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Similar to Chapter 18 - Classification
Chapter 18 - Classification
- 1.
- 2. Why Classify? 1. Tostudy the great diversity of organisms. 2. To organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.
- 3. • Classification –the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. (ie. organizing your music collection)
- 4. (ie: organizing agrocery store)
- 5. Taxonomy The science ofclassifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. I
- 6. How to NameOrganisms • Scientific names are given to all organisms because common names vary among languages and among regions within a single country. • Many organisms have misleading names so scientific names eliminate confusion about an organisms identity. Ex: prairie dog, crayfish, starfish, seahorse
- 7. How to nameorganisms • Carolus Linnaeus - developed classification system based on physical & structural similarities of organisms. – Still used today – Includes classification based on structural similarities & evolutionary relationships of species.
- 8. Binomial Nomenclature Each speciesis assigned a two-part scientific name. Developed by Linnaeus to identify species. First word = Genus Second word = species (ie. Homo sapiens = modern humans) Note: Scientific names are always written in italics or underlined
- 9. Taxon A group atany level of organization. Overview of Taxonomy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F38BmgPcZ_
- 10. • Today’s phylogeneticclassification uses a hierarchy of taxa to classify organisms. • From largest to smallest Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dear King Phillip Came Over For Greek Salad
- 12. Domain • Most inclusivecategory • Larger than kingdom • The three domains: – Bacteria – Archaea – Eukarya
- 13. Kingdom Group of closelyrelated phyla.
- 14. The kingdom isa large taxonomic category, consisting of closely related phyla. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel KINGDOM Animalia Coral snake Sea star
- 15. Phylum Group of closelyrelated classes
- 16. Several different classesmake up a phylum. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda PHYLUM Red fox Chordata Abert squirrel Coral snake
- 17. Class Group of similarorders
- 18. The next largercategory, the class, is composed of similar orders. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Class Mammalia Red fox Abert squirrel
- 19. Orders Group of similarfamilies
- 20. An order isa broad category composed of similar families. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox
- 21. Family Group of generathat share many characteristics.
- 22. Genera that sharemany characteristics are grouped in a larger category, the family. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
- 23. Genus Group of closelyrelated species. Makes up the first part of scientific name.
- 24. Species Group of similarorganisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Makes up the second part of the scientific name
- 25. • Each levelis called a taxon, or taxonomic category. • Species and genus are the two smallest categories. Grizzly Black bear bear
- 27. Human Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Subspecies: H. s. sapiens
- 29. Evolutionary Classification Biologist nowgroup organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent.
- 31. Cladogram (Phylogenetic Tree) A diagramthat shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms.
- 32.
- 33. Evolutionary Classification Appendages Crab Conical Shells Barnacle Limpet Barnacle Crab Molted external skeleton Segmentation CLASSIFICATIONBASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITY Mollusk Crustaceans Limpet Tiny freeswimming larva CLADOGRAM
- 36. Dichotomous Key • Toolused to identify unfamiliar organisms. • A series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
- 38. Molecular Clocks A genein an ancestral species 2 mutations new mutation 2 mutations new mutation new mutation
- 40. Domain Eukarya Copyright PearsonPrentice Hall
- 41. Virus A noncellular, parasiticparticle consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Must have a host to reproduce
- 42. Prokaryote Cell lacking amembrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles Ex bacteria and archaea
- 46. Eukaryote Cell with amembrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles Ex protist, plants, fungi & animals
- 47. Radial Smmetry The bodyis shaped like a pie and can be divided into mirror-image halves by any plane through its center
- 48. Bilateral Symmetry A bodyshape in which a longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves
- 49. • Animals canbe distinguished from one another by events that take place in their embryonic development.
- 50. Deuterostome Development in whichthe blastopore becomes the anus cleavage is indeterminate
- 51. Protostome Development in whichthe blastopore becomes the mouth and cleavage is determinate
- 52. Major Divisions ofAnimals Sponges (Porifera) Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, contain a few specialized cells and are sessile
- 53.
- 54. Cnidarians Carnivorous animals thathave stinging tentacles, simplest animals to have body symmetry & specialized tissue
- 55.
- 56. Mollusk Soft-bodied animals thatmay have an external, internal shell or no shell
- 59.
- 60. Arthropods Segmented body, toughexoskeleton, and jointed appendages Crustaceans: shrimps, crayfishes, lobsters, barnacles Arachnids: scorpoins, spiders, mites, ticks, harvestmen Insects: 93,200 species in North America http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYWtj5q_MVc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHaWXHRi1x8&safe=active
- 69. Echinoderms Spiny skin, internalskeleton, water vascular system with radial symmetry
- 70. • http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=D3W4OCnHyCs SeaUrchins • http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=f7cXeWxxfD4
- 71. Fishes Aquatic vertebrates andmost have scales, paired fins and gills
- 72. Amphibians-Vertebrate, most livein water as larva and on land as an adult, has moist skin, and lacks scales and nails
- 73. Reptiles Vertebrate that hasdry, scaly skin, lungs, terrestrial eggs
- 74. Birds Vertebrates that maintaina constant body temperature, has feathers and lays shelled eggs
- 75. Mammals Vertebrates that havehair, nourish their young with milk, and are endotherms.
- 77. What can youidentify? http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=hdPUtGPrrME&safe=active
- 78. Classification Jeopardy • https://jeopardylabs.com/play/classificationof-living-things •http://www.superteachertools.com/jeopardy /usergames/Jan201003/game1263848181.p hp
Editor's Notes
- #15 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #17 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #19 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #21 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #23 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #26 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level.
- #34 Early systems of classification grouped organisms together based on visible similarities. That approach might result in classifying limpets and barnacles together (left). Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Crabs and barnacles are now grouped together (right) because they share several characteristics that indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to limpets. These characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and an external skeleton that is shed during growth.
- #39 By comparing the DNA sequences of two or more species, biologists estimate how long the species have been separated.