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Chapter 2
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- 2. PLANNING & SCHEDULING •FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING. • FIRST DO THE PROBLEM ANALYSIS. • THEN DEVELOP A SOLUTION TO THE DEFINED NEEDS. – SPECIFY OBJECTIVES. – DETERMINE ACTIVITIES & RESOURCES. – PRESENT RESULTS IN A SCHEMATIC THAT CAN BE USED BY THE TEAM. 2
- 3. OBJECTIVES FOR PLANNINGAND SCHEDULING • EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT. • OPTIMZE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS. • DEFINE NECESSARY RESOURCES. • TIMLY PROJECT PROGRESS. 3
- 4. • Allocation ofresources to activities over time so that input demands are met in a timely and cost-effective manner • Most typically, this involves determining a set of activity start and end times, together with resource assignments, which – satisfy all temporal constraints on activity execution (following from process considerations) – satisfy resource capacity constraints, and – optimize some set of performance objectives to the extent possible 4
- 5. Planning and Scheduling: GanttChart • A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, developed by Henry Gantt, that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e., precedence network) 5
- 6. • Use aGantt chart to plan how long a project should take. A Gantt chart lays out the order in which the tasks need to be carried out. Early Gantt charts did not show dependencies between tasks but modern Gantt chart software provides this capability. Henry Laurence Gantt, an American mechanical engineer, is credited with the invention of the Gantt chart. 6
- 7. • Gantt chartshave become a common technique for representing the phases and activities of a project work breakdown structure. • A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a deliverable oriented decomposition of a project into smaller components. • A work breakdown structure element may be a product, data, a service, or any combination. 7
- 8. • Gantt chartsonly represent part of the triple constraints of projects. • Gantt charts do not represent the size of a project or the relative size of work elements. • Magnitude of a behind-schedule condition is easily mis communicated. 8
- 9. Planning and Scheduling: Gantt Chart • List tasks • Graphically represent dependencies among tasks • Show duration and time period of each task • Heavily dependent on prediction regarding: – Activities involved – Effort and time required 9
- 10. Gantt chart example • Programmer working on a small software project Explicit start time, end time, and duration (in days ) Dec 2002 Du ratio ID Task Name Start Fi nish n 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 Requireme nt gathering 12 /5/2002 12/6 /2002 2d 2 Analysis 12 /9/2002 12/9 /2002 1d 3 Design 12/10/2002 12/11/2002 2d 4 Coding 12/12/2002 12/17/2002 4d 5 Testing 12/18/2002 12/31/2002 10d Explicit calendar bar 10
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- 12. Planning and Scheduling: Pert chart Duration Start time 12/5/2002 2 12/6/2002 Requirement gathering Late Start Slack Late Finish End time Task 12/9/2002 1 12/9/2002 Analysis • Alternative to Gantt chart Late Start Slack Late Finish • Different perspective 12/10/2002 2 12/11/2002 Design – Focuses on dependencies Late Start Slack Late Finish more than calendar time 12/12/2002 4 12/17/02 Coding • No fixed format Late Start Slack Late Finish 12/18/2002 10 12/31/2002 Testing Late Start Slack Late Finish 12
- 13. Another Pert 13
- 14. So how doyou know how long a task is going to take? 14
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- 23. Function Points • A.J.Albrecht of IBM, ~1979. • FP is a unit for estimating time and effort independent of programming language. • Identify set of application activities (building blocks) and sum the weights assigned to each. • From user’s viewpoint. 23
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- 27. Determine the UnadjustedFunction Point Count • The unadjusted function point count (UFPC) reflects the specific countable functionality provided to the user by the project or application. • The application's specific user functionality is evaluated in terms of what is delivered by the application, not how it is delivered. Only user- requested and defined components are counted. • The unadjusted function point count has two function types—data and transactional. 27
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- 29. Count Data Functions 1.An internal logical file (ILF) is a user identifiable group of logically related data or control information maintained within the boundary of the application. The primary intent of an ILF is to hold data maintained through one or more elementary processes of the application being counted. • Tables in a relational database. • Application control information, perhaps things like user preferences that are stored by the application. 29
- 30. 2. An external interface file (EIF) is a user identifiable group of logically related data or control information referenced by the application, but maintained within the boundary of another application. This means an EIF counted for an application must be in an ILF in another application. 30
- 31. Count Transactional Functions •An external input (EI) is an elementary process that processes data or control information that comes from outside the application’s boundary. • The primary intent of an EI is to maintain one or more ILFs and/or to alter the behavior of the system. 31
- 32. • An externaloutput (EO) is an elementary process that sends data or control information outside the application’s boundary. The primary intent of an external output is to present information to a user through processing logic 32
- 33. • An externalinquiry (EQ) is an elementary process that sends data or control information outside the application boundary. The primary intent of an external inquiry is to present information to a user through the retrieval of data or control information. The processing logic contains no mathematical formula or calculation, and creates no derived data. No ILF is maintained during the processing, nor is the behavior of the system altered. 33
- 34. Low Medium High Input files 3 4 6 Output files 4 5 7 Inquiries 3 4 6 Internal files 7 10 15 External 5 7 10 interfaces 34
- 35. Determine the ValueAdjustment Factor The value adjustment factor (VAF) indicates the general functionality provided to the user of the application. The VAF is comprised of 14 general system characteristics (GSCs) that assess the general functionality of the application. Each characteristic has associated descriptions that help determine the degree of influence of the characteristic. The degrees of influence range on a scale of zero to five, from no influence to strong influence 35
- 36. Value Adjustment Factor 1. System Complexity 2. I/O Complexity 3. Application Complexity 1.1 Data 2.1 Reliable and 3.1 Algorithms and communication transaction-oriented processing ability data management 1.2 Distributed data 2.2 Online data 3.2 Need to reuse the processing management code later 1.3 Relevance of 2.3 Usability and 3.3 Installation easiness performance efficiency of end user 1.4 Configuration of 2.4 Online update of 3.4 Startup, shutdown, hardware and software the data and operation easiness Partial (1) Partial (2) 3.5 Requirements to run on multiple sites 3.6 Readiness to change Partial (3) Total 36
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- 38. Function Points • 14“technical factors” related to complexity – Grouped under 3 classes of complexity: system, I/O, application – Each factor ranked from 0 to 5 • Technical complexity factor (TCF) (∑ ) The sum of the 14 factors’ ranks 14 TCF = i=1 TCFi × 0.01 • Adjusted function points (AFP or FP) FP = UFP * (0.65 + TCF) 38
- 39. Determine Type ofCount Development Project • Functions provided to the users with the first installation. Enhancement Project • Measures the modifications to the existing application that add, change, or delete user functions delivered. • Application function point count must be updated to reflect changes in the application's functionality. 39
- 40. Application Project • Referredto as the baseline or installed function point count. This number is initialized when the development project function point count is completed. It is updated every time completion of an enhancement project alters the application's. 40
- 41. UFP for MakingCappuccino Name Type Complexity Value (building block) Milk Input File Medium 4 Coffee Input File Medium 4 Water Input File Low 3 Cappuccino Output File High 7 Water Temperature Inquiry Low 3 External Temperature External Interface Medium 7 Total Unadjusted Function Points 28 41
- 42. FP for MakingCappuccino 1. System Complexity 2. I/O Complexity 3. Application Complexity 1.1 Data communication 5 2.1 Reliable and 0 3.1 Algorithms and 1 transaction-oriented data processing ability management 1.2 Distributed data 3 2.2 Online data 4 3.2 Need to reuse the code 0 processing management later 1.3 Relevance of 4 2.3 Usability and 4 3.3 Installation easiness 5 performance efficiency of end user 1.4 Configuration of the 4 2.4 Online update of the 2 3.4 Startup, shutdown, and 3 hardware and the software data operation easiness Partial (1) 16 Partial (2) 10 3.5 Requirements to run 2 on multiple sites 3.6 Readiness to change 2 Partial (3) 13 Total = 39 42
- 43. FP for MakingCappuccino • FP = UFP * (0.65 + TCF) = 28 * (0.65 + (39 * 0.01)) = 29.12 • So what was the time/effort required last time your firm implement 29 FPs? 43