Chapter-4-Rizal-Higher-Education-1-2_081545.pptx

Title: Rizal's Journey Jumble Words
1.Mechanics:
2. The students must raise their hands, and the
teacher will call on them to answer. The
students must read the letters and arrange
them in the correct order. The student with
the most correct answers will be the winner.

Lecel H. Lungat
Rizal’s Life: Higher
Education and Life
Abroad
RIZAL

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this Chapter, the students should be able
to:
a. examine the educational system that Rizal
experienced during his formal education at Ateneo
and UST;
b. explain Rizal's reasons for leaving the Philippines,
particularly his mission and secret pact with Paciano,
through a reflection paper; and
c. create a slogan that highlights the challenges Rizal
faced while studying abroad and the impact of his
foreign education on the Philippines.

Ateneo de
Municipal
Experience

Jose was sent to Manila to study at the Ateneo
de Municipal, a school run by Spanish Jesuits,
four months after the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-
ZA and his mother was still in prison. This school
was later named Ateneo de Manila and was run
by highly qualified educators.

On his first day in Manila, Jose was accompanied by his brother
Paciano. The first school where he took the entrance
examination was the college of San Juan de Letran. He passed
all subjects.
Don Francisco, who had originally planned for Jose to attend
Letran, changed his mind and enrolled his son at Ateneo.
Jose and his brother returned to Manila, they enrolled at
Ateneo de Municipal. He was initially denied admission to the
said school for two reasons:

• He was already late for registration and
• He was frail and sickly
But through the aid of Manuel Xerez Burgos, he was
then accepted in Ateneo.
When Jose enrolled in Ateneo, he took the surname
Rizal because the family name Mercado had raised
suspicions among authorities.
Paciano used the surname Mercado while studying
and working with Father Burgos, in whose house he
lived.

Paciano accompanied Jose and found him a house
in the Walled City of Manila, but Jose was reluctant
to stay there because of its cheerless atmosphere,
so they looked for a lodging house outside of
Intramuros.
They found a house on Calle Caraballo in Sta Cruz.
He lived in Caraballo St. in Santa Cruz outside the
walled city, ( which was 25 minutes away from his
school ) in a house owned by a certain Titay ( an old
unmarried woman ) who has a debt of P 300 on the
Mercado Family.

The Jesuit educational system was
thought to be more advanced than
that of other colleges at the time.
Its discipline was strict and its
method were more mechanical.
As a religious institute, it also
established vocational courses in
agriculture, commerce and
mechanics.

The classes were divided into 2 groups, the “Roman
Empire” consisting of the internos (boarders) and
the “Carthaginian Empire” composed of the
externos (non-boarders).
1st
– Emperor
2nd
- Tribune
3rd
– Decurion
4th
- Centurion
5th
- Standard Bearer

Fr. Jose Beck was his first teacher.
As a newcomer, Jose was placed at
the back of the class at first, but he
was quickly promoted and
continued to be promoted until, at
the end of one month, he had
attained the rank of Emperor. At
the end of the semester, he
received excellent grades in all
subjects and examinations. Fr. Jose Beck

Rizal had reason to be pleased his
advancement, so when he returned home
for summer vacation in March of 1873, he
went alone to visit Dona Teodora in prison
and inform her the good news.
He must have said this after learning from
his mother that prosecutor of the change
against her played a cruel joke on her.
The judge told her that if she confessed to
her guilt, he would immediately release her.
She pleaded guilty in order to see her
children again, but instead of releasing her,
the judge convicted her.

After a months, the judge begged her forgiveness
for what he had done, claiming that had
conscience, but the case already on appeal, so
there was no resource.
In 2nd
year, Jose had the same professor as in the
previous year; but instead of lodging outside the
city, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes.

At the end of the term, he obtained a medal, and
upon returning to his town, he again visited his
mother in jail alone. This was 3 months before her
release. The joy that her release caused in his spirit
had a significant impact on the outcome of his
studies in 3rd
year, as he began to win prizes in the
quarterly examinations.

Around that time, he began
reading novels, one of his
favourites was Alexandre
Dumas’ novel The Count of
Monte Cristo.
It is a story of the wrongs
suffered by the prisoner
Chateau d’If recalled the
injustice done his mother.

Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez,
Rizal’s professor in fourth year. Whom
as Rizal stated is a model of decency,
solicitude and love for the student.
Rizal studied mathematics, rhetoric
and Greek, and received five medals at
the end of the year. Though his love
for the poetry was strong he was
advised by his philosophy professor to
forget it which made him utter in
sadness. Still he cultivated his muses
along with his professor Father de
Sanchez.
Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez

Jose was considered short stature, and he
attempted to correct this falw by participating in
gymnastics on a regular basis. He also did other
physical activities such as fencing.
. Rizal also devoted his time on painting and
sculpture. In drawing and painting he was under
the guidance and direction of an Ateneo Professor,
the Peninsula Don Augustin Saez, who honoured
him with his affection and consideration because
of his progress.

In sculpture his instructor was a Filipino,
Romualdo de Jesus,
Besides the interest he took in clay
modelling, to which reference has already
been made, Rizal was expert in carving.
When he was in the Ateneo he had carved
an image of the Virgin of such graceand
beauty that one of the Fathers asked him
to try an image of Sacred Heart. Rizal
complied, and produced the carving that
played so important a part in his future
life. The Jesuit Father had intended to take
the image with him to Spain, but in some
way it was let behind and the schoolboys
put it up on the door of the dormitory.

Under the guidance of Professor Father Francisco
Paula de Sanchez, Rizal honed his poetic language in
his fourth year at Ateneo, leading him to write
numerous poems on the themes of history, childhood
memories, religion, education and the war.
Some of the poems he composed during this time
include “Felicitation,” “The Departure: Hymn to
Magellan’s Fleet,” “And He is Spanish: Elcano, the First
to Circumnavigate the World,” “Through Education, the
Motherland Receives Enlightenment,” “Intimate
Alliance Between Religion and Good Education,” and
“In Memory of My Town.” These works demonstrate
Rizal’s early poetic prowess and his alignment with a
pro-Spanish sentiment in his writings.

Segunda Katigbak
A Lipa Girl from a wealthy family
Was sent to La Concordia at a young
age
A close friend of Olimpia (Rizal’s
sister)
Segunda met Rizal when she was 14
while Rizal on his 16.

Rizal is a friend of Mariano Katigbak (Segunda’s
brother).
First met at Rizal’s grandmother’s house in Trozo,
Manila (“Tutuban” now)
Infatuation grew and both are unaware that love was
already enveloping them.
They saw each other frequently
Rizal being smitten by Segunda, would sketch her and
made poems about her.

But even before he can make a move on Segunda, he
was already aware that the later is promised to marry
Manuel Luz Y Metra (tall and wealthy man from Lipa)
He couldn’t muster the courage to label them because
she was bound to marry Manuel.
He had several chances, but his immature heart and
mind let it all slip
Rizal’s “Puppy Love” (historians claim)

University of Santo
Tomas Experience

Rizal enrolled at University of Santo Tomas in April 1877,
when he was nearly 16 years old, to study Philosophy
and Letters with 2 reasons:
(1) his father liked it, and
(2) unsure of what career to pursue
He wrote to Father Pablo Ramon (Rector of Ateneo),
who has been kind to him during his time as a student
there. He seek an advice from the former on a career
choice.
Unfortunately, Father Pablo was in Mindanao so, it took
several months before he received it.

As a result, he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics,
Theodicy, and Philosophy History during his first year at
UST (1877-1879).
Rizal began studying medicine the following school year
(1878-1879).
Enrolling in both the preparatory medical course and
the regular 1st
year medical course.

He pursued medicine for 2 reasons:
(1) desire to become a physician in order to cure
his mother’s failing eyesight,
(2) Father Pablo Ramon, finally responded to his
letter, recommending medicine.
He enrolled in the Ateneo vocational course – perito
agrimensor (expert in surveying) while studying at the
university of Santo Tomas.

Rizal, a romantic daydreamer who sipped the “nectar
of love”, had time for love despite academic studies.
He courted a young woman in Calamba referred to as
Miss L a “fair with seductive and attractive eyes”, but
abruptly ended the romance.
Boarded at Dona Concha Leyva’s house in Intramuros
during his sophomore year at UST, courted Leonor
Valenzuela.
Rizal used invisible ink made from water and salt to
send love letters to Leonor Valenzuela.
Did not propose to Leonor Valenzuela as he did to
Segunda.

Rizal’s next relationship was with
Leonor Rivera, his cousin from
Camiling, whom he met at a boarding
house in Casa Tomasina, run by his
uncle Antonio Rivera
Leonor Rivera was a frail, beautiful
woman described as “tender as a
budding flower with kindly, wistful
eyes.”
They decided to get married, and to
keep their relationship hidden,
Leonor signed her letters as “Taimis.”
Leonor Rivera

Victim of Brutality by
a Spanish Officer

Rizal first encountered Spanish brutality as a
freshman medical student at the University of Santo
Tomas during his summer vacation in Calamba in
1880.
A Guardia Civil lieutenant drew a sword and slash
Rizal’s back because he didn’t salute or say a polite
“Good Evening”.
Rizal informed General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish
Governor-General at the time, about the incident. But
his complaint went nowhere because he is an Indio,
and the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard.

Rizal first encountered Spanish brutality as a
freshman medical student at the University
of Santo Tomas during his summer vacation
in Calamba in 1880.
A Guardia Civil lieutenant drew a sword and
slash Rizal’s back because he didn’t salute or
say a polite “Good Evening”.
Rizal informed General Primo de Rivera, the
Spanish Governor-General at the time, about
the incident. But his complaint went
nowhere because he is an Indio, and the
abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard.
Governor General Primo de
Rivera

In the year 1879, Rizal entered a literary contest
sponsored by Artistico Literacio (Artistic-Literary
Lyceum) and submitted his poem A La Juventud
Filipina (To the Filipino Youth).
He won first place and was presented with a feather-
shaped and gold ribbon-decorated silver pen.

The poem is considered classic because of two
reasons:
1. It was the first great poem written in Spanish by a
Filipino whose worth was recognized by Spanish
literary authorities.
2. It articulated for the first time the nationalistic
notion that Filipinos , not foreigners, were the “true
hope of the Fatherland”.

The Artistic-Literary Lyceum held another
literary contest to commemorate the fourth
centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish
author of Don Quixote, to which Rizal
submitted an allegorical drama, El Consejo de
los Dioses (The Council of the Gods).
The allegory was inspired by greek
mythology.
Father Rector of the Ateneo assisted Rizal in
obtaining the necessary reference material.
Rizal receive the first price of the contest
which is a gold ring engraved with a bust of
Cervantes.

• Rizal’s other published works:
Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma (1879)
Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) – a zarzuela
perfomed by the Ateneans on the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception, Patroness of Ateneo
A Filipinas – a sonnet, for the album of the Society of
Sculptors in 1880.
Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon – a poem in tribute to the
Ateneo’s rector, Father Pablo Ramon.

In 1880, Rizal establish the Companerismo
(Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino students at
UST. The members were called “Companions of Jehu”.
Rizal was dissatisfied with the methods of instruction
in the University so he decided to study in Europe.
Rizal decided to continue his studies in Spain shortly
after finishing his fourth year of medical school.

Despite the enormous literary successes, he was
dissatisfied with his stay at the Dominican-owned
school for these reasons:
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him.
2. The Spaniards discriminated the Filipino students
based on their race.
3. The teaching method was antiquated and
oppressive.
4. He did not receive high scholastic honors as a result
of his professor’s attitudes.

Rizal’s decision to continue his studies abroad were
supported by his brother Paciano, his sister, as well as
his uncle Antonio Rivera.
In addition to studying in Spain, he was on a covert
mission to closely observe the life and culture,
languages and customs, industries and commerce,
government and laws of European nations in order to
prepare himself for the monumental task of liberating
his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.

May 3, 1882, Rizal boarded the Spanish
steamer SS Salvadora bound for
Singapore.
There were 16 people on board, he was
the only Filipino among a group of
Spaniards, Britons, and Indian Negroes.
Donato Lecha, the ships captain
befriended Rizal. Rizal and his fellow
passengers played chess to pass the
time on the long journey. SS Salvadora
arrived in Singapore on May 9.
Rizal’s Journey to Spain

He then stayed at the Hotel de la Paz for two days and
went on a sightseeing tour of the city. He saw the
famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist
Temples, the busting shopping district, and the Statue
of Singapore’s founder, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.
After he embarked for Singapore on the mail steamer
SS Salvadora and after the 6 days of the journey then
he transferred to a foreign passenger ship which
carried him to Barcelona

Rizal boarded the ship Djemnah, a French steamer
and set sail Europe. On board French was spoken and
Rizal attempted to converse with his fellow
passengers in French. However he discovered that his
words on French could not be understood so he spoke
a mix of Spanish and Latin.
May 17 , the Djemnah arrived in Point Galle, a
seacoast town in Southern Ceylon. This town did not
impress Rizal. The next day the ship set sail for
Colombo, Ceylon’s capital. Rizal was awestruck by
Colombo’s scenic beauty and elegant architecture.

From Colombo, the Djemnah continued its journey
across the Indian Ocean to the African coast. For the
first time, Rizal saw African‘s barren coast, which he
described as a “ Inhospitable but famous land.
The following stop over was in Aden. He found the city
to be hotter than Manila and he was amused to see
camels for the first time.
The ship sailed from Aden to Suez, the Red Sea
Terminal of the Suez Canal. Rizal disembarked and
went sight seeing upon arrival. What stuck him the
most was the lovely moonlight which reminded him of
Calamba and his family.

The Suez Canal was transversed by the
Djemnah in five days. Rizal was
overjoyed because it was his first trip
through the Canal, which Ferdinand
de Lasseps had built.
June 11, Rizal arrived in Naples. Rizal
was impressed by this city’s business
activity, lively people, and scenic
beauty. He was captivated by the
Vesuvius Mouth, the Castle of St.
Telmo and other historic sites in the
city.

June 12, 1882, the steamer
arrived in Marseilles
France. He went to the
fabled Chateau d’If, where
Dantes was imprisoned.
He stayed for two and a
half days.

June 16, 1882, Rizal left Marseilles and continued his
journey by rail, arriving in Barcelona. His initial
impression of Barcelona was negative. He regarded it
as unsightly and filthy, and it’s inhabitants as
unwelcoming. Later he changed his mind and came to
like the city. He discovered it to be a wonderful city
with a libertarian and free-spirited atmosphere.
He discovered it’s people to be open- hearted,
hospitable and brave. He enjoyed promending down
Barcelona’s famous Las Ramblas Street. Filipinos in
Barcelona, including some of his Ateneo classmates
welcomed him.. They threw a party for him at Café
Plaza de Cataluna.

Rizal wrote his first written article
on Spanish soil, a nationalistic
essay called “El Amor Patrio,” in
Barcelona.
He then sent his article to
Diariong Tagalog publisher
Basilio Teodoro Moran. Basilio
was so taken with the article that
he congratulated Rizal and asked
him to publish more.

Rizal at 22, The first photo taken
after his arrival in Spain.
Madrid, Spain
Higher Education

Rizal enrolled in the Universidad
Central de Madrid on November 3,
1882. He enrolled in courses in
Medicine, Philosophy and Letters.
Aside from the two major courses, he
also studied painting and sculpture at
the San Fernando Academy of Fine
Arts. He took private lessons in
French, German and English; and he
diligently practiced fencing and
shooting at the San Fernando Hall of
Arms.
Madrid, Spain
Higher Education

Consuelo Ortiga y Peréz or Consuelo
Ortiga y Rey was one of the many women
in Dr. Jose Rizal’s life. Consuelo recorded
in her diary that she first met Rizal on
September 16, 1882 when he went to
Spain for the first time primarily to study.
Rizal, a lonely man in a foreign country
far from his birthplace, was drawn to
Consuelo’s beauty and vivacity. But their
love did not blossom because Rizal was
still engaged to Leonor Rivera, and Rizal’s
friend was also in love with Consuelo.
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez

In Spain, he became close to prominent
Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards,
the majority of whom were Masons. Rizal
was impressed by how openly and freely
the Spanish Masons criticized government
policies and lambasted the friars. In March
1883, he became a member of the Acacia
Masonic Lodge in Madrid.
On November 15, 1890, he was transferred
to Lodge Solidaridad, where he became a
Master Mason. Later, he was awarded the
diploma of Master Mason by Le Grand
Orient de France.
Masonry

The propagandists, who included upper-class
Filipinos, aimed to “awaken the sleeping intellect of
the Spaniard to the needs of our country” and to
create closer, more equal association between the
islands and the motherland. Equality for all Filipinos
and Spaniards alike. Grant civil liberties and freedom
of speech, press and redress of grievances. Return of
Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
Filipinization of Philippine parishes. Incorporation of
the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
The Propaganda Movement

The most outstanding Propagandist was Jose Rizal, a
physician, scholar, scientist, and writer. His greatest
contribution to the formation of a Filipino national
consciousness, however, was the publication of two
novels, Noli Me Tangere (Do Not Touch Me) in 1886
and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891.
Rizal depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the
islands, particularly the abuses of the friars, based on
his personal experiences. Although the friars had
Rizal's books banned, they were smuggled into the
Philippines and quickly became popular.

Other important Propagandists included Graciano
Lopez Jaena, a noted orator and pamphleteer who had
left the islands for Spain in 1880 after the publication of
his satirical short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an
unflattering portrait of a provincial friar. In 1889, he
launched La Solidaridad, a biweekly newspaper in
Barcelona (Solidarity), which grew to be the main organ
of the Propaganda Movement, with audiences in both
Spain and the islands. Lastly was Marcelo del Pilar, a
lawyer who advocates for social change. Del Pilar was
active in the anti- friar movement in the islands until he
was forced to flee to Spain in 1888, where he became
the editor of La Solidaridad and took over leadership of
the Filipino community in Spain.

The Circulo-Hispano Filipino was formed in
1882 by Filipinos and Spaniards advocating
for government reform. The organization
established a newspaper, the Revista del
Circulo Hispano-Filipino, to address abuse and
mistreatment of the Philippines. However, the
newspaper failed due to a lack of leadership
and funds. Juan Atayde was the moving spirit
behind the club, and Rizal contributed several
works to the review. Despite an attempt to
keep the club alive with a ball, the society
ultimately disbanded. Rizal attributed the
failure to a lack of financial support from the
majority of participants.
The Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Jose Rizal's two years in Spain were memorable, but
his family in the Philippines faced financial struggles
due to drought and locusts, as well as high rentals
from the Dominican. To make ends meet, Rizal
entered competitions, which he usually won, to earn
money. Despite these hardships, he still managed to
survive.
Financial Problem

Felix Resurrection Hidalgo won second place for his
“Christian Virgin Exposed to the Populace” while
Juan Luna won first place for his “Spolarium” during
the National Exposition of Arts in Madrid, Spain.
Luna and Hidalgo’s Victory

Rizal went to France and Germany for his ophthalmology
specialization
He chose this path of medicine because he wanted to
cure his mother’s deteriorating eye condition.
Secret mission, `which was to observed European
customs and lifestyles in order to one day serve his
fatherland
He studied at Central University of Madrid
1885. he traveled at Paris at the age of 24.
He stopped in Barcelona to see his friend Maximo Viola,
a medical student from a wealthy family in Bulacan.
Rizal’s Specialization in Medicine
and his other Achievements

November of that year, Rizal was in
Paris, where he had been for
about for months. He worked as
an apprentice for Dr. Louis de
Wecker, a leading French
ophthalmologist at the time.
Rizal also visited friends such as
the family of Pardo de Taveras,
Juan Luna, and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo

On February 1, 1886, he was
scheduled to travel to Germany.
He arrived in Heidelberg, a historic
city in Germany known for its old
University and romantic
surroundings, on February 3, 1886.
He worked at the University Eye
hospital under the direction of Dr.
Otto Becker and attended Dr.
Becker’s and Prof. Wilhelm
Kuehne’s lectures at the university.

Rizal then spent three (3) months of his
summer vacation in Wilhelmsfeld, a
mountainous village near Heidelberg. He
stayed at the vicarage of Dr. Karl Ullmer,
a kind Protestant pastor.
Rizal wrote his first letter in German to
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt on July
31, 1886.
Rizal left Heidelberg on August 9, 1886,
three (3) days after the University of
Heidelberg celebrated its 15th
centennial.

He boarded a train and travelled through Germany,
arriving in Leipzig on August 14, 1886. He attended some
lectures at the University of Leipzig and became
acquainted with Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a well-known
German historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, a German
anthropologists.
Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden. Rizal met Dr. Adolph Meyer,
the director of the anthropological and ethnological
museum in Dresden. He was only in town for two days.

November 1st
, arriving in Berlin in the evening. Rizal liked
Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and lack of
racial prejudice. In addition, he met Dr. Feodor Jagor, the
author of Travels in the Philippines, a book Rizal admired
for its keen observations in the Philippine setting.
In turn, Dr. Jagor introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a
well-known anthropologist, and is son, Dr. Hans Virchow,
a professor of Descriptive Anatomy. Dr. Karl Ernest
Schweigger, a well-known German ophthalmologist, hired
Rizal to work on his clinic.

Rizal’s experiences in Germany were not all positive; there
was one winter when he lived in poverty because no
money arrived from Calamba and he was broke. During
that time, he only ate one meal a day and had to do his
own laundry because he couldn’t afford to pay for it.
Paciano attempted to raise funds in Calamba, but crops
failed due to locusts, and the sugar market collapsed.

In Berlin, Rizal led a methodical life.
He worked as an assistant during
the day and went to lectures at
night. In order to master the French
Language, Rizal took private
lessons from Madame Lucie
Cerdole.

Despite his physical condition, Jose Rizal published Noli
Me Tangere on March 21, 1887. This was the time when
Jose Rizal had no money and his health was failing. His
reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
inspired him to write the novel.
He finished the manuscript by deleting some passages,
including the chapter on “Elias and Salome” due to
financial constraints. They found Berliner Buchcdrukrei
Action Gesselchaft printing house after a thorough search
for the novel’s printing. They were charged the lowest rate
of 300 for 2,000 copies.
Publication of Noli Me Tangere in
Berlin

Berlin

Noli Me Tangere was not published during
Rizal’s stay in Berlin, but it was made
possible with the help of Maximo Viola, who
provided him with the funds needed for the
publication of the novel.
Noli Me Tangere was entirely dedicated to
the Philippines. Rizal’s friends praised the
novel, praising its content and being deeply
moved and awakened by its fine truth.
Berlin

Rizal studied in Europe between 1882 and 1887.
Throughout his journey he was allured, fascinated and
had all the wwonderful memories. This however, will not
make Rizal forget hhi homeland or nationality.
He returned to the Philippines in August 1887 after a
five-year adventure in Europe, where he practiced
medicine in Calamba. Despite the fact that his life is in
danger due to the uproar caused by his Noli Me
Tangere, especially among the friar, he insists on
returning home.
First Homecoming

He has his reasons for returning home,
one is which is to operate on his
mother’s eyes, and another is to learn
how his novel has affected the lives of
Filipinos.
Rizal took the train from Rome to
Marseilles and boarded the steamer
Djemnah on July 3, 1887, the same
steamer he had boarded five years
before.
He transferred to a different steamer in
Saigon on July 30th
, the steamer
Haiphong, which was bound for Manila.
First Homecoming

On August 5, 1887, the Haiphong arrived in manila, and
he stepped ashore with a smile oh his face, knowing
that he was back on Philippine soil.
He retured Calamba on August 8, 1887. His family
greeted him with open arms.
He opened a medical clinic in Calamba, and his first
patient was his mother, who was nearly blind at the
time.
First Homecoming

The news of a great German doctor travelled far and
wide. Patients from all over Manila and the provinces
flocked to Calamba to see Rizal. His fees were
reasonable, and he was able to earn around 900 pesos
in a month. He also opened a gym for young people
where he taught them European sports.
First Homecoming

He received a letter from Governor General Emilio
Terrero requesting that he come to Malacanang Palace
a few weeks after his arrival. Rizal travelled to Manila
and testified before Governor General Terrero, denying
the Governor General’s accusations against his novel.
He clarified that it was simply an exposition of truth,
and that he did not advocate for radical ideas.
The governor was impressed with his explanation and
requested a copy of Noli to read. Rizal did not have a
coy at the time, but promised it to the governor general
once he obtained one.
First Homecoming

Rizal found a copy in the possession
of a friend. He was able to hand it
over to Terrero. Because the friars
were powerful, the governor general
knew Rizal’s life was in jeopardy.
Rizal’s bodyguard was then assigned
to him by a young Spanish lieutenant
Jose Taviel de Andrade.
First Homecoming

The f r iars were enraged by Rizal’ s novel. Msgr. Pedro
Payo, the Archbishop of Manila, sent a copy of the novel to
Father Rector Gregorio Echevarria of the University of Santo
Tomas for further examination by faculty committee. Because
of i ts heretical, impious, and scandalous content, the
committee determined that the novel was indeed against
Catholic teachings. As a result, the Governor General sent the
novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship, which was
made up of priests and lay people, for further investigation and
verification.
First Homecoming

The f indings were consistent and i t was recommended
that the novel be banned. People became interested in
the novel after hearing this recommendation and
reading it behind closed doors.
When the Novel was banned in the Philippines, many of
his comrades showed their support by defending it
against Jose Rizal’ s enemies. But it was Reverand
Vicente Garcia, among those wsupport him and had the
best defense. The priest refuted Fr. Jose Rodriguez’s
claim that Rizal was an “impious man,a heretic who hated
religion and Spain” in his defense letter. As a result, Fr.
Garcia made the following statement:
First Homecoming

1. Jose Rizal was a graduate of Spanish
universities and a recipient of scholactic
honors, so he couldn’t be an ignorant;
2. Jose rizal does not criticize the Church or
Spain becuasewhat he criticizes in the novel
are bad Spanish officials, not Spain, and bad
corrupt friars, not the Church;
3. Finally, the friars believe that those who
have read the novel have committed a mortal
sin, so Fr. Rodriguez has also committed a
mortal sin.
First Homecoming

Rizal’s parents received anonymous threats against his
life. They advised him to leave because his life was in
danger, as they uncomfortable with the situation. The
governor general, who had assigned Rizal a Civil Guard
lieutenant as a body guard, found it difficult to protect
him and advised him to leave after six months. Rizal was
summoned by the governor general Terrero, who advised
him to leave the Philippines for his own good. He was
providing Rizal with an opportunity to flee the friar’s
wrath. Rizal must leave because he is unable to defy the
governor general’s orders.
First Homecoming

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