Civil Engineering.pptx
- 2. Civil Engineering • Definition:- “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil Engineers London. • “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning, design and construction for environmental Control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind”. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.
- 3. Scope of Civil Engineering The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising construction, managing construction, execution, and maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams, etc.
- 4. CIVIL ENGINEER One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities like scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach, He should have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling, scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer and information technology. He should be able to use operation research techniques for solution of management problems.
- 5. Branches of Civil Engineering • Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal and canal structures, airports, harbours, and ports, water treatment plants, waste water treatment plant, water supply networks, and drainage networks. • According to the type of structures and activities carried out, main branches of civil engineering are classified as follows:
- 6. Civil engineering is a wide discipline which includes several specialized sub-disciplines, viz.. Civil nment al Geotec hnical Struct ural Surve ying Transpo rtation Construc tion Enviro Water Resource SUB DISCIPLINES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
- 7. Surveying: determining the relative positions of points on, above or below theearth surface, by measuring horizontal distances and angles Levelling:measurement in vertical plane i.e. determination of elevations of points Objective: toprepare plan or map which is used in furtherplanning of structures like building, roads, bridgesetc.
- 8. Surveying & leveling • Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling is the measurement of heights in vertical plane. • Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the basis of surface of earth. • It also includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale. • Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway canal. It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structures. Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for survey works. Remote sensing and Geographical Information system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.
- 9. Types of buildings: Residential, commercial, Industrial, etc. Components of a building: from foundation to roof level Materials: properties and functions of various materials used for construction -viz., bricks, stone, cement, sand,aggregate, steel, glass,etc. Building planning and bye-laws: understandingand application Methods of construction
- 10. Structural Engineering • This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components, on the basis of loads, acting on structures. • Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires much calculation, hence advanced computing software's are used to carry out structural analysis and design. • It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC) and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.
- 11. Structural analysis: of all types of structures like buildings, bridges, watertanks, retaining walls, dams, offshorestructures Loads: estimationof load will acton structuresuch as Dead, Live, Earthquake, Wind, etc. Stresses: calculationof stresses that maydevelopdue toabove loads in structure Structural Design: anycomponent must beable towithstand cracking, failure or excessivedeflection
- 13. Geotechnical Engineering • Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of structures. • Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples. • Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth related structures.
- 14. Soil Mechanics: behavior of various types of soil, determination of bearing capacity and engineering propertiesof soil Foundationof structures: designof foundation as persoil types
- 16. Water Resource Engineering • Water resource engineering means measurements, utilization and development of water resources for agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose. • It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource engineering deals with planning designing and developing water resources by constructing several hydraulic structures like dams, barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe networks etc. • It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation. Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering. Hydrology includes study of sources of water, measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood control.
- 17. Collection, management, utilization: of water fromnatural sources: viz. river, lakes, etc. Study of hydrology, irrigation, openchannel hydraulics, water poweretc. Hydraulic structures: design of hydraulic structures likedam, reservoir, canal, etc.
- 19. Transportation Engineering • Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and aircrafts in air. • Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports. • As for development of any nation good transportation network is of prime importance. Study of various construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic engineering are also considered under transportation Engineering.
- 20. Objective: safe, rapid, comfortable, economical and convenient movementof people and goods fromone place toanother Land transportation: Roads and Railwaystransportation, highways, rail gaugesetc, Water transportation: ports, harbours Air transportation: airports,runways
- 22. Environmental Engineering • Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution. • Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation, environment gets polluted. • Environmental engineering deals with technologies & facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution. Environmental engineering includes design, construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities. Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network, & solid waste management.
- 23. Water Supply engineering: treatmentof drinking water, design of water distributionnetwork Sanitary engineering:treatment of sewage and its safe disposal, solid waste management Pollutioncontrol: controlling airand waterpollution
- 26. Role of Civil Engineers Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers. • Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing, estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste water treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage system. • To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different engineering problems • To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using computer and information technology. • To implement management techniques for better management of man, material, machines and money.
- 27. Role of Civil Engineers • To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested by clients or user, the building may be residential building, public building, or industrial building. He has to plan the building as per the byelaws. • To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of structures. • To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural analysis and design. He should also ensure that the design is safe, durable, and economical. • To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion of work. • To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works. • To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its sale or purchase price or taxation. • Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.
- 28. CIVIL ENGINEERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY