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Ch03(1)
The document discusses the motivated and emotional brain. It describes three key parts of the brain: 1. The motivated brain, which determines whether you want to do a task. The hypothalamus is involved in creating hunger through ghrelin release when deprived of food. 2. The emotional brain, which determines your mood while doing a task. Good events activate dopamine release stimulating positive affect. 3. Three principles: the thinking brain determines the task, the motivated brain whether you want to do it, and the emotional brain your mood while doing it. Key brain structures involved in motivation and emotion are described.
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Ch03(1)
- 1. The Motivated and EmotionalBr ain Chapter 3
- 2. THE MOTIVATED ANDEMOTIONAL BRAIN Why is the Brain Important? Thinking Brain Brain Cognitive and Intellectual Functions “What task it is doing” Motivated Brain “Whether you want to do it” Emotional Brain “What your mood is while doing it”
- 3. The Motivated AndEmotional Br ain Three Principles
- 4. The Motivated Brain FoodDeprivation Activates the Ghrelin Release that Stimulates the Hypothalamus to Create Hunger Figure 3.2
- 5. The Emotional Brain GoodEvent Activates The Dopamine Release That Stimulates Positive Affect
- 6. Look Inside TheBrain Two Ways of Looking inside the Brain • Surgeon’s View • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Figure 3.5 Cross Section of the Brain Showing the Anatomic Position of the Key Brain Structures Involved in Motivation and Emotion
- 7. Motivational and EmotionalStates Associated with Approach-Oriented Brain Structure Br ain Associated Motivational or Emotional Structure Experience Hypothalamus Pleasurable feelings associated with feeding, drinking, mating Medial forebr ain bundle Pleasure, reinforcement Orbitofrontal cor te x Learning the incentive value of events, making choices Sep tal area Pleasure center associated with sociability, sexuality Nucleus accumbens Pleasurable experience of reward, hotspot for liking Anterior cingulate corte x Mood, volition, making choices Cerebr al corte x (Frontal lobes) Making plans, setting goals, formulating intentions Lef t prefrontal cerebr al corte x Approach motivational and emotional tendencies Medial prefrontal Learning response-outcome contingencies that underlie cerebr al corte x perceived control beliefs and mastery motivation
- 8. Hypothalamus Comprises lessthan 1% of the total volume of the brain “motivational giant” Stimulation generates wants for, and the pleasures associated with, water, food, and sexual partners Regulates the endocrine and automatic nervous system Therefore it is able to regulate the body’s internal environment so to adapt optimally to the external environment Ex. Internal (heart rate, hormone secretion) to cope with an External stressor
- 9. Medial Forebrain Bundle “Pleasure Center” Stimulation creates pleasure and leads animals to act as if they have just received (+) reinforcement In humans, stimulation produces general positive feelings
- 10. Orbitofrontal Cortex Processesincentive-related information Helps people make choices between options For example- which product to buy or what to drink
- 11. Septo-Hippocampal Circuit Forecaststhe emotion associated with upcoming events in terms of both anticipated pleasure and anticipated anxiety Nucleus Accumbens- plays a critical role in the experience of pleasure form naturally occurring reinforces (good food, social acceptance) Includes Hippocampus (Avoidance-oriented)
- 12. Anterior Cingulate Cortex Involved in the control of day-to-day mood, volition, and choices Decreased activity is associated with sadness and depression Important to the mental activity underlying the act of “making a choice”
- 13. Medial Prefrontal Cortex Central role in the learning of response- outcome contingencies “When I study, I make good grades” Important to goal-directed, outcome seeking action
- 14. Left Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Cortex houses a person’s concious goals Goals routinely compete against one another (goal to eat vs. goal to lose weight) Positive approach oriented feelings Personality differences (more sensitive left vs. right prefrontal lobe)
- 15. Motivational and EmotionalStates Associated with Avoidance-Oriented Brain Structure Brain Structure Associated Motivational or Emotional Experience Right prefrontal Withdraw motivational and emotional tendencies cerebr al cor tex Detecting and responding to threat and danger Amygdala (e.g., via fear, anger, and anxiety) Hippocampus Behavior inhibition system during unexpected events Table 3.1 Motivational and Emotional States Associated with Specific Brain Structure
- 16. Right Prefrontal Cortex Negative and avoidance oriented feelings Negative emotionality Related to a personality oriented toward anxiety and avoidance orientations
- 17. Amygdala Detects andresponds to threatening and emotionally significant events Regulates the emotions involved in self- preservation (fear, anger, anxiety) Each nuclei serves a different function Emotional anger Fear and defensive behavior
- 18. Hippocampus Operates asa “comparator” that instantly compares incoming sensory information with expected events (from memory) If events do not unfold as expected the hippocampus acts in “not okay” mode Activates septo-hippocampal circuit Generates an anxiety-ridden motivational state that takes control over behavior
- 19. Arousal Motivational and Emotional States Associated with Arousal-Oriented Brain Structure Brain Structure Associated Motivational or Emotional Experience Alert/aroused cortex processes information, makes a decision, and Reticular formation Arousal responds appropriately Figure 3.6 Anatomy (a) and Function (b) of the Reticular Formation
- 20. NEUROTRANSMITTER PATHWAYS IN THEBRAIN Neurotransmitter Pathway : A cluster of neurons that communicate with other neurons by using one particular neurotransmitter Four Motivationally Relevant Neurotransmitter Pathways 1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin 3. Norepinephrine 4. Endorphin
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- 23. Hormones In TheBody Essential Hormones underlying Motivation, Emotion, and Behavior
- 24. The World InWhich Brain Lives