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Ch06 Learning
- 1. • LEARNING: arelatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
- 2. BEHAVIORISM: defines psychologyas the science of behavior S R Stimulus is detected by an organism Organism emits a response
- 3. What are theresponses? S R
- 4.
- 5. • LEARNING: arelatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
- 6.
- 7. Ivan Pavlov: TheDiscovery of Classical Conditioning
- 8. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING twostimuli are paired and become associated …. – One predicts the occurrence of the other – One can trigger a response that was originally triggered by the other
- 9. 1. NEUTRAL STIMULUS(NS): does not cause an automatic response 2. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (US): unlearned signal; causes an automatic response 3. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UR): behavior automatically caused by a stimulus Classical Conditioning: Necessary Elements
- 10. 4. CONDITIONED STIMULUS(CS): learned signal that predicts another onset of another stimulus 5. CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR): behavior associated with a learned signal Classical Conditioning: Necessary Elements
- 12. Classical Conditioning S R UCR UCR CR UCS NS CS UCS+ A new SR unit An existing SR unit
- 13. Classical Conditioning S R FoodSalivation Salivation Salivation Food Bell Bell UCR UCR CR UCS UCS NS CS +
- 14. EXAMPLE #1: – UCS: –UCR: – CS: – CR:
- 15. EXAMPLE #2: – UCS: –UCR: – CS: – CR:
- 16. • ACQUISITION: forminga learned response
- 17. • EXTINCTION: weakeningof a conditioned response
- 18. • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:reappearance of an extinguished response
- 19. • GENERALIZATION: responsesgiven to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
- 20. • DISCRIMINATION: learnedability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
- 21.
- 22. Classical Conditioning • BIOLOGICALPREPAREDNESS: animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects.
- 23. Classical Conditioning • RESCORLA-WAGNERMODEL: the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected • PREDICTION ERROR: the difference between the expected and actual outcomes – Positive = ↑CS-US bond – Negative = ↓CS-US bond
- 24.
- 25. “Little Albert” Experiment John B.Watson & Rosalie Rayner
- 26. ‘Little Albert’ Noise FearUCR UCR CR UCS UCS NS CS +Rat Noise Fear Rat Fear S R
- 27.
- 28. Operant Conditioning • EdwardThorndike’s LAW OF EFFECT
- 29. • OPERANT CONDITIONING: –Participant makes a response to produce a consequence – The probability of a response is changed by a change in consequences • OPERANT: A behavior freely initiated or displayed
- 30. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning PASSIVE ACTIVE Positive Negative ADDSOMETHING TAKE SOMETHING AWAY
- 31. Operant Chamber /Skinner Box
- 32. REINFORCEMENT: a consequencethat – INCREASES behaviors – Strengthens the response • POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: ADDING something to INCREASE the likelihood of the behavior
- 33. REINFORCEMENT: a consequencethat – INCREASES behaviors – Strengthens the response • NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: SUBTRACTING something to INCREASE the likelihood of the behavior
- 34. PUNISHMENT: a consequencethat – DECREASES the behavior – Weakens the response • POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: ADDING something to DECREASE the likelihood of the behavior
- 35. PUNISHMENT: a consequencethat – DECREASES the behavior – Weakens the response • NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: SUBTRACTING something to DECREASE the likelihood of the behavior
- 36. Practice! • When Johnbreaks curfew, his Dad makes him wash the car. The next week, John breaks curfew three more times. • Carrie has a terrible headache, so she tries a new type of headache medication. It works so well that every time she has a headache, she now only buys that type of headache medication. • Workers lose 10 minutes of lunch time for every report they turn in late. Eventually, they stop turning in late work. • When Aaron turns in a perfect essay, his teacher praises him and asks him to read it out loud. From that point on, Aaron turns in very poorly written essays.
- 37. Operant Conditioning: Review ofTerms Positive Negative Reinforcement Give food pellet Take away shock Punishment Give shock Take away food pellet
- 38.
- 39. Operant Conditioning • PREMACKPRINCIPLE: a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity
- 40. Operant Conditioning • SHAPING: reinforcing behaviorsthat are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
- 41. • ACQUISITION: thestrengthening of a reinforced operant response
- 42. • EXTINCTION: thediminishing of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced
- 43. • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:the return of the operant response following a break in extinction training
- 44. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT: apreset pattern for delivering reinforcement • CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE: every single instance is reinforced • PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE: only some instances are reinforced
- 45. Partial Reinforcement Schedules •FIXED RATIO: reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
- 46. Partial Reinforcement Schedules •VARIABLE RATIO: reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses have occurred
- 47. Partial Reinforcement Schedules •FIXED INTERVAL: reinforces a response only after a specified time has passed
- 48. • VARIABLE INTERVAL:reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Partial Reinforcement Schedules
- 49.
- 50. PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT:it takes longer to extinguish an operant response following partial reinforcement
- 51. Schedules of Reinforcement •Interval: time • Ratio: # of responses Ask Yourself: Is reinforcement provided based on the passage of time or based on the number of responses? Ask yourself: Is the criteria the same every single time or does it vary from trial to trial? •Fixed: set amount •Variable: varying amounts
- 52. Practice! 1. Pete getsa $1000 bonus for every 10 cars he sells. 2. Checking to see if the dishwasher is done. 3. Each time a dog retrieves the newspaper, his owner gives him a Schnausage. 4. A surfer waits to catch a wave. 5. A rat gets a pellet of food for every ten lever presses, on average.
- 53. Operant Conditioning • Breland& Breland
- 54. Operant Conditioning • COGNITIVEMAP: a mental representation of an environment • LATENT LEARNING: takes place in the absence of reinforcement
- 55. • LEARNING: arelatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
- 56.
- 57. Observational Learning • MODELING:imitation of observed behavior
- 58. Observational Learning • VICARIOUS LEARNING: learningthe consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished
- 59.
- 60. Observational Learning • MIRROR NEURONS:fire when you observe someone engage in an action and when you engage in a similar action