing scheme and a routing mechanism. Messages can be sent to a single destination (unicast), to multiple destinations (multicast), or to all possible destinations (broadcast).
  • 92.
  • 93.
    Internet • a collaborationof more than 100 of 1000 interconnected network. • Brief History ( self-reading) • In mid of 1960: • The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the department of defense was interested in finding a way to connect computers so that the researchers they funded could share their findings, to reduce costs and eliminating duplication of effort.
  • 94.
    Brief History • 1n1967 –ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, small network of connected computers (mainframe). • 1n 1969, – ARPANET was reality. Four nodes at the UNV. Of California,(at los angles and Santa Barba), univ. of utah and SRI (Stand ford Research Institute connected via IMPs computers to form a network. Software called Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
  • 95.
    Brief History • In1972, – Protocol to achieve end -to-end delivery of packets, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). – Authorities made decision to split TCP into two protocols: – IP: Internetworking protocol to handle datagram routing and – TCP: responsible for higher-level-functions such as error detection, segmentation and reassembly. • Internet today – Made up of many wide and local area networks joined by connecting devices and switching stations. Today most end users use the services of internet service providers (ISPs).
  • 96.
    internet service providers (ISPs) •Hierarchical organization of the Internet includes: – International Internet Service Providers – National Internet Service Providers – Regional Internet Service Providers – Local Internet Service Providers
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 99.
    Protocols and Standards •Protocols • Standards • Standards Organization
  • 100.
    Protocols • Set ofrules that governs data communications. • Protocol defines : – What is communicated? – How it communicated? – When it is communicated?
  • 101.
    What’s a protocol? humanprotocols: • “what’s the time?” • “I have a question” • introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: • machines rather than humans • all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission and/or receipt of a msg.
  • 102.
    Protocols • Key elementsof a protocol: Syntax, semantics and timing • Syntax: Structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are presented. Example: A simple protocol might expect the first byte of data to be the address of the sender, the second byte to be the address of the receiver and the reset of the stream to be the message itself.
  • 103.
    Protocols • Semantics: Refersto the meaning of each section of bits. • Example: does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the message.
  • 104.
    Protocols • Timing: Whendata to should be sent? •How fast they can be sent? Example: If a sender produces data at 100Mpbs but the receiver can process data at only 1Mpbs, transmission will overload the receiver and data will be largely lost.
  • 105.
    Standards • Provide guidelinesto manufactures, vendors, government agencies and other service provides to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and international communication.
  • 106.
    Standards • Two categories: 1.Defact: Have been adopted as standers through widespread use. Established by manufacturers that define the functionality of a new product or technology 2.De jure: officially recognized body.
  • 107.
    Figure 1-3 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 108.
    Standers Organization 1.International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO) •Multinational body •OSI
  • 109.
    Standers Organization 2. InternationalTelecommunication Union Telecommunication standard sector ( ITU-T) – devoted to the research of standards for telecommunication in general and for phone and data system in particular – Data transmission over telephone line Modems standards :V- series( V32, V34,V90) – X-series: data transmission over public digital network (e- mail)
  • 110.
    Standers Organization 3. AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI) – completely private, nonprofit corporation
  • 111.
    Standers Organization 4. Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – International in scoop – In the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and all related branches of engineering – International standards for computing and communications LAN (project 802): IEEE Ethernet 802.3 5. Electronic Industries Association (EIA) – Field of Information Technology (SONET)