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![Characteristics of Religious Groups (2 of 3)
Table 18.1 [continued]
Religious Group Number of Members Percentage of U.S. Adults
Other Religions 14,600,000 5.9%
Jewish 4,700,000 1.9%
Muslim 2,200,000 0.9%
Buddhist 1,700,000 0.7%
Hindu 1,700,000 0.7%
Other faiths superscript 1
3,700,000 1.5%
Other world religions superscript 2
700,000 0.03%
New Age, Native American religions, Liberals
Baha’is, Jains, others
1
Other faiths
2
Other worldreligions
1
Unitarians,
2
Sikhs,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter18lecturenotes-221004202944-b6900a85/75/Chapter-18-Lecture-Notes-pptx-33-2048.jpg)
![Characteristics of Religious Groups (3 of 3)
Table 18.1 [continued]
Religious Group Number of Members Percentage of U.S. Adults
Do Not Identify with a
Religion
56,500,000 22.8%
Nothing in particular 39,100,000 15.8%
Agnostic 10,000,000 4.0%
Athiest 7,700,000 3.1%
Don’t Know or Refused 1,500,000 0.6%
Note: These data are based on a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 35,000
adult Americans. The population base of adults on which I computed the numbers of members is
246,745,000. Because of rounding the totals do not equal 100%.
Sources: Totals computed by the author based on America’s Changing Religious Landscape 2015;
Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 10.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter18lecturenotes-221004202944-b6900a85/75/Chapter-18-Lecture-Notes-pptx-34-2048.jpg)
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Chapter 18 Lecture Notes.pptx
- 1. Learning Objectives (3of 3) 18.8 Summarize main features of religion in the United States, and discuss the secularization of religion and culture. 18.9 Discuss the likely future of religion.
- 2. What Is Religion? 18.1Explain what Durkheim meant by sacred and profane; discuss the three elements of religion. • Durkheim’s Research and Conclusions • What Does Sociology Have to Do with Religion?
- 3. Durkheim’s Research andConclusions • There is no particular belief or practice common to all religions • Despite their diversity, all religions develop a community that centers on their beliefs and practices • All religions separate the sacred from the profane • Religion’s three elements • Beliefs that some things are sacred (forbidden, set apart from the profane) • Practices (rituals) centering on the things considered sacred • A moral community (a church), which results from a group’s beliefs and practices
- 4. What Does SociologyHave to Do with Religion? Parents around the world teach their children their religious beliefs and practices. This father in Beijing, China, is teaching his daughter Buddhist rituals.
- 5. The Functionalist Perspective 18.2Apply the functionalist perspective to religion: functions, dysfunctions, and functional equivalents. • Functions of Religion • Functional Equivalents of Religion • Dysfunctions of Religion
- 6. Functions of Religion Oneof the functions of religion is providing emotional support. Shown here is a girl in Mongolia being visited by a sister of the Missionaries of Charity.
- 7. Functional Equivalents ofReligion • Civil religion • Distinguishing between functional equivalents and religion
- 8. Dysfunctions of Religion •Religion as a justification for persecution, war, and terrorism • History is filled with wars based on religion and politics
- 9. The Symbolic InteractionistPerspective 18.3 Apply the symbolic interactionist perspective to religion: symbols, rituals, beliefs, religious experience, and community. • Religious Symbols • Rituals • Beliefs • Religious Experience • Community
- 10. Religious Symbols • Symbolsprovide identity and create social solidarity • Symbols as a way of communicating
- 11. Rituals and Beliefs •Rituals • Ceremonies to unite • Ceremonies to create devout believers • Beliefs • Include values and cosmology
- 12.
- 13. The Conflict Perspective 18.4Apply the conflict perspective to religion: opium of the people and legitimating social inequalities. • Opium of the People • Those in misery turn to religion • Diverting thoughts of happiness in an afterlife • Legitimating Social Inequalities • The structure of the social order is reinforced
- 14. Religion and theSpirit of Capitalism 18.5 Explain Weber’s analysis of how religion broke tradition and brought capitalism. • Religion: Primary Source of Social Change • Calvinism and the Protestant Ethic • Spirit of Capitalism
- 15. The World’s MajorReligions 18.6 Discuss the origins and development of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. • Judaism • Christianity • Islam • Hinduism • Buddhism • Confucianism
- 16. Figure 18.1 TheWorld’s Largest Religions Pie chart showing the proportion of adherents of various religions in the world. Note: With the various classifications of religions, it is sometimes difficult to tell what groups are included in what categories. Ethnoreligions, for example, is a catchall category that refers to folk religions that are limited to specific ethnic groups. Source: Turner 2011.
- 17. Judaism For Jews, theTemple Wall in Jerusalem is a sacred site, a special place for prayer. Women have a separate section for prayer at the Western Wall.
- 18. Figure 18.2 U.S.Church Membership: Dominant Religion, by County Note: When no religious group has 25 percent of the total membership in a county, that county is left blank. When two or more religious groups have 25–49 percent of the membership in a county, the largest is shown. Source: Reprinted with permission from Grammich et al. 2010 U.S. Religious Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Fairfield, Ohio: Glenmary Research Center, 2012. © Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies (ASARB). All rights reserved.
- 19. Figure 18.3 TheSecond Most Popular Religion in the United States, by State Source: © Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, 2012; 2012 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Created by Research Services using ESRI ArcMap 10.0.
- 20. Islam A woman prayingin front of the stained glass windows of the Prayer Hall at the Nasir-al Molk Mosque in Shiraz, Iran.
- 21. Hinduism • Uses booksto expound on moral qualities • The belief in many gods
- 22. Figure 18.4 Buddhism’sEight-Spoked Wheel A representation of Buddhist principles.
- 23. Confucianism • Confucius andsocial reform and development of a system of moral principles based on peace, justice, and universal order • The writings of the Analects • Meditation and the importance of acquiring knowledge
- 24. Types of ReligiousGroups 18.7 Compare cult, sect, church, and ecclesia; discuss the conflict between religion and culture. • Cult • Sect • Church • Ecclesia • Variations in Patterns • When Religion and Culture Conflict
- 25. Figure 18.5 ReligiousGroups: From Hostility to Acceptance Note: Any religious organization can be placed somewhere on this continuum, based on its having “more” or “less” of these characteristics and emphases. The varying proportions of the rectangles are intended to represent the group’s relative characteristics and emphases. Source: By the author. Based on Troeltsch 1931; Pope 1942; Johnson 1963.
- 26. Cult A Santera priestess touchesa sacrificed goat's head with the tip of her tongue during a ceremony in Cuba.
- 27. Sect and Church •Sect • Larger than a cult • Hostile • Stress evangelism • Church • Highly bureaucratized • Formal sermons and written prayers
- 28. Ecclesia and Variationsin Patterns • Ecclesia • Government and religion working together • Variations in patterns • No clear distinctions
- 29. When Religion andCulture Conflict • Members of the religion may reject the dominant culture and have little to do with people who aren’t members of their group • The cult or sect rejects only specific elements of the prevailing culture • The society rejects the religious group
- 30. Religion in theUnited States 18.8 Summarize main features of religion in the United States, and discuss the secularization of religion and culture. • Characteristics of Members • Characteristics of Religious Groups • Secularization of Religion and Culture
- 31. Figure 18.6 SocialClass and Religious Affiliation incomes reported here must be taken as approximate. The original totals were from 1996. I increased them by about 55 percent, the inflation rate reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1996 to 2013. numbers mean that more of the group’s members work at occupations that have higher prestige, generally those that require more education and offer higher pay. For more information on occupational prestige, see Table 10.2. Source: By the author. Based on Smith and Faris 2005. 1 The family 2 Higher
- 32. Characteristics of ReligiousGroups (1 of 3) Table 18.1 How Americans Age 18 and Older Identify with Religion Religious Group Number of Members Percentage of U.S. Adults Christian 174,900,000 70.6% Protestant 115,200,000 46.5% Evangelical churches 62,900,000 25.4% Mainline churches 36,400,000 14.7% Historically black churches 16,100,000 6.5% Roman Catholic 51,500,000 20.8% Mormon 4,000,000 1.6% Jehovah’s Witness 2,000,000 0.8% Orthodox: Greek, Russian 1,400,000 0.5%
- 33. Characteristics of ReligiousGroups (2 of 3) Table 18.1 [continued] Religious Group Number of Members Percentage of U.S. Adults Other Religions 14,600,000 5.9% Jewish 4,700,000 1.9% Muslim 2,200,000 0.9% Buddhist 1,700,000 0.7% Hindu 1,700,000 0.7% Other faiths superscript 1 3,700,000 1.5% Other world religions superscript 2 700,000 0.03% New Age, Native American religions, Liberals Baha’is, Jains, others 1 Other faiths 2 Other worldreligions 1 Unitarians, 2 Sikhs,
- 34. Characteristics of ReligiousGroups (3 of 3) Table 18.1 [continued] Religious Group Number of Members Percentage of U.S. Adults Do Not Identify with a Religion 56,500,000 22.8% Nothing in particular 39,100,000 15.8% Agnostic 10,000,000 4.0% Athiest 7,700,000 3.1% Don’t Know or Refused 1,500,000 0.6% Note: These data are based on a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 35,000 adult Americans. The population base of adults on which I computed the numbers of members is 246,745,000. Because of rounding the totals do not equal 100%. Sources: Totals computed by the author based on America’s Changing Religious Landscape 2015; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2017:Table 10.
- 35. Figure 18.7 U.S.Churches: Gains and Losses in Ten Years A bar chart contrasting denominations experiencing membership growth with those experiencing membership losses. Baptist Convention and Southern Baptist Convention. Lutheran Church of America and Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. Source: By the author. Based on Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2002 and 2012. 1 National 2 Evangelical
- 36. Cultural Diversity inthe United States The New Face of Religion: Pentecostals and Spanish-Speaking Immigrants Members of Centro Palabra de Fe in Compton, California, at prayer. Participating in religious rituals molds identities and bonds people to one another.
- 37. Secularization of Religionand Culture (1 of 2) • The secularization of religion and the splintering of churches • The secularization of culture
- 38. Secularization of Religionand Culture (2 of 2) Table 18.2 Change in Religious Membership Year Americans Who Belong to a Church or Synagogue 1776 17% 1860 37% 1890 45% 1926 58% 1975 71% 2000 68% 2016 56% Note: The sources do not contain data on mosque membership. Sources: Finke and Stark 1992; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2002:Table 64; Gallup Poll 2007 and 2016.
- 39. The Future ofReligion 18.9 Discuss the likely future of religion. • Science Cannot Answer Questions About Ultimate Meaning • Religion will likely prosper • People Can Now “Attend” Church Virtually
- 40. Sociology and Technology:The Shifting Landscape Changing Religious Practices in the Digital Age Ancient temple and ancient prayer custom, but this monk is connected to the Internet as he goes through Buddhist rituals.
Editor's Notes
- #17 "The pie chart is divided into nine segments as follows: • Christians: 2,250,000,000 • Muslims: 1,550,000,000 • Hindus: 940,000,000 • Buddhists: 461,000,000 • Chinese folk religions: 455,000,000 • Sikhs: 24,000,000 • Jews: 14,700,000 • Spiritists: 13,000,000 • Others o Ethnoreligions: 270,000,000 o Daoists (Taoists): 8,400,000 o Bahai’s: 7,200,000 o Confucianists: 6,500,000 "
- #19 "The details depicted in the map are as follows: Baptist: • 50 percent plus: A few counties of Florida, Missouri, Kansas, major counties of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. • 25 to 49 percent: A few counties of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, major counties of Texas, Kansas, and Missouri. Roman Catholic: • 50 percent plus: A few counties of Texas, Wisconsin, Michigan, Washington, Pennsylvania, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, major counties of California, New Mexico, Colorado, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, Alaska, Hawaii, and New Hampshire. • 25 to 49 percent: A few counties of Texas, Florida, Oklahoma, New York, Wisconsin, Michigan, New Mexico, major counties of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Maine, Alaska, Hawaii, and Pennsylvania. Christian: • 50 percent plus: Tennessee and West Virginia. • 25 to 49 percent: A few counties of Indiana and Illinois. Latter-day Saints: • 50 percent plus: A few counties of Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and Alaska, and many counties of Utah and Idaho. • 25 to 49 percent: Few counties of Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Indiana, major counties of Wyoming. Lutheran: • 50 percent plus: A few counties of Nebraska, Kansas, Montana, and Michigan, and many counties of North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. • 25 to 49 percent: A few counties of Alaska, Nebraska, Montana, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, and Minnesota, and many counties of South Dakota. Methodist: • 50 percent plus: A few counties in Colorado, Kansas, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi, and most counties of Maryland. • 25 to 49 percent: A few counties of Texas, Alabama, New York, Michigan, Indiana, Colorado, and North Carolina, and many counties of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and West Virginia. "
- #20 "The data presented in the map is as follows: • Bhá’í (1 state): South Carolina • Buddhist (13): Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Montana, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma. • Hindu (2): Arizona, Delaware. • Islam (20): Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Florida. • Judaism (15): Minnesota, Missouri, Tennessee, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, Washington D.C. "
- #26 The figure divides a box into two and lists the following on each side. The more that a group has these emphases, the less it is accepted. • Rejection of society (the culture is a threat to true religion). • Hostility from society. • Hostility toward other religions. • Hostility from other religions. • Personal salvation. • Emotional expression of religious beliefs. • Revelation (God speaks directly to people). • God intervenes in people’s lives (such as healing or giving guidance). • A duty to spread the message (evangelism). • A literal interpretation of scripture. • A literal heaven and hell. • A conversion experience is necessary. The more that a group has these characteristics, the more the group is accepted: • The organization is large. • The organization is wealthy. • The members are well to do (”worldly success”). • The clergy are required to have years of formal training. The groups that have less acceptance are cults and sects and the groups that have more acceptance are church and ecclesia.
- #32 Bar chart 1. Family Income. The horizontal axis represents, Family Income (In thousands) ranging from 0 to 80 in increments of 20 while the vertical axis represents different religious affiliations. The data presented in the graph is as follows. • Jewish: 81,000 Dollars • Mormon: 68,000 Dollars • Episcopal: 67,000 Dollars • Presbyterian USA: 62,000 Dollars • Lutheran (Missouri Synod): 59,000 Dollars • Roman Catholic: 55,000 Dollars • United Methodist: 52,000 Dollars • Assembly of God: 46,000 Dollars • Southern Baptist: 45,000 Dollars • Jehovah’s Witness: 42,000 Dollars. Bar chart 2. The horizontal axis represents Education: Percent with College Degrees (In percentage) ranging from 0 to 60 in increments of 20 while the vertical axis represents different religious affiliations. The data presented in the graph is as follows. • Jewish: 60 percent • Mormon: 28 percent • Episcopal: 46 percent • Presbyterian USA: 40 percent • Lutheran (Missouri Synod): 24 percent • Roman Catholic: 22 percent • United Methodist: 27 percent • Assembly of God: 10 percent • Southern Baptist: 16 percent • Jehovah’s Witness: 7 percent. Bar chart 3. The horizontal axis represents, Occupational Prestige superscript 2 (In percentage) ranging from 0 to 60 in increments of 20 while the vertical axis represents different religious affiliations. The data presented in the graph is as follows. • Jewish: 52 • Mormon: 44 • Episcopal: 49 • Presbyterian USA: 48 • Lutheran (Missouri Synod): 43 • Roman Catholic: 44 • United Methodist: 46 • Assembly of God: 48 • Southern Baptist: 43 • Jehovah’s Witness: 41.
- #36 The percent gain by the church is as follows: • Pentecostal: 20 percent • Jehovah’s Witness: 16 percent • Mormon: 14 percent • Assemblies of God: 13 percent • Churches of Christ: 9 percent • Roman Catholic: 3 percent. The percent loss by the church is as follows: • Presbyterian: 21 percent • United Churches of Christ: 20 percent • Episcopal: 16 percent • United Methodist: 7 percent • Baptist sup 1: 1 percent Note: National Baptist Convention and Southern Baptist Convention. • Lutheran sup 2: 13 percent. Note: Evangelical Lutheran Church of America and Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod.