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Classification of crude drugs
- There are several methods used to classify crude drugs, including alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, and chemo-taxonomical classification. - Each classification system has its own merits and demerits, but crude drugs are generally classified based on their source, morphology, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, or combinations thereof. - The document then provides details on each method of classification, including examples of how crude drugs are grouped under each system.
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Mr. OP Verma introduces classification of crude drugs, highlighting their sources.
Crude drugs classification is essential for study. It should be simple, clear and organized.
Crude drugs can be classified into: alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, pharmacological, chemical.
Drugs are listed alphabetically by their names; reference sources include several pharmacopoeias.
Includes Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and US Pharmacopoeia as key sources.
Examples such as Acacia, Opium, and Liquorice highlighted under alphabetical classification.
Advantages: simple and user-friendly. Disadvantages: fails to identify sources or scientific nature.
Drugs are classified based on plant/animal parts into organized (cellular) and unorganized (acellular).
Details of unorganised drugs such as dried latex and resins are provided.
Lists organized drugs by parts, including leaves, barks, fruits, and their respective examples.
Lists of unorganized drug examples such as Opium, Aloe, and various oils.
Advantages: convenient for practical study. Disadvantages: lacks insight into biological source.
This classification is based on the chemical nature of the drug's major constituents.
Examples include alkaloids and glycosides with corresponding drugs like Datura and Digitalis.
Advantages: known chemical constituents. Disadvantages: similar chemical groups can confuse origins.
Drugs arranged according to biological classification, including their taxonomical hierarchy.
Taxonomical details of ginger are provided, showing its classification details.
Detailed classification of various drugs based on taxonomical studies.
Advantages: ease of classification. Disadvantages: neglects chemical constitution and its relevance.
Crude drugs are classified according to their pharmacological actions or therapeutic uses.
Provides examples of drugs categorized by their pharmacological effects, like laxatives and expectorants.
Additional pharmacological categories including analgesics, anti-cancer, and antihypertensives.
Advantages: grouping by therapeutic use, while disadvantages include disregard for chemical nature.
This classification combines taxonomical and chemical insights, linking plant classes to constituents.
Engages students with questions regarding definitions, classification methods, and differences in drug types.
Additional questions concerning pharmacological classification, chemotaxonomy, and differences in drug types.
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Classification of crude drugs
- 1. Mr. OP Verma,M. Pharm. Associate Professor (Dept. of Pharmacognosy) Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences Lucknow CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
- 2. Crude drugs maybe derived from various natural sources like plants, animals, minerals and marine organisms etc. In order to pursue (or to follow) the study of the individual drugs, one must adopt some particular sequence of arrangement, and this is referred to a system of classification of drugs. A method of classification should be: (a) simple, (b) easy to use, (c) free from confusion and ambiguities. Because of their wide distribution, each arrangement of classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the following different ways: Classification of crude drugs
- 3. • Because oftheir wide distribution the arrangement of classification in a definite sequence is necessary to understand easily. Although each system of classification has its own merits and demerits, but for the purpose of study the drugs are classified in the following different ways: ❖Alphabetical classification ❖Morphological classification ❖Taxonomical classification ❖Pharmacological classification ❖Chemical classification ❖Chemo-taxonomical classification
- 4. 1. Alphabetical classification • Thecrude drugs are arranged according to the alphabetical order/form of their Latin and English names. Some of the Pharmacopoeias and reference books which classify crude drugs according to this system are as follows.
- 5. 1)Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)1955 (Latin) 2)Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) 1966 (English) 3)British Pharmacopoeia (BP) (English) 4)British Pharmacopoeia Codex (BPC) (English) 5)United States of Pharmacopoeia (USP) (English) 6)European Pharmacopoeia (Latin)
- 6. Examples: Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona,Dill, Ergot, Fennel, Gentian, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Jalap, Kurchi, Liquorice, Mints, Nux vomica, Opium, Podophyllum, Quassia, Rauwolfia, Senna, Vasaka, Wool fat, Yellow bees wax, Zeodary etc.
- 7. • Advantages: • Itis simple method, in this systemlocation, tracing and addition of the drug is easy, • No technical person is required for handling the system. • Disadvantages: • Scientific nature of the drug cannot be identified by this method, whether they are organised or unorganised drug. • This system does not help in distinguishing the drugs of plant, animal and mineral source. (Original source is
- 8. 2. Morphological classification: •Here the crude according to the drug s part are arranged (Grouped) of the plant or animal represented into organised (Cellular) drugs and unorganised ( Acellular ) drugs. • Organised (Cellular): • Drugs are the direct parts of the plant and are divided into leaves, barks wood, root, rhizome, seed, fruit, flower, stem, hair and fibers.
- 9. • Unorganised (Acellular): • Drugs are the products of plant, animal and mineral source and they are divided into dried latex, dried juice, dried extracts, gums, resins, fixed oils and fats, waxes, volatile oil, animal products, minerals (Solids, liquids, semi solids etc).
- 11. Plant parts Leaves Barks Wood Roots Rhizomes Flowers Seeds Fruits Stems Hair andFibres Drugs Datura, Senna, Vasaka, Digitalis, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Kurchi, Quassia, Sandalwood, Red sanders Rauwolfia, Liquorice, Ipecac Ginger, Podophyllum, Turmeric Clove, Saffron, Pyrethrum Nux vomica, Linseed, Isapgol Fennel, Coriander, Dill Ephedra Cotton, Hemp, Jute Organised drugs (Plant) (Cellular drugs)
- 12. Plant, animal, MineralDrugs Dried latex Opium, Papain Dried Juice Aloe, Kino Dried extracts Agar, Catechu, Pectin Gums Resins Acacia, Tragacanth, Stericulia Benzoin, Colophony, Asafoetida Fixed oils and fats Castor , Chaulmoogra, Cotton seed Waxes Beeswax, Spermaceti Volatile oils Coriander, Cinnamon, Clove Animal products Bees wax, Shark liver oil, Gelatin Minerals Bentonite, Kaolin, Talc Unorganised drugs (Acellular drugs)
- 13. • Advantages: • Thissystem of classification is more convenient for practical study especially when the chemical nature of the drug is not clearly understood. • This type of classification is very useful in identifying the adulterants used. • Disadvantages: • It does not give an idea about biological source, chemical constituents and uses. • When different parts of the plant contain different chemical constituents, it is difficult to classify them.
- 14. 3. Chemical classificationsof crude drugs • Here, the crude drugs are divided into different groups according to the chemical nature of their most important constituent present in the drug to which the pharmacological/therapeutic activity of drug is attributed.
- 15. Chemical constituents Drugs Alkaloids Glycosides Tannins Volatileoil Lipids Carbohydrates and derived products Resins Vitamins & hormones Proteins & enzymes Datura, Vasaka, Vinca, Lobelia Cascara, Senna, Digitalis Catechu, Myrobalan, Ashoka Clove, Eucalyptus, Cinnamon Castor oil, Beeswax, Arachis oil Acacia, Agar, Honey, Linseed Tragacanth, Starch Colophony, Benjoin, Yeast, Shark liver oil, Insulin Gelatin, Papain,
- 16. • Advantages : •Chemical constituents are known, • Medicinal uses are known • Disadvantages : • Drugs of different origin are grouped under similar chemical titles. • This type of classification makes no proper placement of drugs containing two different types of chemicals. • Eg: Certain drugs are found to contain alkaloids and glycosides (Cinchona), Fixed oil and volatile oil (Nutmeg) of equal importance together and hence it is difficult to categorize them properly
- 17. 4. Taxonomical classificationof crude drugs • In this system the drug are arranged according to taxonomical studies. The drugs are arranged according to their phylum, order, family, genus and species. It is purely a type of botanical classification or biological classification and restricted mainly to crude drugs from plant source.
- 18. Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade:Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Species: Zingiber officinale Taxonomic classification of ginger
- 19. Phylum Angiosperms (Monocotyledons) Order Liliflorae Microspermae Family Liliaccae Dioscoriaceae Drugs Colchicum,Asparagus Dioscorea, Vanilla Angiosperms (Dicotyledons) Papaverales PapaveraceaeOpium Rosales Rutales Rosales Leguminaceae Rutaceae Almond, Rose oil Glycyrihiza, Senna Bael,Lemon, Orange Rhamnales Malvales Umbelliflorae Rhamnaceae Malvaceae Umbelliferae Gentianales Loganiaceae Gentianceae Apocyanaceae Cascara Cotton Coriander,Caraway, Fennel Nuxvomica Chirata Kurchi, Strophanthus
- 20. • Advantages: • Easyfor the classification of crude drugs • Disadvantages: • The system is criticized for its failure to recognize the organised / unorganised nature of crude drugs in their morphological studies. • The system fails to face into an account chemical nature of active constituent and therapeutic significance of crude drugs. • The drugs obtained from plants having alternate leaves, flowers, seeds, capsules (Hyocyamus, Datura, Bellodonna, Stromonium) are considered with other members of solanaceae.
- 21. 6. P harmacologicalclassification of crude dr•ugs: Here, the crude drugs are grouped according to pharmacological action (Therapeutic action) of their chief active constituent (most important) or therapeutic uses.
- 22. • Bitter • Carminatives •Emetics • Anti-amoebic • Bulk Laxatives • Purgatives - - - - - - Quassia, Cinchona, Gentian Dill, Clove, Fennel, Coriander Ipecac Kurchi, Ipecac Agar, Isapgol Senna, Castor oil • Expectorant • Antitussive • Bronchodilator s - - - Liquorice, Vasaka, Ipecac Opium Ephedra, Tea • Cardio- tonics - Digitalis, Squill, Stropanthus
- 23. • Cardiac depressant • Antihypertensive -Cinchona, Veratrum - Rauwolfia • Central analgesics • CNS stimulants • CNS depressants • • • • • Antispasmodi cs Anticancer Antirheumatic s Anthelmintics Astringents • Antimalarials • Local - Opium - Coffee - Opium - Bellodonna - Vinca, Podophyllum, Cochicum - Aconite, Guggul, Colchicum - Vidang, Quassia, Malefern - Catechu. - Cinchona, Artemisia.
- 24. • Advantages • Thespecial advantage is that if even chemical constituents of the crude drugs are not known they can be classified properly on the basis of therapeutic or pharmacological uses. • Disadvantages • Regardless of morphology, taxonomical status or chemical nature, the drugs are grouped together, provided they exhibit similar pharmacological uses. • Eg: Senna, Castor oil, Jalap, Colocynth are grouped together as purgatives/laxatives because of their common pharmacological action.
- 25. 6. Chemo- taxonomicalclassification of crude drugs • In this system of classification, the equal importance is given for taxonomical status and chemical constituents. There are certain types of chemical constituents which are characteristics of certain classes of plants. • Eg: Tropane alkaloids generally occur in most of the members of Solanaceae • Eg: Volatile oils occur in the members of Umbelliferae and Rutaceae.
- 26. Question bank • 1.Define crude drug 2 marks • 2. Name the various methods of classification of crude drugs. 2 marks • 3. What do you mean by organised ( Cellular) and unorganised ( Acellular ) crude drugs give examples 5 marks • 4. Describe morphological classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks • 5. Explain chemical classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks
- 27. • 7.Explain pharmacologicalor therapeutic classification of crude drugs with examples 5 marks • 8. Write in detail alphabetical and taxonomical or botanical classification of crude drugs 5 marks • 9. Define chemotaxonomy. Give its significances or importance's 5 marks • 10. Explain the differences between organised and unorganised crude drugs. 5 marks • 11. Define crude drug. Explain various methods of