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Challenges of development
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
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Challenges of development
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- 2. What is Development?Development–Significant and measurable economic growth.The emergence of social, economic, and political institutions.What is the difference between Development and Growth?Growth –Quantitative increases in economic activities.InfrastructureHow do we measure Growth?GNP and GDPEasy to do?UN’s – HDI Index
- 3. GNP & GDPof states around world1. United States: 12.970 billion2. Japan: 4.988 billion203. Guinea Bissau: .28 billionGlobal GDP (in millions)World: 58,133,309USA: 14,256,300Japan: 5,067,526China: 4,909,280Kiribati: 130
- 5. Most countries/economists useGDP to measure economic performance.Not always easy to measure in developing countriesWhat to include?
- 6. GDP is notenough…Economic development does not equal social development. How to measure human development?Human Development IndexAccess to health care, housing, education, proper nutrition, safe environment an overall improved quality of life, enjoyment of freedoms.
- 7. Human Development IndexMeasuresthe quality of life people experienceDeveloped by United Nations Development Program (UNDP)Formula includes: life expectancy at birth, income, literacy, and access to education. Gender development index: concentrates on inequalities between women and men
- 9. Role of GovernmentGovernmentsmay promoted or impede development. Close relationship between economic development and political development.Government Institutions: provide the essential framework within which development occurs; Determine the rules of the gameMany societies fail to make economic progress because of weak institutions
- 10. Theories of DevelopmentTheory:predicts how humans behave or how things work in the world under certain circumstancesDevelopment Theory: Attempts to explain how countries achieve specific economic and political improvements
- 11. Modernization TheoryAll societiesgo through similar stages of developmentEmbraces Free-market capitalismDominant theory in 1950’s and 1960’sWestern Europe and US as modelTreated Africa, Asia and Latin America as homogenous mass
- 12. Types of SocietiesTraditionalSociety: self-sufficiency, loyalty to family, strong kinship, weak institutions, low literacy levels and tech. widespread superstition. Transitional: traditional and modern characteristics. Political institutions emerge, literacy increases, less focus on agricultureModern: Westernized, achievement oriented, urban, literate, high quality of life
- 13. Marxist TheoryHistory ofsociety is history of struggle between those who control wealth (Bourgeoisie and Proletariat)Economic development is determined and controlled by the govt. After economy is developed, state will wither away since no need for govt.
- 14. Dependency TheoryInfluenced byMarxist emphasis on class conflict.Three classes of countriesCoreSemi-Peripherey PeripheryCapitalism reinforces dependency and economic inequalitiesAdvocates cooperation among poor countries and import substitution.
- 16. Other TheoriesThird Worldand African SocialismOpposes Marxism and Capitalism draw upon African traditions of communalism and humanismCommunity and Grassroots DevelopmentBottom up approach (Grameen Bank). Traditional values used to promote economic growth & equity. Feminist TheoryFocus on women’s empowerment, active participation in economic development and improved social, economic and political conditions
- 17. What influences development?Valuesof Leaders and CitizensWhy would this matter?IranAsia: ConfucianismNatural ResourcesAre natural resources enough?Why is an “agricultural revolution” important?Natural DisastersImpede or reverse development
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- 19. PopulationSmall population candiscourage investments and prevent realization of economies of scaleOverpopulated countries are generally poorPopulation of India grows by 48,000 a dayRate of population change threatens earths carrying capacity
- 20. Education and HealthCareEducation challenges traditional values and social arrangements, empowers women, helps farmers. Poverty reinforces health problemsLoss of workforce to AIDS
- 21. Political InstabilityForces besteducated and most talented to leaveIncreases risks for investors, destroys property, disrupts agriculture and industrial activities. Destroys infrastructureBiafra in Nigeria
- 22. CorruptionDrains resources awayfrom public services and infrastructure projectsBureaucratic CorruptionMakes everything more expensiveinstitutions are weakened
- 23. Why is Corruptionso Pervasive?No accountability and lack of good governanceEmployment in govt. is about personal gainEconomic hardshipAverage persons use officials corruption to justify personal corruptionValuesGovernment Control of Economy
- 24. Debt & ForeignAidTrapped in Debt from foreign aid and loans.Reliance on International Monetary FundIMF determines state’s economic policies. Despite substantial aid, most recipients fail to develop