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心臟植入性電子儀器(CIED)的基本原理及設定
1. The document discusses the basic principles and settings of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers. 2. It covers topics such as pacing and sensing functions, parameters like lower and upper rates, pacing modes, and refractory and blanking periods. 3. The optimal settings aim to ensure cardiac pacing meets patients' needs while avoiding unnecessary pacing and maximizing battery longevity.
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Overview of CIEDs, including fundamental principles, settings, and pacing parameters.
Review of cardiac conduction; details on implantable pacemaker systems and their components.
Types of pacemaker leads: passive fixation, active fixation, epicardial, and bipolar coaxial.
Understanding voltage, current, impedance, and lead impedance for proper pacemaker function.
NBG Code for pacing modes and recommendations for selecting appropriate pacing modes.
Overview of sensing, pacing, capture, and the importance of pulse amplitude and duration.
Pacemaker functionality related to lower and upper rate settings, and the concept of rate response.
Utilization of accelerometers in rate-adaptive pacing and their physiological significance. Management of upper tracking rate, including issues related to AV synchrony and pacing modes.
Benefits of dual-chamber pacing, issues like PMT, and algorithms for prevention and management.
Discussion on AV delays, rate-adaptive intervals, and their physiologic implications.
Automatic mode switching during atrial events and the impact of ventricular intrinsic preference.
Overview of ICD leads and cardiac resynchronization therapy aiming to improve hemodynamics.
Thankful note and closing remarks at the end of the presentation.
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心臟植入性電子儀器(CIED)的基本原理及設定
- 1. 植入性心臟電子儀器(CIEDs) 的基本原理及設定 高雄長庚醫院 心臟內科 陳煌中醫師 2013.10.19 (W6) 蓮潭會館
- 2. Outlines • Introduction ofCIEDs (cardiovascular implantable electronic devices) • General Setting of PPM – Pacing, sensing, capture – Low rate, upper rate – Pacing mode – Refractory and blanking period – Other setting
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- 4. Cardiac Conduction Review Atria SAnode Ventricles AV node Bundle branches
- 5. Implantable Pacemaker System Leadwire(s) Implantable pulse generator (IPG) • Battery • Circuitry • Connector(s) Connector Block Circuitry Battery Myocardial tissue
- 6. Lead Characterization Passive FixationLeads Active Fixation Leads Epicardial Leads Bipolar coaxial lead
- 7. Characteristics of anElectrical Circuit • Voltage (V) – Voltage is the force, or “push,” that causes electrons to move through a circuit – Provided by the pacemaker battery • Current (I) – Determined by the amount of electrons that move through a circuit – Cause myocardial cells to depolarize • Impedance (R or W) – The opposition to current flow – All resistance: conductor, electrode, myocardium V I R
- 8. Battery Capacity andLongevity
- 9. Battery Capacity andLongevity
- 10. Voltage and CurrentFlow Electrical Analogies Spigot (voltage) turned up, lots of water flows (high current drain) Water pressure in system is analogous to voltage – providing the force to move the current Spigot (voltage) turned low, little flow (low current drain)
- 11. Lead Impedance, 300~1500Ohm High impedance Conductor failure, impedance >2500 Ohm Low impedance Insulation defect, Impedance <300 Ohm
- 12. The Revised NASPE/BPEGGeneric (NBG) Code for Antibradycardia Pacing I II III IV V Chamber(s) Paced Chamber(s) Sensed Response to Sensing Rate Modulation Multisite Pacing O = None O = None O = None O = None O = None A = Atrium A = Atrium T = Triggered R = Rate A = Atrium V = Ventricle V = Ventricle I = Inhibited D = Dual (A + V) D = Dual (A + V) D = Dual (T + I) modulation V = Ventricle D = Dual (A + V) S = Single (A or V) S = Single (A or V) NASPE is the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology BPEG is the British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group BERNSTEIN, et al.; PACE 2002; 25:260–264
- 13. Which mode isappropriate? Indication • DDD(R) • complete AV block • sinus nodal dysfunction • paroxysmal atrial fibrillation • AAI(R) • sinus nodal dysfunction • VVI(R) • permanent atrial fibrillation AAI/AAIR DDD/DDDR VVI/VVIR
- 14. Optimal Pacing Modein Sinus Node Disease and AV Block 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy
- 15.
- 16. General Setting ofPacemaker Parameter Base Rate Description Pacing timing cycle Maximum Sensor Rate (MSR) is the Max. highest pacing rate Sensor rate allowed by ratemodulated pacing Max Tracking Rate upper limit of the ventricular pacing rate in response to the patient’s intrinsic atrial activity Setting Recommendation •Depends on patient’s need Hysteresis •Nominal setting 60-70 bpm Rest rate •Depends on patient’s age and activity (220-Age)X0.85 •Depends on patient’s age and activity (220-Age)X0.85 •Also has to consider the other cardiac disease
- 17. General Setting ofPacemaker Parameter Description Setting • AVB : 200-150 • SSS : depends on the AV conductivity, nominal less than 300ms Recommendation Reduce unnecessary ventricular pacing VIP/AICS/AV hysteresis /MVP AV/PV delay AV : internal of Ap to Vp PV : interval of As to Vp Rate responsive AV/PV delay shorten AV/PV Delay when the atrial rate is higer then 90 bpm, to mimic physical Off, slow, mid, high demand, also allows setting higher MTR Pulse Amplitude, Pulse width (A, V) determines how much electrical potential is applied to the myocardium during the pacing stimulus Nominal setting [email protected] • 2-3 times of threshold to secure capture • AutoCapture A/V sensitivity This parameter determines the amplitude of signals to which the device’s sense amplifiers will respond • A : 0.5~1.0 mV • V : 2~3 mV Higher level indicate less sensitive to P/R wave
- 18. Pacemaker Code • Veryuseful in helping you understand how the IPG is interpreting events • Code: – AS Atrial Sense – AP Atrial Pace – AR Atrial Refractory – VS Ventricular Sense – VP Ventricular Pace – VR Ventricular Refractory
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- 22. Output Pulse ofPacemaker
- 23. Pacing Threshold Pulse Amplitudeand Width (Duration) No Capture! No Capture!
- 24. Strength – DurationCurve
- 25. Safety Ratio forCapture
- 26. Safety Ratio forCapture
- 27.
- 28. Lower rate, Restrate, Upper rate
- 29. Lower Rate Interval(LRI) - VVI • The lowest rate the pacemaker will pace the heart in the absence of intrinsic events LRI LRI
- 30. Hysteresis • Allows therate to fall below the programmed lower rate following an intrinsic beat 60 bpm 50 bpm
- 31. Rest Rate • Allowsthe pacemaker to decrease the base rate to • • the programmed auto rest rate during periods of inactivity. People spend about 7 hours, out of a 24 hour day, sleeping, therefore 29% of the time is spent sleeping. The pacemaker calculates where this 29% would occur based on the Activity Variance Histogram and establishes this point as threshold.
- 32. “R” = RateResponse • When the need for oxygenated blood increases, the pacemaker ensures that the heart rate increases to provide additional cardiac output.
- 33.
- 34. Rate-Adaptive Pacing: Accelerometer Accelerometer • • • • • • Lowcurrent drain Easy to manufacture Rapid response to onset of activity Compatible with standard pacing leads Not responsive to pressure applied to can Used in all current St. Jude Medical pacemakers (began with Trilogy DR+) Circuit Board
- 35. Rate-Adaptive Pacing • TheSensors—Physiology – Evoked response • The QRS depolarization decreases in area with exercise • Works only when the device is pacing – QT interval • QT interval shortens with exercise • Works only when the device is pacing
- 36. Rate-Adaptive Pacing: St.Jude • Reactive time and recovery time
- 37. Upper Rate Response •Dual-chambers pacemakers try to maintain 1:1 AV synchrony but this is not always possible • In the presence of high intrinsic atrial rates, pacemakers may revert to upper rate responses
- 38. Upper Sensor Rate •Defines the shortest interval (highest rate) the pacemaker can pace as dictated by the sensor (AAIR, VVIR modes)
- 39.
- 40. Upper Tracking Rate(UTR) • The maximum rate the ventricle can be paced in response to sensed atrial events Lower Rate Interval { Upper Tracking Rate Limit SAV AS VP VA SAV AS VA VP DDDR 60 / 100 (upper tracking rate) Sinus rate: 100 bpm
- 41. Upper Rate Behavior VentricularRate UTR LR 1:1 Atrial Tracking No Ventricular Pacing LR = Ventricular Pacing Wenckebach UTR Atrial Rate TARP 2:1 Block
- 42. Wenckebach Operation DDD /60 / 120 / 310
- 43. 2:1 Block DDD /60 / 120 / 310
- 44. Upper Rate Behavior– 2:1 Block
- 45. Wenckebach vs. 2:1Block • If the upper tracking rate interval is longer than the TARP, the pacemaker will exhibit Wenckebach behavior first. • If the TARP (total atrial refractory period) is longer than the upper tracking rate interval, then 2:1 block will occur.
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- 49.
- 50. Benefits of DualChamber Pacing • Provides AV synchrony – Lower incidence of atrial fibrillation – Lower risk of systemic embolism and stroke – Lower incidence of new congestive heart failure – Lower mortality and higher survival rates
- 51. The Magnet Test(VOO Mode)
- 53. Magnet ECG –St. Jude
- 54. Magnet ECG –Medtronic
- 55. Refractory & BlankingPeriod
- 56. Blanking and RefractoryPeriods • Blanking Period – A period of time during which the sense amplifiers are off, and the pacemaker is “blind”. – Designed to prevent oversensing pacing stimulus • Refractory Period – A period of time during which sensed events are ignored for timing purposes, but included in diagnostic counters – Designed to prevent inhibition by cardiac or noncardiac events
- 57. Why Do WeUse Refractory and Blanking Periods? • Pacemaker sensing occurs when a signal is large enough to cross the sensing threshold 5.0 mV Sensing does not tells us anything about the origin or morphology of the sensed event, only its “size.” 2.5 mV 1.25 mV 1.25 mV Sensitivity Time
- 58. Why Do WeUse Refractory and Blanking Periods? • By manipulating the sense amplifiers, we filter signals based on their relationship The potential for digitizing these signals may someday allow pacemakers to discriminate signals based on morphology rather than just on their relationship. 5.0 mV 2.5 mV SENSE! 1.25 mV Sensing Blanking Time Refractory
- 59. Blanking Periods • AtrialBlanking (AB) – A non-programmable atrial blanking period (50-100 ms) from atrial paces or senses. – Avoid the atrial lead sensing its own pacing pulse or P wave (intrinsic or captured). • Ventricular blanking (VB) – 50-100 ms in duration and is dynamic, based on signal strength. – After a ventricular paced or sensed event to avoid sensing the ventricular pacing pulse or the R wave (intrinsic or captured). • Post ventricular atrial blanking (PVAB) – Initiated by a ventricular pace or sensed event (220 ms) – Avoid the atrial lead sensing the far-field ventricular output pulse or R wave.
- 60. Ventricular Blanking • Thefirst portion of the refractory period • Pacemaker is “blind” to any activity • Designed to prevent oversensing pacing stimulus Lower Rate Interval VP Blanking Period Refractory Period VP VVI / 60
- 61. Blanking Periods Ventricular Refractoryand Blanking Periods PVAB ARP Post Atrial Ventricular Blanking PVARP VRP Ventricular Refractory Period Ventricular Blanking
- 62. AV Crosstalk • Atrialpacing spike will be detected in the ventricle. • Will inhibit ventricular pacing
- 63. Add PAVB toPrevent AV Crosstalk
- 64. Blanking Periods Atrial Refractoryand Blanking Periods Post Ventricular Atrial Blanking Atrial Blanking PVAB ARP PVARP VRP Atrial Refractory Period Post Ventricular Atrial Refractory Period
- 65. Refractory Periods • VRPand PVARP are initiated by sensed or paced ventricular events. – The VRP is intended to prevent self-inhibition such as sensing of T-waves. – The PVARP is intended primarily to prevent sensing of retrograde P waves, far-field R wave, or premature atrial contractions.
- 66. Ventricular Refractory Period 1000ms 1000 ms VRP 320 ms Blanking V P VRP 320 ms V R V P Refractory • Pacemaker VRP avoids the sensing of : – – – – – Its own stimulus The paced QRS complex The T wave (Excessive) afterpotential The combination of T wave and afterpotential V R
- 67.
- 68. Evaluation of RetrogradeVA Conduction PVARP
- 69. Prevention of PMT •Prevention – Extend PVARP (Post Ventricular Atrial Refractory Period) – Program PVARP 50 ms longer than measured retrograde VA conduction (RVAC) • Use VVIR mode to determine the RVAC
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- 71.
- 72. The 4 FundamentalTiming Cycle of a DDD Pacemaker
- 73. AV Delay orAV Interval (AVI) • AVI is the interval between an atrial event (either sensed or paced) and the scheduled delivery of a ventricular stimulus. • Typical sAVI is 30-50 ms shorter than pAVI (sAVI < pAVI). • The AV intervals may be programmed to fixed values or rate-adaptive (i.e. shortening with increasing atrial rates).
- 74. The Rate-Adaptive Interval •The rate-adaptive AV interval mimics the physiologic response of the heart.
- 75. The 4 FundamentalTiming Cycle of a DDD Pacemaker
- 76.
- 77. Automatic Mode Switching(AMS) • AMS turns off atrial tracking in the presence of intrinsic atrial activity above a programmable atrial rate cutoff. • Mode will switch from tracking mode (DDDR, DDD) to DDIR (non-tracking mode) when atrial arrhythmia is detected. • AMS can cause a sudden rate decrease as atrial tracking. • Ventricular pacing is decoupled from atrial events, but rate responsive pacing is matched to metabolic needs.
- 78. Mode Switch • Thedevice detects an atrial arrhythmia by constantly comparing intervals with the programmed mode switch detection rate. MS DDD / 60 / 120 Mode Switch ON
- 79. 減少右心室電刺激 = 減少心衰竭住院 及心房顫動 Riskof AF Relative to DDDR Patient With Cum%VP=0 MOST study Every incremental 1% of unnecessary VP increases the risk for Heart Failure Hospitalizations by 5.4% There is a 1% increase in the risk of AF for each 1% increase in cumulative right ventricular pacing. Within 95% Confidence Risk of AF Cumulative % Ventricular Pacing
- 80. Ventricular Intrinsic Preference(VIP) • VIP activation – Device extends AV delays by 160 ms searching for Rwaves for up to 3 cycles in our example – R-waves found within 1 cycle, therefore, AV delay remains at lengthened value
- 81. Ventricular Intrinsic Preference(VIP) • VIP deactivation – Device extends AV delays by 160 ms searching for Rwaves for up to 3 cycles in our example – No R-waves found within 3 cycle, therefore, AV delays returns to programmed values. 1 2 3
- 82. Ventricular Intrinsic Preference(VIP) • VIP most beneficial – – Intermittent AV block Mild prolongation of AV conduction • VIP not beneficial – – – Complete permanent AV block Marked 1st degree AV block If CRT therapy is indicated • VIP clinical benefits – Less risk of heart failure progression – Less risk of developing AF – Better QoL trough improved hemodynamics
- 83. MVP AAI (R)to DDD(R)Pacing (MVP) Managed Ventricular Operation Switch from AAI(R) to Temporary DDD(R) Mode Ventricular support if loss of A-V conduction is persistent. 2 out of 4 Most Recent A-A Intervals with No Conducted VS Event No VS Conduction Ventricular Back-Up Pace at 80 ms Post the Scheduled AP Switch to DDD(R) occurs after back-up VP; programmed PAV/SAV are used during this mode of operation
- 84. Intracardiac Defibrillator (ICD) DualCoil Lead Single Coil Lead Cold Can Proximal Shock Electrode Hot Can Distal Shock Electrode
- 85. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Goal:Mitigate dyssynchrony through atrial synchronous biventricular pacing Right Atrial Lead Left Ventricular Lead Right Ventricular Lead • LV lead site: lateral = posterior > apical • OptiVol thoracic impedance (MID-HeFT study): 和PCWP成反比
- 86. Thank You forYour Attention! Have a Nice Weekend~