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- 6. Ecology Is the scientificstudy of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It is the science that seeks to describe and explain the relationship between living organism and their environment. “Ecology” is a term derived from Greek meaning learning about (“logos”) the ecosystems, where “eco” comes from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “household” (Odum and Barrett 2005)
- 7. Ecology Is the scientificstudy of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It is the science that seeks to describe and explain the relationship between living organism and their environment. “Ecology” is a term derived from Greek meaning learning about (“logos”) the ecosystems, where “eco” comes from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “household” (Odum and Barrett 2005)
- 8. Ecology Is the scientificstudy of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It is the science that seeks to describe and explain the relationship between living organism and their environment. “Ecology” is a term derived from Greek meaning learning about (“logos”) the ecosystems, where “eco” comes from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “household” (Odum and Barrett 2005)
- 9. Ecology Is the scientificstudy of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It is the science that seeks to describe and explain the relationship between living organism and their environment. “Ecology” is a term derived from Greek meaning learning about (“logos”) the ecosystems, where “eco” comes from the Greek word “oikos” meaning “household” (Odum and Barrett 2005)
- 10. Factors of Ecology Abiotic Factors – Non-living components
- 11. Factors of Ecology Abiotic Factors – Non-living components Light
- 12. Factors of Ecology Abiotic Factors – Non-living components Water
- 13. Factors of Ecology Abiotic Factors – Non-living components Air
- 14. Factors of Ecology Biotic Factors – Living organisms
- 15. Factors of Ecology Biotic Factors – Living organisms Plants
- 16. Factors of Ecology Biotic Factors – Non-living components Animals
- 17. Factors of Ecology Biotic Factors – Non-living components Microorganisms in soil
- 18. History of Ecology •The word ecology was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term oekologie to the “relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” The word comes from the Greek oikos, meaning “household,” “home,” or “place to live.” Thus, ecology deals with the organism and its environment.
- 19. History of Ecology •Ernst Haeckel • A German zoologist coined the term Ecology in 1866.
- 20. History of Ecology •Eugenius Warming • Danish botanist who elaborate the idea of Ecology.
- 21. Classifications of Ecology •Ecophysiology • Examines how the physiological functions of organisms influence the way they interact with the environment, both biotic and abiotic.
- 22. Classifications of Ecology •Behavioral Ecology • Examines the roles of behavior in enabling an animal to adapt to its environment.
- 23. Classifications of Ecology •Population Ecology • Studies the dynamics of populations of a single species
- 24. Classifications of Ecology •Community Ecology • Focuses on the interactions between species within an ecological community.
- 25. Classifications of Ecology •Ecosystem Ecology • Studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem
- 26. Classifications of Ecology •System Ecology • Is an interdisciplinary field focusing on the study, development, and organization of ecological systems from a holistic perspective.
- 27. Classifications of Ecology •Landscape Ecology • Examines the processes and relationship in a spatially explicit manner, often across multiple ecosystem or very large geographic areas.
- 28. Classifications of Ecology •Evolutionary Ecology • Studies ecology in a way that explicitly considers the evolutionary histories of species and their interaction.
- 29. Classifications of Ecology •Political Ecology • Connects politics and economy to problems and environmental control and ecological change.
- 30. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Biosphere •This is where all life on Earth lives.
- 31. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Biome •A large community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat.
- 32. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Ecosystem •A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
- 33. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Community •All the organisms living in a particular area or place.
- 34. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Population •A particular section, group, or type of people or animals living in an area or region.
- 35. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Individual •A lone organism.
- 36. Levels of Ecology/Organization • Example: •Individual: A single cheetah Population: A heard of deer Community: A tropical ocean community Ecosystem: A coral Reef Biome: A temperate Forest Biosphere: The portion of Earth that is capable of supporting life
- 37. Status Ecology • Paststatus • Calm and Quiet • Human don’t disturb nature • Ecosystem had been going on its natural cycle
- 38. Status Ecology • Presentstatus • Population increasing • Negative Effect • Ecological Crisis
- 39. Main causes ofEcological Crisis are: • Over population • Is the depletion of resources that occurs when too many of at least one kind of living thing inhabits an ecosystem.
- 40. Main causes ofEcological Crisis are: • Environmental pollution • Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants.
- 41. Main causes ofEcological Crisis are: • Deforestation • Is the logging or burning of trees in forested area.
- 42. Major Ecological Crisiswhich are facing the world: • Greenhouse effect • Means the change in the thermal equilibrium temperature of a planet by the presence of an atmosphere containing gas that absorbs infrared radiation.
- 43. Major Ecological Crisiswhich are facing the world: • Global warming • Is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere
- 44. Major Ecological Crisiswhich are facing the world: • Climate change • A long term significant change in the average weather that a given region experiences. It causes natural disasters.
- 45. In conclusion: Ecosystemis a natural cycle. Ecosystem makes the balance of nature. Ecosystem is natural cycle. Human being are the integral part of ecological systems and depends on the nature for survival and quality of life. Save nature, survive ecosystem, safe ourselves.
- 46. Describes the rolean organism plays in a community. A species’ niche encompasses both the physical and environmental conditions it requires (like temperature or terrain) and the interactions it has with other species (like predation or competition). Niche
- 47. Species interactionscan be direct or indirect, and have positive or negative effects. • Direct interactions are the most obvious, for example a giraffe eating the leaves of a tree. his interaction has a positive effect on the giraffe because the giraffe gains nutrition from the tree, and a negative effect on the tree because the tree loses leaves that it needs to photosynthesize to produce energy. • However, giraffes also have a direct positive effect on the trees by leaving their droppings on the ground which adds nutrients to the soil, increasing soil quality, and thus promoting tree and other plant growth. This plant growth, in turn, provides food for various herbivores, including giraffes, and therefore giraffes indirectly help support the survival of other herbivorous species. Species Interactions
- 48. A food webconsists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains. Each food chain is one possible path that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web. Food Web
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- 50. • Natural selectionis any selection process that occurs as a result of an organism's ability to adapt to its surroundings. • Artificial selection, on the other hand, is selective breeding that is imposed by an external entity, usually humans, in order to enhance the frequency of desirable features. Natural and artificial selection:
- 51. Natural Selection ArtificialSelection 1. It is the process where organisms adapt to their environment for their survival. 1. It is process in which a plant breeder selects plants with characteristics to produce offspring with desirable traits. 2. It is a natural selection process. 2. It is a man-made selection process. 3. It helps in producing organisms with biological diversity. 3. It helps in producing organisms with selected desirable traits. 4. It occurs in natural populations. 4. It occurs in the reared or domestic population. 5. It is a slow process. 5. It is a rapid process. 6. It helps in inheritance of only favorable characters to the successive generations. 6. It helps in the inheritance of a variety of desired selected traits to the successive generations. Example: Selection of long-necked giraffes. Example: Breeding of different varieties of dogs or cattle to produce the desired varieties. Natural and artificial selection:
- 52. Predation is thebasic mechanism that controls the flow of energy through the ecosystem, from the initial foraging of herbivores on primary producers through to the apex predators. Predation plays a key role in the functioning and multidimensional-structuring of ecosystems over a broad continuum of time and space scales. The pressures of predation have determined the contours of species niches, species morphology, camouflage and chemical characteristics, behavioural adaptations, community structure and ultimately, species biodiversity through evolutionary processes. Predation
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- 55. Predator and Preyrelationship
- 56. Predator and Preyrelationship A predator is an organism that eats another organism.
- 57. Predator and Preyrelationship The prey is the organism which the predator eats.
- 58. Evolution may besimply defined as genetically based changes in populations of organisms, occurring over successive generations. Evolution is a critically important theory because it accounts for the development of existing species from progenitors that may have been unlike their descendants in form and function. Evolution
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- 61. References: • Ecology, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-28036- 8_381#:~:text=%E2%80%9CEcology%E2%80%9D%20is%20a%20term%20derived,about%20the%20life %20of%20populations •Ecology, https://www.slideshare.net/isacbiswas/ecology-1843340?from_action=save • Pollution, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/pollution/ • Level of Organization, http://ecology-project.weebly.com/levels-of-organization.html • Niche, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/niche/ • Species interaction, https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-content/species-interactions/#heading1 • Ecological Communities, https://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/ecol_com/ecol_com.html#:~:text=Spe cies%20interactions%20within%20ecological%20webs,can%20have%20far%2Dreaching%20effects • Species interactions, https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/species-interactions-and- competition-102131429/ • Predator-Prey relationship, https://necsi.edu/predator-prey-relationships • Predation, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/predation • Natural and artificial selection, https://byjus.com/question-answer/differentiate-between-natural-selection- and-artificial-selection-1/ • Evolution, https://digitaleditions.library.dal.ca/environmentalscience/chapter/chapter-6-evolution/
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