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Chapter 8 nervous system
- 1. Chapter 8 : NervousSystem Joel G. Soria, MD
- 2. Sensory input Integration Homeostasis Mental activity Controlof muscles and glands Functions of the Nervous System
- 3. • Central nervoussystem (CNS) • Brain and Spinal Cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Sensory divisions • Motor divisions • Somatic motor nervous system • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Division of Nervous System
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- 7. 1. Neurons 2. Microglia Astrocytes Ependymalcells Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Cells of the NERVOUS SYSTEM 3. Myelin sheaths 4. Organization of Nervous Tissue A. Grey matter B. White matter
- 8. Types of Neuron MULTIPOLAR BIPOLAR UNIPOLAR Manydendrites, single axon Most motor and CNS neurons single dendrites, single axon Special sense organs Single process Most sensory neurons
- 9. Types of MICROGLIA ASTROCYTES EPENDYMALCELLS MICROGLIAL CELLS
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- 12. Organization of Nervous Tissue GrayMatter non-myeline sheath Brain – Cortex; PNS - Ganglion White Matter Myelined sheath CNS – conduction pathways, nerve tracts
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- 20. REFLEX – involuntaryreaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS. Allows the person to move quickly REFLEC ARC – Neuronal pathway in which the reflex occurs Basic foundation unit the nervous system REFLEXES
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- 25. SPINAL CORD Extends fromthe foramen magnum to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae Cauda equina
- 27. SPINAL CORD STRETCH REFLEX •Simplest form of reflex • Muscle contracts in response to a stretching force applied to them • Knee-jerk reflex / patellar reflex WITHDRAWAL REFLEX • Remove a limb or body part from a painful stimulus • Usually involves flexor muscle groups
- 29. Spinal Nerves • Arise alongthe lateral side of the vertebra • Formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral roots • All spinal nerves are mixed (both sensory and motor) in function • Most of the spinal nerves are organized in groups “PLEXUSES” 1. Cervical plexus 2. Brachial plexus 3. Lumbosacral plexus
- 30. Cervical plexus • Arises fromspinal nerves C1-C4 • Innervates several muscles on the neck. • Innervates the PHRENIC NERVE
- 31. Brachial plexus • Arises fromspinal nerves C5-T1 • Forms 5 major Nerve of the Upper Extremities • Axillary nerve – Shoulder muscles • Radial nerve – All muscles of the posterior arm and forearm • Musculocutaneous Nerve– Anterior muscles of the arm • Ulnar nerve – 2 forearm muscles and the intrinsic muscle of the hand • Median nerve – Muscles of the anterior forearm
- 32. Lumbosacral Plexus • Arises fromspinal nerves L1-S4 • OBTURATOR NERVE – innervate the muscles of the inner thigh and skin • FEMORAL NERVE –muscles of the Anterior thigh and skin (+ skin of medial side of the leg) • TIBIAL NERVE – Posterior thigh muscles, anterior and posterior leg muscles, and most of intrinsic foot muscles. • COMMON FIBULAR NERVE – innervate the muscles of the inner thigh and skin • SCIATIC NERVE – conbination of common fibular and tibial nerve
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- 35. Brainstem Connects spinal cordto the brain Consist of: Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain Functions vital functions: Control of heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
- 36. Medulla Oblongata Most inferior partof the brainstem Contains ascending and descending Pyramids- descending tracts Conscious control of skeletal muscle Functions as: Regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance, and coordination.
- 37. Pons Contains ascending and descendingtracts Relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum. Footbridge Functions as: Breathing, swallowing, balance, and control. Chewing and salivation.
- 38. Midbrain Smallest region ofthe brainstem Colliculi – 4 mounds posterior to the midbrain 2 inferior – major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways 2 superior – Visual reflexes; turning the head on a tap shoulder, sudden noise, bright flash of light Coordination of eye movements and in diameter of pupil and lens shape. Substancia nigra – basal nuclei Regulation of general body movement
- 39. Reticular formation Scattered throughout thebrainstem Regulating cyclical motor functions such as respiration, walking, and chewing. RAS (Reticular Activating System) – Arousing and maintaining consciousness and in regulating sleep- wake cycle.
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- 41. Largest part ofdiencephalon Influences mood and registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain. Thalamus
- 42. Small area locatedsuperior-posterior to the thalamus Emotional and visceral response to odors Epithalamus
- 43. Most inferior partof the diencephalon Maintaining homeostasis Control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst Hypothalamus Sexual pleasure, feeling of good after a meal, rage, and fear. Infundibulum – funnel-shaped stalk Major role in controlling hormones from the pituitary gland
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