Chapter 5 notes
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Gases exist as individual molecules that are in constant random motion. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as composed of molecules that are separated by large distances and move rapidly in random directions, frequently colliding with one another. The theory states that the average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. Higher temperatures cause molecules to move faster on average with more molecules possessing higher speeds.
Chapter 5 notes
- 2. 5.1 Substances that exist as gases 2
- 3. Elemental state at 250 C and 1 atmosphere
- 4. • Take the volume and shape of their containers • Most compressible • Mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container • Low Densities Physical Characteristics of Gases
- 5. 5
- 6. 5.2 Pressure of a gas
- 7. SI Units of Pressure 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 Standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm) = the pressure that support a column of mercury exactly 760mmHg high at 0 °C at sea level = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 KPa Pressure = Force Area (force = mass x acceleration) = kg m/s2 Pressure of a gas = kg m/s2 = N m2 m2 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101,325 Pa
- 8. Barometer A barometer • measures the pressure exerted by the gases in the atmosphere. • indicates atmospheric pressure as the height in mm of the mercury column.
- 9. A. What is 475 mm Hg expressed in atm? 475 mm Hg x 1 atm = 0.625 atm 760 mm Hg B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 2.00 atm. What is this pressure in mm Hg? 2.00 atm x 760 mm Hg = 1520 mm Hg 1 atm
- 10. Atmospheric pressure = pressure exerted by earth’s atmosphere. eg drink liquid through a straw
- 11. Properties That Describe a Gas Gases are described in terms of four properties: pressure (P), volume(V), temperature(T), and amount(n). • There are three variables that affect gas pressure: 1) The volume of the container. 2) The temperature of the gas. 3) The number of molecules of gas in the container.
- 12. 5.3 The Gas Laws
- 13. The Gas Law The relationship between volume, pressure, temperature and moles Boyle’ s Law Charles’s Law Avogadro’s Law The Ideal Gas Equation combines several of these laws into a single relationship.
- 14. P x V = K P1V1 = P2V2 Boyle’s Law T constant n constant The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the gas pressure V ∝ 1 . P V = Κ 1 . P P1V1 = K = P2V2 K= proportionality constant
- 15. Boyle’s Law • if volume decreases, the pressure increases.
- 16. A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL? P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 P1 = 726 mmHg V1 = 946 mL P2 = ? V2 = 154 mL P2 = P1 x V1 V2 726 mmHg x 946 mL 154 mL = = 4460 mmHg P x V = constant
- 17. As T increases, V increases Charles’ & Gay-Lussac’s Law -273.15 0 C = Absolute zero Kelvin temperature scale temperature-volume relationship at various pressures T (K) = t (0 C) + 273.15
- 18. Charles’ Law P and n are constant the volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the gas V α T T (K) = t (0 C) + 273.15 Temperature must be in Kelvin V = kT or = k V T V1 T1 V2 T2 = k = V1 T1 V2 T2 =
- 19. If temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases. Charles’ Law
- 20. • Below is an illustration of Charles’s law. • As a balloon is cooled from room temperature with liquid nitrogen (–196 °C), the volume decreases.
- 21. A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21°C. If the temperature drop to 0°C, what is the new volume of the balloon (P constant)? V1 = V2 T1 T2 V2 = V1 x T2 T1 = 785 mL x (0+273.15) K = 729 mL (21+273.15) K
- 22. Avogadro’s Law V α number of moles (n) V = k n At constant pressure and temperature, volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas V1 = V2 n1 n2 T and P are constant V = k n If the number of moles (n) of gas increase, the volume increase
- 23. Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same temperature and pressure? Avogadro’s Law 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 1 mole NH3 1 mole NO At constant T and P 1 volume NH3 1 volume NO
- 24. If 0.75 mole helium gas occupies a volume of 1.5 L, what volume will 1.2 moles helium occupy at the same temperature and pressure? V2 = V1 x n2 n1 V2 = 1.5 L x 1.2 moles He 0.75 mole He = 2.4L
- 25. Summary of Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law
- 27. 5.4 The ideal gas equation
- 28. Ideal Gas Equation Charles’ law: V α T (at constant n and P) Avogadro’s law: V α n (at constant P and T) Boyle’s law: V α (at constant n and T)1 P V α nT P V = R nT P R is the gas constant PV = nRT The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature and the number of moles of molecules
- 29. Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure- volume-temperature behavior can be completely accounted for by the ideal gas equation At 0 °C and 1 atm pressure, many real gases behave like an ideal gas Ideal Gas
- 30. The conditions 0 0 C (273.15 K) and 1 atm are called standard temperature and pressure (STP). PV = nRT R = PV nT = (1 atm)(22.414L) (1 mol)(273.15 K) R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K) Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L. R = 0.0821 L • atm / (mol • K) Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
- 31. What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP? PV = nRT V = nRT P T = 0 0 C = 273.15 K P = 1 atm n = 49.8 g x 1 mol HCl 36.45 g HCl = 1.37 mol V = 1 atm 1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 KL•atm mol•K V = 30.7 L
- 32. Molar Volume (Vm) At STP (T= 273.15 K, P= 1 atm), 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.41 L (molar volume).
- 34. Using Molar Volume What is the volume occupied by 2.75 moles N2 gas at STP? 2.75 moles N2 x 22.41 L = 61.63 L 1 mole How many grams of He are present in 8.00 L of gas at STP? 8.00 L x 1 mole He x 4.00 g He = 1.43 g He 22.41 L 1 mole He
- 35. PV = nRT = RPV nT = P2V2 n2T2 P1V1 n1T1 The combined gas law uses Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Avogadro’s Law Combined Gas Law
- 36. Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0 C is heated to 85 0 C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in atm)? PV = nRT n, V and R are constant nR V = P T = constant P1 T1 P2 T2 = P1 = 1.20 atm T1 = 291 K P2 = ? T2 = 358 K P2 = P1 x T2 T1 = 1.20 atm x 358 K 291 K = 1.48 atm
- 37. A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35°C and 646 mm Hg pressure. What is the volume(mL) of the gas at -95°C and a pressure of 802 mm Hg (n constant)? T1 = 308 K T2 = -95°C + 273 = 178K V1 = 675 mL V2 = ??? P1 = 646 mm Hg P2 = 802 mm Hg V2 = V1 x P1 x T2 P2 T1 V2 = 675 mL x 646 mm Hg x 178K = 314 mL 802 mm Hg x 308K P1 V1 = P2 V2 T1 T2
- 38. Density (d) and Molar Mass (M) Calculations d = PM RT m is the mass of the gas in g M is the molar mass of the gas dRT P M = (in g/L) PV = nRT M M d = m V P M
- 39. A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0 0 C. What is the molar mass of the gas? dRT P M = d = m V 4.65 g 2.10 L = = 2.21 g L M = 2.21 g L 1 atm x 0.0821 x 300.15 KL•atm mol•K M = 54.5 g/mol
- 41. Gas Stoichiometry Calculation about amounts (moles) or volumes of reactants and products
- 42. What volume (L) of O2 gas is needed to completely react with 15.0 g of aluminum at STP? 4 Al(s) + 3 O2 (g) 2 Al2O3(s) mass of Al mole of Al mole of O2 volume of O2 (STP) 15.0 g Al x 1 mole Al x 3 moles O2 x 22.41 L = 9.34 L O2 27.0 g Al 4 moles Al 1 mole O2
- 43. What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 0 C and 1.00 atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction: C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) g C6H12O6 mol C6H12O6 mol CO2 V CO2 5.60 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 180 g C6H12O6 x 6 mol CO2 1 mol C6H12O6 x = 0.187 mol CO2 V = nRT P 0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K L•atm mol•K 1.00 atm = = 4.76 L
- 44. 5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- 45. The partial pressure of a gas •is the pressure of each gas in a mixture. •is the pressure that gas would exert if it were by itself in the container. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the individual pressures of each gas. P1 + P2 + P3 + … = P total The pressure depends on the total number of gas particles, not on the types of particles.
- 46. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures V and T are constant P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
- 47. Typical composition of air
- 48. • An atmospheric sample contains nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. If the partial pressure of nitrogen is 587 mm Hg, oxygen is 158 mm Hg, and argon is 7 mm Hg, what is the barometric pressure? Ptotal = Pnitrogen + Poxygen + Pargon Ptotal = 587 mm Hg + 158 mm Hg + 7 mm Hg Ptotal = 752 mm Hg
- 49. 49 A scuba tank contains O2 with a pressure of 0.450 atm and He at 855 mm Hg. What is the total pressure in mm Hg in the tank? 0.450 atm x 760 mm Hg = 342 mm Hg = PO2 1 atm Ptotal = PO2 + PHe Ptotal = 342 mm Hg + 855 mm Hg = 1197 mm Hg
- 50. Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a container of volume V. PA = nART V PB = nBRT V nA is the number of moles of A nB is the number of moles of B PT = PA + PB XA = nA nA + nB XB = nB nA + nB PA = XA PT PB = XB PT Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) = ni nT
- 51. A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of propane (C3H8)? Pi = Xi PT Xpropane = 0.116 8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116 PT = 1.37 atm = 0.0132 Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm
- 52. Collecting a Gas over Water 2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) PT = PO + PH O2 2
- 53. 5.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- 54. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases This theory explains the behavior of gases 1. Gases are composed of molecules that are separated by large distances. The molecules (“ point ”) possess mass but have negligible volume. 2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic (energy can be transferred between molecules but no energy is gained or lost during collision). 3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another. 4. Energy of motion is called kinetic energy (KE). The average KE of the molecules is proportional to absolute T. Any two gases at the same T will have the same average KE.
- 55. KE = ½ mu2 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases m = mass of the molecule u2 = mean square speed C = proportionality constant ∴ The T of a gas is a measure of the average KE of the molecules
- 56. Maxwell speed distribution curves The distribution of gas molecule speeds at various temperature ↑T, ↑ number of molecules moving at high speed T2 > T1 Most probable speed (peak) = speed of the largest number of molecules
- 57. Root-mean-square (rms) speed (urms) Average molecular speed of a gas urms = 3RT M√ R = 8.314 J/K. mol M in kg/mol T in K Unit = m/s urms of smaller mass (lighter) gas urms of higher mass (heavier) gas >
- 58. Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties. molecular path Gas effusion is the is the process by which gas under pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to another by passing through a small opening.
- 59. 5.8 Deviations from Ideal Behavior
- 60. 1 mole of ideal gas PV = nRT n = PV RT = 1.0 Why real gases deviate from ideal behavior ??? At higher P, gas density ↑, molecules are close together. Intermolecular forces (attractive force) exist and affect the motion of the molecules In real gases, the molecules possess definite volume As P approaches zero, all gases approach ideal behavior. At higher P, gases deviate significantly from ideal behavior
- 61. 61 Real gas (behave non-ideally)Ideal gas (behave ideally)
- 62. Van der Waals equation This equation is a modification of the ideal gas equation. It accounts for the attractive forces and molecular volume P + (V – nb) = nRTan2 V2( ) } corrected pressure } corrected volume a, b = constant