Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Database Management System

CHAPTER 1:
FUNDAMENTALS OF
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DFC2033 Database System

Course Learning Outcome
CLO1:
Apply
the
fundamentals
concepts
of
database

management
and
rela:onal
data
model
to
create
a

database
based
on
an
organiza:on’s
requirements.

(C3,
PLO1)

Learning Outcome
¨  Deﬁne
Database
Management
System
(DBMS)

¨  Describe
the
proper:es
of
database

¨  Iden:fy
various
common
DBMS

¨  Common
features
of
DBMS

¨  DBMS
architecture

•  Three-‐scheme

•  Client-‐server

Terminologies of database
¨  Data
¤  Known facts that can be recorded and have implicit
meaning
¨  Database
¤  A collection of related data.
¨  Database System
¤  Composed of 5 major parts: Hardware, Software (DBMS),
People, Procedures and Data
¨  Database Management System (DBMS)
¤  Collection of components that support data acquisition,
dissemination, storage, maintenance, retrieval, and
formatting
4

Database Management System (DBMS)
¨  A set of software programs that allows users to create, edit
and update data in database files, and store and retrieve
data from those database files.
¨  Data in a database can be added, deleted, changed, sorted
or searched all using a DBMS.
¨  Example usage of Database System:
¤  Membership and subscription mailing lists
¤  Accounting and bookkeeping information
¤  The data obtained from scientific research
¤  Customer information and Inventory information
¤  Personal records
¤  Library information
5

Database System Environment
6
E
Figure 1: Simplified database system environment (ElMasri & Navathe, 2011)

1.  Completeness
2.  Integrity
3.  Flexibility
4.  Efficiency
5.  Usability
Properties of databases

Completeness
¨  Ensures that users can access the data they want
includes ad hoc queries, which would not be
explicitly given as part of a statement of data
requirements.
¨  Database has to support the requirements
¨  It requires the complete understanding of database
structure, relationship and constraint.

¨  Ensures that data is both consistent (no contradictory
data) and correct (no invalid data), and ensures
that users trust the database.
¨  Database integrity ensures that data entered into
the database is accurate, valid, and consistent.
¨  Any applicable integrity constraint and data
validation rules must be satisfied before permitting
a change to the database.
Integrity

Flexibility
¨  Ensures that a database can evolve (without requiring excessive
effort) to satisfy changing user requirements.
¨  Ability to upgrade or change the functionality of database up to the
current need.
¨  Ability to support wide area of data types

Efficiency
¨  Ensures that users do not have unduly long response
times when accessing data.
¨  The database should be able to perform
effectively.
¨  The designer has to choose the right DBMS, the right
access path in order to improve the efficiency.

Usability
¨  Ensures that data can be accessed and manipulated
in ways which match user requirements.
¨  The database design significantly impacts the
quality and usability of the data.
¨  A database design that is not properly normalized
will introduce data update anomalies and data
errors.
¨  A poorly designed database may place the entire
organization at risk due to the incomplete or
incorrect information.

A Various Common of DBMS
¨  Server DBMS
¤  Oracle
¤  SQL Server
¤  DB2
¤  MySQL, Firebird, PostgreSQL (Significant open source
DBMSs)
¨  Desktop DBMS
¤  Microsoft Access
¤  FoxPro, Paradox, Approach, FileMaker Pro
13

Common Features of DBMS
14
Features Description
Database
defini:on
Language
and
graphical
tools
to
define
en::es,

rela:onships,
integrity
constraints,
and
authoriza:on

rights.

Nonprocedural

access

Language
and
graphical
tools
to
access
data
without

complicated
coding

Applica:on

development

Graphical
tools
to
develop
menus,
data
entry
forms,

and
reports;
data
requirements
for
forms
and
reports

are
specified
using
nonprocedural
access

Procedural

language
interface

Language
that
combines
nonprocedural
access
with
full

capabili:es
of
a
programming
language

Transac:onal

processing

Control
mechanisms
to
prevent
interference
from

simultaneous
users
and
recover
lost
data
aRer
a
failure

Database
tuning
Tools
to
monitor
and
improve
database
performance

Database Definition
¨  Define database structure (schema) before using a
database.
¤  Tables and relationships.
¨  The Data Definition Language (DDL)
¤  Define schema or modify the existing one
¤  Cannot be used to manipulate data
¤  Standard DDL: Structured Query Language (SQL)
n  SQL CREATE TABLE statement
n  Graphical tools (User Interface)

Graphical Tool for Database Definition
Relationships
Tables
s

Nonprocedural Access
¨  Once a database has been created in a DBMS using a
DDL, the user accesses the data using a Data
Manipulation Language (DML).
¨  The standard DML is SQL.
¨  Nonprocedural :
¤  A language that allows the user to state what data is
needed rather than how it is to be retrieved.
¤  Example :
n  SQL : Select name, address, city, state, zip order by zip
n  Graphical Tool - SQL Query Wizard

Nonprocedural Access
¨  Query: request for data to answer a question
¨  Indicate what parts of database to retrieve not the
procedural details
¨  Improve productivity and improve accessibility

Application Development
¨  Graphical tools for developing forms and reports
using non-procedural access.
¨  Form:
¤  Formatted document for data entry and display
¨  Report:
¤  Formatted document for display
¨  Use nonprocedural access to specify data
requirements of forms and reports

Application Development : Form Generator

Application Development : Report Generator

Procedural Language Interface
¨  A language that combines nonprocedural access
with procedural programming.
¨  Combine procedural language with nonprocedural
access
¨  Why
¤  Batch processing
¤  Customization and automation
¤  Performance improvement

Transaction Processing
¨  Transaction:
¤  Executing program that forms a logical unit of database
processing
¤  Includes one or more database access operation – insertion,
deletion, modification, retrieval.
¨  Perform scheduling of operations and implements
concurrency control algorithms.
¨  Control simultaneous users
¨  Recover from failures

Database Tuning
¨  Tools to monitor and improve database
performance.
¨  Example:
¤  Memory Tuning
¤  I/O Tuning
¤  Application Tuning

Advantages using DBMS
26
¨  Control redundancy in data storage and in
development of effort.
¨  Restricting unauthorized of data.
¨  Providing persistent storage for program objects.
¨  Providing backup and recovery services.
¨  Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of
users.
¨  And many more…

Three Level Architecture of DBMS
¨  Mappings among schema levels are needed to
transform requests and data. Programs refer to an
external schema, and are mapped by the DBMS to
the internal schema for execution.
¨  Also known as ANSI-SPARC Three-level Architecture
27

Three-Level Architecture of DBMS
28
Figure 2: The Three Level Architecture (ElMasri & Navathe, 2011)

Defines DBMS schemas at three levels:
¤  Internal schema at the internal level to describe
physical storage structures and access paths. Typically
uses a physical data model.
¤  Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to describe
the structure and constraints for the whole database for
a community of users. Uses a conceptual or an
implementation data model.
¤  External schemas at the external level to describe the
various user views. Usually uses the same data model as
the conceptual level.
29

30

Client-Server Architecture of DBMS
31
Figure 3: Client
Server Architecture

Client-Server Architecture of DBMS
32
¨  To improve performance and availability of data, the
client–server architecture supports many ways to
distribute software and data in a computer network.
¨  Client–server architectures provide a flexible way for
DBMSs to interact with computer networks.
¨  The simplest scheme is just to place both software and
data on the same computer, Figure 3(a).
¨  In Figure 3(b), the server software and database are
located on a remote computer.
¨  In Figure 3(c), the server software and the database
are located on multiple remote computers.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Database Management System

Learning Outcome
¨  Categories
of
DBMS
(including
the
beneﬁts)

¨  Desktop
databases

¨  Server
database

¨  Select
an
appropriate
DBMS
suitable
for
a
given

business
requirements.

¨  Iden:fy
the
contribu:on
of
database
technology

to
society.

Types of Data Model
•  Network

•  Hierarchical

•  Rela0onal

•  Object
Oriented

•  En0ty
Rela0onship

•  Func0onal

•  Seman0c

•  Unify

•  Frame
Memory

Record Based Data Model
¨  Represent
data
by
using
record
structures
and

hence
are
called
record-‐based
data
models.

¨  This
type
of
model
is
used
to
design
the
databases

at
external
or
view
level
as
well
as
logical
or

conceptual
level
and
it
gives
the
details
of
database

designing
and
it
is
tabular
representa:on.
eg.

n  Rela0onal
model

n  Hierarchical
model

n  Network
model

37

Rela:onal
Model

¨  The
rela0onal
model
(RDBMS,
Rela%onal
database

management
system):
The
data
is
stored
in
two-‐
dimensional
tables
(rows
and
columns).
The
data
is

manipulated
based
on
the
rela:onal
theory
of

mathema:cs.

38

Hierarchical
Model

¨  The
hierarchical
model:
The
data
is
sorted

hierarchically,
using
a
downward
tree.
This
model

uses
pointers
to
navigate
between
stored
data.
It

was
the
ﬁrst
DBMS
model.

39

Network
Model

¨  The
network
model:
like
the
hierarchical
model,
this
model

uses
pointers
toward
stored
data.
However,
it
does
not

necessarily
use
a
downward
tree
structure.

40

Object Based Data Model
¨  The
object-‐oriented
model
deﬁnes
a
database
in
terms

of
objects,
their
proper:es,
and
their
opera:ons.

¨  The
most
commonly
object
based
data
models
are
en:ty

rela:on,
seman:c,
Object
oriented,
and
func:onal
data

models.

41

The Object-Oriented Model
¨  The
object
model
(ODBMS,
object-‐oriented

database
management
system)

¨  The
data
is
stored
in
the
form
of
objects,
which
are

structures
called
classes
that
display
the
data

within.
The
ﬁelds
are
instances
of
these
classes

42

Physical Based Data Model
¨  Physical
based
data
model
describes
how
data
is

stored
in
the
computer
by
represen:ng

informa:on
such
as
record
formats,
record

orderings,
and
access
paths.
It
is
the
process
of

choosing
speciﬁc
storage
structures
and
access

paths
for
the
database
ﬁles
to
achieve
good

performance
for
the
various
database

applica:ons.

43

Categories of DBMS
¨  Desktop Databases are designed to run on
“desktop” (or personal) computers and its offer an
inexpensive, simple solution to many less complex
data storage and manipulation requirements.
¨  Server Databases offer organizations the ability to
manage large amounts of data efficiently and
enables many users to access and update the data
simultaneously. Although its pricey, a server-based
database can provide a comprehensive data
management solution.

Categories of DBMS
Desktop Database
Microsoft Access
Fox Pro
FileMaker Pro
Paradox
Lotus
Server Database
Oracle
Microsoft SQL Server
IBM DB2
Open Source :
MySQL, Firebird, PostgresSQL

Benefits of Desktop Database
¨  Easy Management
¤  Simple functionality to modify and maintain the
database
¨  Low Running Cost
¤  No need for extra hardware support
¤  No need to hire expertise
¨  Easy to use
¤  No advance technical knowledge is needed
¤  Programs are normally very intuitive and easy to learn.

Benefits of Server Database
¨  Increase Scalability
¤  any element can be upgraded when needed
¨  Increase Flexibility
¤  new technology can be easily integrated into the
system
¨  Increase Accessibility
¤  server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms

Benefits of Server Database
¨  Increase performance
¤  Different CPU’s process application in parallel
¤  Easier to tune the server machine since the task is only to
perform database processing
¨  Increase Consistency
¤  Centralization - access, resources, and data security are
controlled through the server.

Things to Consider to Select DBMS
1.  Data Model
2.  Number of user
3.  Number of sites
4.  Cost
5.  Purpose

Data Model
¨  A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database and
certain constrain that the database should obey (refer data
model slide)
¨  Types of data model:
¤  Hierarchy
¤  Network
¤  Relational
¤  Object-oriented
¨  Current commercial database used relational data model.
¨  Object oriented – has been implemented but not had
widespread use.

Number of users
¨  Single user – support only one user at one time
¨  Multi user – support multiple use at one time

Number of sites
¨  Centralized
¤  Data is stored at a single computer site.
¤  DBMS can support multiple user, but the DBMS and the
database reside totally at a single computer site.
¨  Distributed
¤  Can have many the actual database and DBMS
software distributed over many sites, connected by a
computer network.

Cost
¨  Quite difficult to propose any type of DBMS based
on cost which provide different type of services.
¨  Open source product : MySQL, PostgrSQL

Purpose
¨  General Purpose :
¤  Does not include many transactions
¨  Special Purpose:
¤  Require many transaction.
¤  When performance is primary consideration, a special
purpose of DBMS can be design.
¤  Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) system which
support large number of concurrent processing without
imposing excessive delay
¤  Example: Airline Reservation System

Comparison between DBMS
DBMS Operating
System
Estimated
Price
Transaction
Support
Interface Max DB size
Oracle Window
Mac
Unix
$40000 -
$12800
Yes GUI
SQL
Unlimited
IBM DB2 Window
Mac
Unix
$25000 -
$800000
Yes GUI
SQL
512 TB
SQL Server Window Yes GUI
SQL
524258 TB
MySQL Window
Linux
Mac
Solaris
Netware
Open Source Yes GUI
SQL
256 TB
Microsoft
Access
Window Package with
Microsoft
products
GUI
SQL
2G

Group Discussion
¨  You are responsible for selecting a new DBMS
product for a group of users in your organization.
How should you do about evaluating and selecting
the best DBMS product?

The Impact of Information Technology on Work
and Society
¨  1969: The Arpanet is introduced, funded by the department of defence.
¨  1970: The first automatic teller machine is introduced.
¨  1971:
¤  The first single chip central processing unit was introduced, the Intel 4004.
¤  The first network e-mail message is sent by Ray Tomlinson of Bolt Boranek and Newman.
¨  1972: Lexitron, Wang and VYTEC introduce Word Processing systems.
¨  1973: The Xerox Paulo Alto Research Centre developed the Alto, an experimental computer that uses a graphical user
interface and a mouse.
¨  1978: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adelman introduce the RSA cipher as a public key cryptosystem.
¨  1979: The first electronic spreadsheet program is introduced.
¨  1981: IBM introduces its first personal computer with an operating system developed by Microsoft.
¨  1983: The switchover to the TCPIP protocol marks the beginning of the global Internet.
¨  1985: Microsoft releases the Windows operating system.
¨  1989: The world wide web project is proposed to the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN).
¨  1990: Windows version 3.0 is released bringing a stable graphical user interface to the IBM Personal Computer.
¨  1993:The Mosaic NCSA is developed by the National Centre for Super-computing Applications.
¨  1995:The first full length feature movie created by a computer is released. Toy Story.
¨  Late 1990’s:The emergence of electronic commerce.

Contribution of Database Technology to Society
¨  Reduced Application Development Time
¤  Less time to create new application using DBMS.
¤  Example: Print report, Retrieve Data
¨  Flexibility
¤  Allow evolutionary changes to the structure of
database without affecting the stored data and
existing application.

Contribution of Database Technology to Society
¨  Availability of Up-to-Date Information
¤  Available to all user
¤  As soon as update apply, it is available to all users.
¨  Economic of Scale
¤  DBMS can be shared among various department and
activities thus reduced the data redundancy

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Database Management System

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Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Database Management System