ch4NoteOutline460

ch4NoteOutline460

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  Parent Involvement: AHistorical Overview Learning about the past gives us an opportunity to understand our future. -Mari Riojas-Cortez Chapter Four Overview *Social Thinkers *Comenius *Locke *Rousseau *Pestalozzi *Froebel *Historical Influences on Parent Education and Involvement John Amos Comenius (1592–1670) *Moravian Brethren member *Wrote “Didactica Magna”, “School of Infancy”, and “Orbis Pictus” (The World in Pictures) *Believed in basic goodness of each child *Allows families to work with young children and understand that they can mold their child's behavior through guidance and discipline. *Believed in the importance of infant education *teaching them many things what we now define as funds of knowledge John Locke (1632–1704) *Tabula Rasa - idea that a child’s mind is born as a blank slate. *up to family and teacher to provide valuable experiences and optimum environment for child to thrive. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) *“Social Contract” (1762) - described government through consent and contract with its subjects - expressing desire for freedom *“Emile” (1762) - urged mothers to ‘cultivate’ or teach their children - emphasizing parental role. Johann Heinrick Pestalozzi (1747–1827) *‘Father of parent education’ *Also believed in natural goodness of children *Teaching based on use of concrete objects, group instruction, cooperation among students, and self- activity *Use of manipulatives (teaching through tangible objects) *Child’s day also included recreation time and snacks and meals *“How Gertrude Teaches Her Children” *Emphasized the importance of the mother and included teaching methods for parents Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel (1782–1852) *‘Father of kindergarten’ *development of a curriculum for the kindergarten *Based on the needs/development of the child *Emphasized importance of mother in development *“Mother Play and Nursery Songs with Finger Plays” Historical Influences on Parent Education and Involvement *Early 20th century *1960’s *1970’s *1980’s *1990’s
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  *21st century Early 20thcentury *1890-1910 stressed love and freedom *White House Conference on Care of Dependent Children - 1909 *1910-1930 emphasis on strict scheduling and discipline. *“Infant Care”, parent education book pub. *“expect obedience, ignore temper tantrums, and restrict physical handling *U of Chicago - parent cooperative formed -1916 *Followed nursery school traditions established in England Early 20th century *1920-1950s - focus on character formation in early childhood *1920s - period of indulgence and reckless youth *lead to shift toward behavior modification through environmental conditioning (Watsonian behaviorism) *Also learning-by-doing theories (Dewey) *Parent group memberships increased dramatically *PTA: 1915 - 60,000 to 1930 - 1.5 million Early 20th century - 1930s *1930s - effects of the Great Depression *Difficulty in providing for families *White House Conference on Child Health and Protection - 1930 *Works Progress Administration - offered forum for mothers to learn about home management *Federal Emergency Relief Administration - work-relief wages for unemployed teachers and others to form nursery schools. *Despite Depression, high levels of parent involvement *Information received through mass media, radio, magazines, bulletins, lectures, etc. Early 20th century - 1940s *1940s - realization that no one answer worked for all situations - shift away from strict thinking of the 20s and 30s *New goal: emotionally healthy child *Benjamin Spock - “The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care.” *advised parents to enjoy their children and the role of parent *WWII - reduction in parent education offerings Early 20th century - 1950s *Post WWII, renewed emphasis on Family Life *“Your Child from 6 to 12”, book on home-school relationship by James Hymes *Erikson’s “Childhood and Society” Erikson’s “Childhood and Society” *8 stages of personality development *Infants: trust vs. mistrust *Toddlers: autonomy vs. shame and doubt *Preschoolers: initiative vs. guilt *School-age children: industry vs. inferiority *Adolescents: forming identity vs. identity diffusion
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  *Young adults: intimacyvs. isolation *Adults: generativity vs. self-absorption *Mature adults: integrity vs. despair 1960s - Great Social Change *Women in workforce, father involvement, more parent education available *War on Poverty - social welfare programs on education and healthcare *Head Start created - 1965 *Elementary & Secondary Education Act (Title I, IV-C) *Civil Rights Act - 1965 1970s - Era of Advocacy *Rise parents advocating for their children and questioning programs *Equal rights for the special child *Racial integration and busing *More research showing importance of home environment in early childhood *Research results led to additional early childhood programs 1980s *Family Concerns *Financial pressure, drugs, violence (on the streets and TV), health care, nutrition, lack of childcare *Increase in teenage pregnancies, high number of single-mothers *Parent Education *Fears of public interference in the family *Family and Parental Leave Act defeated 1990s - Focus on Family *Views shift from importance of parental involvement to family involvement *Increased Federal involvement: *Title I, Even Start, Goals 2000 standards, family resources centers *Increased popularity of home-schooling *Family and Medical Leave Act passed *Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) - 1996 21st Century - Focus on Education *No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 *Parent Education offered thought U.S. Dept of Ed. and others *Revised Family and Medical Leave Act *Allowed for temporary unemployment benefits *Growing use of technology in schools *By 2008 all public schools had computers with internet access.